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70-413: Carnegie Council publishes Ethics & International Affairs , a quarterly academic journal that examines the intersection of moral issues and the international sphere. Among Carnegie Council's programs is Global Policy Innovations , which publishes Policy Innovations , an online magazine. The Council convenes agenda-setting forums and creates educational opportunities and information resources for

140-550: A US offensive was begun, but it was soon halted because of the protests by the Iraqi Governing Council and negative media coverage. A truce was negotiated that put a former Ba'athist general in complete charge of Fallujah. The 1st Armored Division along with the 2nd ACR were then shifted south, because Spanish, Salvadoran, Ukrainian, and Polish forces were having increasing difficulties retaining control over Al Kut , and Najaf . The 1st Armored Division and 2nd ACR relieved

210-457: A day from the average 70. Hopes for a quick end to an insurgency and a withdrawal of US troops were dashed at the advent of May, Iraq's bloodiest month since the invasion of US forces in March and April 2003. Suicide bombers, believed to be mainly disheartened Iraqi Sunni Arabs, Syrians and Saudis, tore through Iraq. Their targets were often Shia gatherings or civilian concentrations mainly of Shias. As

280-456: A failing state and civil war. The concerns were expressed by several US think tanks as well as the US ambassador to Iraq, Zalmay Khalilzad . In early 2006, a handful of high-ranking retired generals began to demand Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld's resignation due in part to the aforementioned chaos that apparently resulted from his management of the war. On 12 July 2006, Iraq took full control of

350-421: A new constitution to be ratified in a national referendum on 15 October 2005. For ratification, the constitution required a majority of national vote, and could be blocked by a two-thirds "no" vote in each of at least three of the 18 governorates. In the actual vote, 79% of the voters voted in favor, and there was a two-thirds "no" vote in only two governorates, both predominantly Sunni. The new Constitution of Iraq

420-443: A result, over 700 Iraqi civilians died in that month, as well as 79 US soldiers. During early and mid-May, the US also launched Operation Matador , an assault by around 1,000 Marines in the ungoverned region of western Iraq. Its goal was the closing of suspected insurgent supply routes of volunteers and material from Syria , and with the fight they received their assumption proved correct. Fighters armed with flak jackets (unseen in

490-517: A security force intended to defend critical infrastructure, and the US promised over $ 20 billion in reconstruction aid in the form of credits against Iraq's future oil revenues. At the same time, elements left out of the Iraqi Patriotic Alliance (IPA) began to agitate for elections. Most prominent among these was Ali al-Sistani , Grand Ayatollah in the Shia sect of Islam . The United States and

560-568: A series of skirmishes in and around Najaf culminated with the Imman Ali Mosque itself under siege, only to have a peace deal brokered by al-Sistani in late August. Al-Sadr then declared a national cease fire, and opened negotiations with the American and government forces. His militia was incorporated into the Iraqi security forces and al-Sadr is now a special envoy. This incident was the turning point in

630-517: A stronger-than-expected militant Iraqi insurgency , and so the reconstruction of Iraq was slow. In mid-2004, the direct rule of the CPA was ended and a new "sovereign and independent" Interim Government of Iraq assumed the full responsibility and authority of the state. The CPA and the Governing Council were disbanded on 28 June 2004, and a new transitional constitution came into effect. Sovereignty

700-490: A thousand armed men to take control of the streets of Baghdad. The CPA soon realized it had lost control and closed down his popular newspaper. This resulted in mass anti-American demonstrations. The CPA then attempted to arrest al-Sadr on murder charges. He defied the American military by taking refuge in the Holy City of Najaf. Hostilities between the US and Iraq ended on 28 June 2004 when the CPA handed over Iraqi sovereignty to

770-473: A worldwide audience of teachers and students, journalists, international affairs professionals, and concerned citizens. The Council's flagship publication is a quarterly scholarly journal, Ethics & International Affairs, which was launched in 1987. As an operating, rather than a grant-making foundation, the Council supports programs that it initiates and also works with partner organizations. The Carnegie Council

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840-533: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about academic journals . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page . History of Iraq (2003%E2%80%9311) The occupation of Iraq (2003–2011) began on 20 March 2003 , when the United States invaded with a military coalition to overthrow Iraqi president Saddam Hussein and his Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party , and continued until 18 December 2011 , when

