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55-648: The Type C8 ships are a type of Heavy Lighter aboard ship . The lighter aboard ship or LASH is a system for loading barges or ( lighters ) onto a large vessel for transport . At the destination, the barge are unloaded and the vessel is then free to move on to the next shipment. Barges and lighters are usually unpowered floating platforms for inland waterways that are separated from the open seas . Barge and lighters are typically towed or pushed around harbors , canals or rivers by tugboats . The carrier ships are also known as LASH carriers, barge carriers, kangaroo ships and lighter transport ships. Barges are load into

110-436: A country. Therefore, many governments have enacted rules and regulations, administered by a customs agency, for the handling of cargo to minimize risks of terrorism and other crime. Governments are mainly concerned with cargo entering through a country's borders. The United States has been one of the leaders in securing cargo. They see cargo as a concern to national security . After the terrorist attacks of September 11th ,

165-480: A freight broker, online marketplace or another intermediary, instead of contracting directly with a trucking company. Brokers can shop the marketplace and obtain lower rates than most smaller shippers can obtain directly. In the LTL marketplace, intermediaries typically receive 50% to 80% discounts from published rates, whereas a small shipper may only be offered a 5% to 30% discount by the carrier. Intermediaries are licensed by

220-600: A high capital expenditure. Studies showed that the costs of addressing these issues, along with the costs of operating the carrier ships and their lighters, were much higher than for the customary freighter ships or the ISO-compliant container ships that were beginning to conquer the transportation market. While barge carriers and lighters are a technologically interesting sea transport system, they are economic only under certain specific conditions of traffic and economy. On 15 December 2007, Rhine Forest , ex- Bilderdijk of

275-438: A lack of harbor equipment or quay moorings provided no obstacle, as the lighters could be loaded directly onto the ship. The system also relieved the pressure to unload as quickly as possible, since the lighters already in the water could be moved while others were being unloaded. All told, these ships spent more than 80% of their annual application time at sea, whereas the conventional ships often lay at harbor for as much as half

330-446: A large number of containers that come from shipping ports. Trains are also used to transport water, cement, grain, steel, wood and coal. They are used because they can carry a large amount and generally have a direct route to the destination. Under the right circumstances, freight transport by rail is more economical and energy efficient than by road, mainly when carried in bulk or over long distances. The main disadvantage of rail freight

385-409: A large opening front for loading. Air freight shipments are very similar to LTL shipments in terms of size and packaging requirements. However, air freight or air cargo shipments typically need to move at much faster speeds than 800 km or 497 mi per hour. While shipments move faster than standard LTL, air shipments do not always actually move by air. Air shipments may be booked directly with

440-505: A load is limited to the space available in the trailer, normally 48 ft (14.63 m) or 53 ft (16.15 m) long, 2.6 m ( 102 + 3 ⁄ 8  in) wide, 9 ft 0 in (2.74 m) high and 13 ft 6 in or 4.11 m high overall. While express, parcel and LTL shipments are always intermingled with other shipments on a single piece of equipment and are typically reloaded across multiple pieces of equipment during their transport, TL shipments usually travel as

495-583: A load-carrying capacity of more than 500 Mp. Loading or unloading a lighter took on average fifteen minutes. LASH ships were constructed in Europe, Japan and the US with almost uniform parameters. The host vessel is sometimes purpose-built or modified with a door at the waterline, to allow the payloads to be loaded and unloaded without special lifting equipment. An example would be SS  Cape Florida (AK-5071) (originally LASH Turkiye ), built at Avondale Shipyard for

550-455: A mixed-freight environment. Unlike express or parcel, LTL shippers must provide their own packaging, as carriers do not provide any packaging supplies or assistance. However, circumstances may require crating or another substantial packaging. In the United States, shipments larger than about 7,000 kg (15,432 lb) are typically classified as truckload (TL) freight . This is because it

605-446: A vessel's holds, but otherwise onto and off its deck, by cranes or derricks present on the dock or on the ship itself. If hoisted on deck instead of straight into the hold, liftable or rolling unit loads, like bags, barrels/vats, boxes, cartons and crates, then have to be man-handled and stowed competently by stevedores . Securing break bulk and general freight inside a vessel, includes the use of dunnage . When no hoisting equipment

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660-535: A wide range in the pricing offered. If a shipper in the United States uses a broker, freight forwarder or another transportation intermediary, it is common for the shipper to receive a copy of the carrier's Federal Operating Authority. Freight brokers and intermediaries are also required by Federal Law to be licensed by the Federal Highway Administration . Experienced shippers avoid unlicensed brokers and forwarders because if brokers are working outside

715-455: Is available, break bulk would previously be man-carried on and off the ship, over a plank, or by passing via human chain . Since the 1960s, the volume of break bulk cargo has enormously declined worldwide in favour of mass adoption of containers . Bulk cargo , such as salt , oil , tallow , but also scrap metal , is usually defined as commodities that are neither on pallets nor in containers. Bulk cargoes are not handled as individual pieces,