910-586: Is abstracted and indexed in American Bibliography of Slavic and East European Studies, CSA Worldwide Political Science Abstracts , International Bibliography of the Social Sciences , International Political Science Abstracts , Lancaster Index to Defence & International Security Literature, PAIS International in Print, Philosopher's Index , Social Sciences Index , and Periodica Islamica . According to

980-497: The Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 0.576, ranking it 36th out of 51 journals in the category "Ethics". This article about an ethics journal is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about academic journals . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page . This article about a journal on international relations

1050-477: The Coalition Provisional Authority , run by Jay Garner and three deputies, including Tim Cross , opposed allowing democratic elections at this time, preferring instead to eventually hand over power to an unelected group of Iraqis. More insurgents stepped up their activities. The two most turbulent centers were the area around Fallujah and the poor Shia sections of cities from Baghdad to Basra in

1120-653: The Great Depression , the CPU called for stronger government interventions in the economy. During World War II , the CPU supported the American government in its efforts to establish the United Nations . After World War II, the CPU helped with the establishment of the United Nations and fought for the prevention of nuclear proliferation . From 1950 to 1985, the organization published the monthly magazine Worldview . In 1961,

1190-612: The Muthanna province , marking the first time since the invasion that a province had been handed from foreign troops to the Iraqi government. In a joint statement, the US ambassador Zalmay Khalilzad and the US commander in Iraq, General George Casey , hailed it as a milestone in Iraq's capability to govern and protect itself as a "sovereign nation" and said handovers in other provinces will take place as conditions are achieved. "With this first transition of security responsibility, Muthanna demonstrates

1260-500: The Rwandan and Balkans ethnic violence , the Council created the "History and the Politics of Reconciliation" program in 2000. It examined the role of history education in high schools and museums, the work of truth commissions and tribunals, and the challenges of overcoming religious divisions. The result was a series of case studies and conferences that encouraged interdisciplinary work in

1330-549: The Vietnam War . In 1977, the Council put forth the “CRIA Distinguished Lectures on Ethics and Foreign Policy,” which was later renamed the “ Morgenthau Memorial Lecture.” Robert Myers became the new president of CRIA in 1980, which the defeat of Apartheid in South Africa began in the 1980s and 1990s. Throughout this time, the Council also led programs on environmental policy and bioethics . CRIA changed its name in 1986, to

1400-404: The " Coalition Provisional Authority " (CPA) to take control of Iraq's domestic affairs away from the US military. Twelve days later, Paul Bremer , head of the CPA, issued an order dissolving the entire Iraqi military, as well as most civilian employees of the old government, and pledged to build a new military and government from scratch. One "untainted by any ties to Saddam's regime," according to

1470-477: The 1907 Hague Convention IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land , which is commonly accepted as customary international humanitarian law binding on non-signatories engaged in an IAC. Schools, police, courts, government, and military were shut down, which meant that most Iraqis were unemployed. Cities, especially Baghdad, suffered through reductions in electricity, clean water, and telephone service from pre-war levels, with shortages that continued through at least

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1540-434: The 1949 Geneva Conventions. In January 2005, John Negroponte , US ambassador to Iraq, indicated the US government would comply with a United Nations resolution declaring that coalition forces would have to leave if requested by the Iraqi government. "If that's the wish of the government of Iraq, we will comply with those wishes. But no, we haven't been approached on this issue – although obviously we stand prepared to engage

1610-705: The CPA. The Iraqi army's abrupt end, against the protests of many US field commanders, sparked immediate rioting among former Iraqi soldiers. In addition to broader civil unrest as unemployment skyrocketed to 70% and practically every government service, from the police to trash collectors, ended without warning. Soon, large numbers of former Iraqi military personnel allied with the surviving Ba'ath loyalists and formed guerrilla units, igniting an eight-year insurgency against Coalition forces. Besides scattered attacks in Baghdad, these insurgents began to focus on taking and holding ground in and around Mosul , Tikrit , and Fallujah . In

1680-495: The CPU was renamed the “Council on Religion and International Affairs” (CRIA) and appointed William A. Loos as president in 1963. Loos had been executive director since 1955. CRIA focused its work on the study of moral dimensions of a wide range of issues, especially dangers of a crusading moralism in US foreign policy. In the 1960s and 1970s, CRIA was a strong supporter of the Civil Rights Movement and led open debates on

1750-476: The Coalition would reduce its presence then the insurgency would diminish. Military planners hoped that national elections would change the perception of being under occupation, stabilize the situation and allow the Coalition to reduce its presence. On 30 January, an election for a government to draft a permanent constitution took place. Although some violence and lack of widespread Sunni Arab participation marred

1820-549: The Interim Government, which began planning for elections and the writing of a new constitution. As a result, the Iraq War after 28 June 2004 became a non-international armed conflict (NIAC), since US-led Coalition troops were operating in the country with the consent of the new legitimate government of Iraq. Therefore, hostilities in post-occupation Iraq fell under the laws of war applicable to NIAC, including Common Article 3 of

1890-548: The Iraqi Interim government as mandated by UN Resolution 1546. Throughout the Iraq War, US-led Coalition troops were operating in the country with the consent of the new legitimate government of Iraq. Therefore, the war in Iraq after 28 June 2004 became a non-international armed conflict (NIAC), which fell under the laws of war applicable to NIAC, including Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions. Through July and August,

1960-506: The Spaniards, Salvadoran, Poles, and put down the overt rebellion. At the same time, British forces in Basra were faced with increasing restiveness, and became more selective in the areas they patrolled. In all, April, May and early June represented the bloodiest months of fighting since the end of hostilities. The Iraqi troops who were left in charge of Fallujah after the truce began to disperse and

2030-471: The US and Iraq are parties to, and the 1907 Hague Convention IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land , which is commonly accepted as customary international humanitarian law binding on non-signatories engaged in an IAC. According to Article 42 under Section III of the Hague Convention IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land , " [t]erritory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under

2100-479: The US and Iraq in the Iraq War began when the US-led Coalition invaded Iraq on 19 March 2003. IAC continued after the invasion when the CPA was established on 21 April to temporarily administer the domestic affairs of Iraq. Therefore, hostilities during the invasion and occupation of Iraq fell under the laws of war applicable to IAC, including the 1949 Geneva Conventions, to which the US and Iraq are parties to, and

2170-576: The USA’s involvement in the war. Rev. Dr. Henry A. Atkinson was General Secretary of the CPU from 1918 to 1955. Between the World Wars, the CPU worked towards strengthening the League of Nations and promoted the American influence to resolve international conflicts. At the same time, in the 1920s, they tried to prevent an international naval arms race , and fought against discrimination of Japanese Americans . During

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2240-493: The United States and Iraq in the Iraq War began when the US-led Coalition invaded Iraq on 19 March 2003. IAC continued after the invasion when the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) was established on 21 April to temporarily administer the domestic affairs of Iraq. Therefore, hostilities during the invasion and occupation of Iraq fell under the laws of war applicable to IAC, including the 1949 Geneva Conventions , to which

2310-527: The auspices of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546 , the CPA transferred limited sovereignty to a caretaker government, whose first act was to begin the trial of Saddam Hussein . The transfer marked the end of an IAC between the U.S. and Iraq. The new Iraqi government began the process of moving towards elections, though the insurgency, and the lack of cohesion within the government itself, led to repeated delays. Militia leader Muqtada al-Sadr used his grass-roots organization and Mahdi Militia of over

2380-464: The authority of the hostile army." There may be situations where the former occupier will maintain a military presence in the country, with the agreement of the legitimate government under a security arrangement (e.g., US military presence in Japan and Germany). The legality of such agreement and the legitimacy of the national authorities signing it are subject to international recognition, whereby members of

2450-521: The city fell back under insurgent control. In the April battle for Fallujah, US troops killed about 200 resistance fighters, while 40 Americans died and hundreds were wounded in a fierce battle. US forces then turned their attention to the al Mahdi Army in Najaf. A large convoy of US Army supply trucks manned by civilian contractors was ambushed and suffered significant damage and casualties. On 28 June 2004, under

2520-481: The early days of the occupation. Many soldiers had simply gone home rather than openly fight the invading forces. This seeming acceptance of Coalition authority stemmed from the US military continuing to pay the salaries of Saddam's former soldiers, while promising senior Iraqi officers that they would have a major role to play "in building a new Iraq." However, on 11 May 2003, the Bush Administration established