770-636: Is documented as a cargo and when goods are stored within, the contents are termed containerized cargo. Similarly, aircraft ULD boxes are also documented as cargo, with an associated packing list of the items contained within. Seaport terminals handle a wide range of maritime cargoes . Break bulk / general cargo are goods that are handled and stowed piecemeal to some degree, as opposed to cargo in bulk or modern shipping containers . Typically bundled in batches for hoisting, either with cargo nets , slings, crates , or stacked on trays, pallets or skids; at best (and today mostly) lifted directly into and out of

825-408: Is food, as supermarkets require deliveries daily to replenish their shelves with goods. Retailers and manufacturers of all kinds rely upon delivery trucks , be they full size semi trucks or smaller delivery vans . These smaller road haulage companies constantly strive for the best routes and prices to ship out their products. Indeed, the level of commercial freight transported by smaller businesses

880-415: Is its lack of flexibility. For this reason, rail has lost much of the freight business to road transport. Rail freight is often subject to transshipment costs, since it must be transferred from one mode of transportation to another. Practices such as containerization aim at minimizing these costs. When transporting point-to-point bulk loads such as cement or grain, with specialised bulk handling facilities at

935-463: Is located at 37°44′19.8″N 122°22′18.9″W  /  37.738833°N 122.371917°W  / 37.738833; -122.371917 . In 1980 Avondale Industries built two 41,500 DWT Type C9-S-81f barge carriers: the SS Edward Rutledge (now SS Spirit and the SS Edward Rutledge (Now SS Reliance ). In 1974-75 Avondale Industries built nine 41,000 DWT C9-S-81d barge carriers, some used by

990-584: Is more efficient and economical for a large shipment to have exclusive use of one larger trailer rather than share space on a smaller LTL trailer. By the Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula the total weight of a loaded truck (tractor and trailer, 5-axle rig) cannot exceed 80,000 lb (36,287 kg) in the United States. In ordinary circumstances, long-haul equipment will weigh about 15,000 kg (33,069 lb), leaving about 20,000 kg (44,092 lb) of freight capacity. Similarly

1045-400: Is often a good barometer of healthy economic development as these types of vehicles move and transport anything literally, including couriers transporting parcels and mail. You can see the different types and weights of vehicles that are used to move cargo around . Less than truckload (LTL) cargo is the first category of freight shipment, representing the majority of freight shipments and

1100-485: The Boeing 747 and the more prominent An‑124 , which was purposely built for easy conversion into a cargo aircraft . Such large aircraft employ standardized quick-loading containers known as unit load devices (ULDs), comparable to ISO containers on cargo ships. ULDs can be stowed in the lower decks (front and rear) of several wide-body aircraft , and on the main deck of some narrow-bodies . Some dedicated cargo planes have

1155-669: The Holland-Amerika Line , entered the Port of Rotterdam for the last time, prior to being withdrawn from service because of low utilization on the New Orleans /Rotterdam route. It is a sister ship of MS  München . The LASH lighter with registration p. CG 6013 was donated to De Binnenvaart , an inland-shipping museum in Dordrecht , where it is now part of an exhibit. LASH barges are loaded at inland river and shallow ports. Then,

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1210-755: The US Navy and called seabee LASH, (Lighter aboard ship). In San Francisco, California is Lash Lighter Basin, located by Heron's Head Park in San Francisco Bay . The Lash Lighter Basin at Bayview–Hunters Point, San Francisco is a protected port that is used by C8-class ships for loading and unloading lighter-barges. Barges from the Stockton Deepwater Shipping Channel , Sacramento Deep Water Ship Channel and Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta are taken to Lash Lighter Basin. The Lash Lighter Basin

1265-565: The American shipping line Prudential Grace, and later transferred to the Ready Reserve Fleet. Another related system was the Sea Bee , which had a lifting system located at the stern of the carrier ship, known as Type C8-class ship . The lift, known as a "Syncrolift" was a platform that could be lowered below the water surface. Two lighters weighing up to 1,000 metric tons are maneuvered onto

1320-488: The DOT and have the requirements to provide proof of insurance. Truckload (TL) carriers usually charge a rate per kilometre or mile. The rate varies depending on the distance, geographic location of the delivery, items being shipped, equipment type required, and service times required. TL shipments usually receive a variety of surcharges very similar to those described for LTL shipments above. There are thousands more small carriers in

1375-499: The ISO standard cargo container had only slowly begun to be adopted during the 1960s. Large container terminals with extensive conveyor systems and storage areas were still only in planning or in the development stages. The LASH system was developed as an alternative and supplement to the developing container system. The lighters, which may be characterized as floating cargo containers, served dual purposes: transportation over water , and