2590-411: The event, most of the eligible Kurd and Shia populace participated. On 4 February, Paul Wolfowitz announced that 15,000 US troops whose tours of duty had been extended in order to provide election security would be pulled out of Iraq by the next month. February, March and April proved to be relatively peaceful months compared to the carnage of November and January, with insurgent attacks averaging 30

2660-427: The failed American efforts to install Ahmed Chalabi as leader of the interim government. The CPA then put Iyad Allawi in power; ultimately he was only marginally more popular than Chalabi. The Allawi government, with significant numbers of holdovers from the Coalition Provisional Authority , began to engage in attempts to secure control of the oil infrastructure, the source of Iraq's foreign currency, and control of

2730-514: The fall of 2003, these largely secular units were joined by religiously motivated " Jihadists " insurgents, both foreign and domestic. With the growing influence of religious fanatics, the insurgency's mostly traditional tactics of sniping, small unit ambushes and planting roadside improvised explosive devices against foreign military personnel began transforming into frequent suicide bombings and death squads targeting civilians that were perceived as "loyal" to coalition forces. They favored attacking

2800-653: The fall of Saddam's government was formally marked by the establishment of the Coalition Provisional Authority , which later appointed and granted limited powers to the Iraq Interim Governing Council . In June 2004, the Iraqi Interim Government was established, ending the international armed conflict that had existed between Iraq (that is, Ba'athist Iraq ) and the United States. Following the January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election , this administration

2870-867: The field of historical memory. The current name, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, was given to the organization in 2005. The Carnegie Council is mainly funded through an endowment from Andrew Carnegie. Other sources of funding come from grants , donations , and membership dues. The Carnegie Council is a 501(c)(3) public charity. As of 2018 the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs had Net Assets of $ 38,495,383. Revenue and support as of 2018: $ 2,515,770 Expenses as of 2018: $ 3,724,969 Resources include transcripts , streaming audio and video, journals , book reviews , articles , papers , reports, and special reports. Carnegie Council's programs ( Christian Barry

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2940-580: The final batch of American troops left the country. While the United States, the United Kingdom , and Australia were the largest contributors to the coalition, 29 other countries, such as Japan , were involved in the Iraq War in a lesser capacity. Additionally, several private military contractors took part in enforcing the occupation. It was a period of violence and political turmoil, and saw strong foreign influence exerted on Iraqi politics. In April 2003,

3010-716: The future government on any issue concerning our presence here." On 10 May 2007, 144 Iraqi Parliamentary lawmakers signed onto a legislative petition calling on the United States to set a timetable for withdrawal. On 3 June 2007, the Iraqi Parliament voted 85 to 59 to require the Iraqi government to consult with Parliament before requesting additional extensions of the UN Security Council Mandate for Coalition operations in Iraq. The UN mandate under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1790 expired on 31 December 2008. An international armed conflict (IAC) between

3080-517: The insurgency by this time) and sporting sophisticated tactics met the Marines, eventually inflicting 30 US casualties by the operation's end, and suffering 125 casualties themselves. The Marines succeeded, recapturing the whole region and even fighting insurgents all the way to the Syrian border, where they were forced to stop (Syrian residents living near the border heard the American bombs very clearly during

3150-460: The international community re-establish diplomatic and political relations with the national government. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546 in 2004 looked forward to the end of the occupation and the assumption of full responsibility and authority by a fully sovereign and independent Interim Government of Iraq . Afterwards, the UN and individual nations established diplomatic relations with

3220-467: The killing of at least one unarmed and wounded man by an American serviceman surfaced, throwing renewed doubt and outrage at the efficiency of the US occupation. The Marine was later cleared of any wrongdoing because the Marines had been warned that the enemy would sometimes feign death and booby-trap bodies as a tactic to lure Marines to their deaths. November was the deadliest month of the occupation for coalition troops, surpassing April. Another offensive

3290-561: The leadership of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki , with Jalal Talabani as president. The beginning of that year was marked by government creation talks and continuous anti-coalition and attacks on mainly Shia civilians. On 22 February 2006. bombs exploded at the Al Askari Mosque causing substantial damage. On 2 March the director of the Baghdad morgue fled Iraq explaining, "7,000 people have been killed by death squads in recent months." The Boston Globe reported that around eight times

3360-532: The major cities of Iraq. The continuing insurgencies, poor state of the Iraqi Army, disorganized condition of police and security forces, as well as the lack of revenue hampered their efforts to assert control. In addition, both former Ba'athist elements and militant Shia groups engaged in sabotage, terrorism, open rebellion, and establishing their own security zones in all or part of a dozen cities. The Allawi government vowed to crush resistance, using US troops, but at

3430-698: The majority of people are free from serious security or economic challenges... 'What we expected to achieve was never realistic given the timetable or what unfolded on the ground ' ". On 22 September 2005, Prince Saud al-Faisal , the Saudi foreign minister , said he had warned the Bush administration that Iraq was hurtling toward disintegration , and that the election planned for December was unlikely to make any difference. US officials immediately made statements rejecting this view. The National Assembly elected in January had drafted

3500-657: The next year. On 1 May 2003, President of the United States George W. Bush declared the "end of major combat operations" in Iraq, while aboard the USS ; Abraham Lincoln with a large " Mission Accomplished " banner displayed behind him. The weeks following the removal of Ba'ath Party rule were portrayed by American media as generally a euphoric time among the Iraqi populace. New York Post correspondent Jonathan Foreman wrote from Baghdad in May 2003 that "the intensity of

3570-601: The number of Iraqis killed by terrorist bombings during March 2006 were killed by sectarian death squads during the same period. A total of 1,313 were killed by sectarian militias while 173 were killed by suicide bombings. The LA Times later reported that about 3,800 Iraqis were killed by sectarian violence in Baghdad alone during the first three months of 2006. During April 2006, morgue numbers show that 1,091 Baghdad residents were killed by sectarian executions. Insurgencies, frequent terrorist attacks and sectarian violence in Iraq lead to harsh criticism of US policy and fears of

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3640-506: The operation). The vast majority of these armed and trained insurgents quickly dispersed before the US could bring the full force of its firepower on them, as it did in Fallujah. On 14 August 2005 the Washington Post quoted one anonymous US senior official expressing that "the United States no longer expects to see a model new democracy, a self-supporting oil industry or a society in which

3710-576: The outbreak of war. First President of the CPU was William P. Merrill . The first activities of the organization were educational programs, calls for reductions in military spending and an end to military education in public schools. After the declaration of war by the US President Woodrow Wilson in April 1917, which led to internal disputes within the CPU, the leadership of the organization concluded in December 1917, to stand behind Wilson and

3780-591: The period. A military occupation was established and run by the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), which later appointed and granted limited powers to an Iraq Interim Governing Council . Troops for the invasion came primarily from the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australia , but 29 other nations also provided some troops, and there were varying levels of assistance from Japan and other allied countries. Tens of thousands of private security personnel provided protection of infrastructure, facilities and personnel. Coalition and allied Iraqi forces fought

3850-486: The population's pro-American enthusiasm is astonishing". There were widespread reports of looting, though much of the looting was directed at former government buildings and other remnants of the former government, and reports of losses of up to 170,000 items of Iraq's archaeological treasures worth billions of US dollars , mostly from the National Museum of Iraq , were later revealed to be vastly exaggerated. In

3920-485: The progress Iraq is making toward self- governance", the statement said, adding that "Multi-National Forces will stand ready to provide assistance if needed." At the ceremony marking the event, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki stated, "It is a great national day that will be registered in the history of Iraq. This step forward will bring happiness to all Iraqis." A former presidential compound of Saddam Hussein, dubbed Forward Operating Base Courage by Coalition forces ,

3990-521: The same time negotiated with Muqtada al-Sadr. Beginning 8 November, American and Iraqi forces invaded the militant stronghold of Fallujah in Operation Phantom Fury , killing and capturing many insurgents. Many rebels were thought to have fled the city before the invasion. US-backed figures put insurgency losses at over 2,000. It was the bloodiest single battle for the US in the war, with 92 Americans dead and several hundred wounded. A video showing

4060-574: The selection of, among others, Prime Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari and President Jalal Talabani . Prime Minister al-Jaafari led the majority party of the United Iraqi Alliance (UIA), a coalition of the al-Dawa and SCIRI (Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq) parties. Both parties are backed by Tehran, and were banned by Saddam Hussein. An international armed conflict (IAC) between

4130-534: The south. In the spring, the United States and the Coalition Provisional Authority decided to confront the rebels with a pair of assaults: one on Fallujah, the center of the "Mohammed's Army of Al-Ansar", and another on Najaf, home of an important mosque, which had become the focal point for the Mahdi Army and its activities. In Fallujah four private security contractors, working for Blackwater USA , were ambushed and killed, and their corpses desecrated. In retaliation

4200-478: The summer of 2003, the US military focused on hunting down the remaining leaders of the ousted government, culminating in the killing of Saddam's sons Uday Hussein and Qusay Hussein on 22 July. In all, over 200 top leaders of the former regime were killed or captured, as well as numerous lesser functionaries and military personnel. After the initial invasion, most of the Iraqi military's former soldiers and officers offered little resistance to Coalition forces in

4270-683: The unarmored Humvee vehicles, and in November they successfully attacked US rotary aircraft with SA-7 missiles bought on the global black market. On 19 August, the UN Headquarters in Baghdad was destroyed in the Canal Hotel Bombing , killing at least 22 people, among them Sérgio Vieira de Mello , Special Representative of the UN Secretary General . In December 2003, Saddam himself was captured . The provisional government began training

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4340-452: The year before. The explosion is believed to have come from a suicide bomber. After a review of the military strategy in the end of 2004, then commanding general of the MNF-I , General George Casey directed the Coalition forces to shift their focus from fighting insurgents to training Iraqis. At the time, the Iraqi insurgency was mainly directed against the occupation and it was believed that if

4410-504: The “Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs” (CCEIA). Since 1987, the council published its quarterly scholarly journal, Ethics & International Affairs . Successor of Robert J. Myers as president in 1995 was Joel H. Rosenthal . In the 2000s, after the attacks of 9/11 and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq , the CCEIA fought against cruel treatment and torture . Responding to

4480-621: Was founded in 1914 by Andrew Carnegie in New York City . Carnegie gathered together numerous religious leaders, scientists and politicians, and appointed them trustees of a new organization, the Church Peace Union (CPU). Carnegie hoped to create, with the religious and secular leaders, a new moral leadership to prevent armed conflict. The CPU was established shortly before the outbreak of World War I . The planned international inaugural meeting, on Lake Constance , could not take place due to

4550-645: Was handed over by Charlie Company 4-11FA to the Nineveh province government on 20 July 2006. The main palace had been home to the 101st Airborne Division Main Command Post, Task Force Olympia CP, 4-11FA of the 172nd SBCT, and the Task Force Freedom CP. The palace served as the last command post for the Multinational Force-Iraq–Northwest. US soldiers had spent the summer restoring the palace for

4620-663: Was launched by insurgents during the month of November in Mosul . US forces backed by peshmerga fighters launched a counteroffensive which resulted in the Battle of Mosul (2004) . The fighting in Mosul occurred concurrently with the fighting in Fallujah and attributed to the high number of American casualties taken that month. In December, 14 American soldiers were killed and over a hundred injured when an explosion struck an open-tent mess hall in Mosul, where President Bush had spent Thanksgiving with troops

4690-415: Was ratified and took effect. Sunni turnout was substantially heavier than for the January elections, but insufficient to block ratification. Elections for a new Iraqi National Assembly were held under the new constitution on 15 December 2005. This election used a proportional system, with approximately 25% of the seats required to be filled by women. After the election, a coalition government was formed under

4760-582: Was replaced by the Iraqi Transitional Government . A year later, the Al Maliki I Government took office. Efforts to rebuild post-Saddam Iraq were slowed when the American-led military coalition and the new Iraqi government became locked in a grueling conflict with a stronger-than-expected militant Iraqi insurgency , leading to difficult living conditions for the country's population throughout

4830-705: Was the program officer): Ethics %26 International Affairs (journal) Ethics & International Affairs is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering ethical aspects of international relations . It was established in 1987 and is published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs . Topics covered in the journal range from global justice , democratization , and international law , to human rights and women's rights . The current editorial team is: Joel H. Rosenthal (editor in chief), Adam Read-Brown (managing editor), and Priya Chokshi (associate editor), all at Carnegie Council. The journal

4900-431: Was transferred to a Governing Council Iraqi interim government led by Iyad Allawi as Iraq's first post-Saddam prime minister; this government was not allowed to make new laws without the approval of the CPA. The Iraqi Interim Government was replaced as a result of the elections which took place in January 2005. A period of negotiations by the elected Iraqi National Assembly followed, which culminated on 6 April 2005 with

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