1430-507: The LASH barges, having a deadweight of 800 t, whereby the max. draught was very large with 4.15 m. The BaCo beam of 9.5 m corresponded to the standard beam of European inland waterway transport barges, so that also four Europa barges of Type I could be stored instead of the 12 Baco barges. The container capacity was 652 TEU In total three Baco Liners were built between 1979 and 1984, named Baco Liner 1 , Baco-Liner 2 and Baco Liner 3 . Owner

1485-562: The Sea Bee system for the Soviet Union in Vuosaari Shipyard in the late 1970s, Yulius Fuchik and Tibor Szamueli . Of these, Yulius Fuchik was featured in a prominent role in the novel Red Storm Rising by Tom Clancy , where it was modified to masquerade as Doctor Lykes. A Danish project with the name BACAT (Barge-Catamaran) was introduced at the end of 1973. It was used for

1540-778: The TL market than in the LTL market. Therefore, the use of transportation intermediaries or brokers is widespread. Another cost-saving method is facilitating pickups or deliveries at the carrier's terminals. Carriers or intermediaries can provide shippers with the address and phone number for the closest shipping terminal to the origin and/or destination. By doing this, shippers avoid any accessorial fees that might normally be charged for liftgate, residential pickup/ delivery , inside pickup/delivery, or notifications/appointments. Shipping experts optimize their service and costs by sampling rates from several carriers, brokers and online marketplaces. When obtaining rates from different providers, shippers may find

1595-694: The US Navy. C9-S-81d examples are the SS Delta Norte and the SS Delta Mar built in 1971. In 1980-83 Avondale Industries also built three C9-M-132b, but these are 32,800 DWT container ships built for the American President Line: President Washington (now M/V Manoa ), President Lincoln (now M/V Mahimahi ) and President Monroe (now M/V Mokihana ). Lighter aboard ship The lighter aboard ship ( LASH ) system refers to

1650-524: The United States Seabees developed a pontoon assembly for moving cargo from transports to assault beachheads that met the needs at the time that was the forerunner to the LASH system . By the 1950s, the needs of cargo transport customers were no longer being met by the break bulk system of loading individual cargo pieces into a ship's hold. The dimensions and shapes of cargo pieces varied widely, and

1705-456: The barges are towed to ocean port's fleeting areas to meet the LASH mother vessel. On arrival, the mother vessel crane lifts the LASH barges onto the ships. LASH cargo does not require transshipment , as the movement from the origin to destination takes place with a single bill of lading. An important technical problem raised by the invention of the new transport system was the shape of the lighters. Several other designs, differentiated mainly by

Type C8-class ship - Misplaced Pages Continue

1760-505: The carriers, through brokers or with online marketplace services. In the US, there are certain restrictions on cargo moving via air freight on passenger aircraft, most notably the transport of rechargeable lithium-ion battery shipments. Shippers in the US must be approved and be "known" in the Known Shipper Management System before their shipments can be tendered on passenger aircraft. Trains are capable of transporting

1815-458: The dry (unladen) weight of each steel lighter was 3.9 t (4.3 short tons). The system was developed during the 1960s by the American shipbuilding engineer Jerome Goldman . Acadia Forest , commissioned in September 1969, was the first LASH carrier - the ship could take up 75 standardized lighters, with about 376 metric tons of total loading capacity. At the time, it was a novel kind of ship,

1870-451: The establishment of a modular, standardized shape for loading and unloading cargo. The lighters are loaded onto a LASH carrier at the port of embarkation and unloaded from the ship at the port of destination. Each lighter was approximately 60 ft × 30 ft × 15 ft (18.3 m × 9.1 m × 4.6 m) (L×W×H), with a capacity of 385 t (379 long tons; 424 short tons) and 550 m (19,000 cu ft);

1925-696: The first LASH ships the Acadia Forest and the Atlantic Forest. Avondale shipyard start construction in 1969 of the second LASH ships the C8-S-81b. The eleven C8-S-81b LASH ships were of identical design and built from 1970 to 1973. The 11 ships were used by two shipping lines Prudential Grace Line in New York and Pacific Far East Line in San Francisco. The price for each ship was $ 21.3 million. C8-S-82a were used by

1980-581: The first vessel designed primarily to transport other, smaller ships. In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union built Sevmorput , a nuclear-powered LASH carrier. Sevmorput is one of only four nuclear powered cargo vessels ever built, and is the largest and the only one in an active commercial service, as it mainly operates in the Russian domestic waters along the Northern Sea Route , where it's unencumbered by

2035-522: The law by not having a Federal Operating License, the shipper has no protection in case of a problem. Also, shippers typically ask for a copy of the broker's insurance certificate and any specific insurance that applies to the shipment. Overall, shipping costs have fallen over the past decades. A further drop in shipping costs in the future might be realized through the application of improved 3D printing technologies.   Governments are very concerned with cargo shipment, as it may bring security risks to

2090-417: The lower decks and 14 on the upper deck). The dual function of the ship is noteworthy, as it had storage tanks with a capacity of nearly 36000 m³ volume built into its sides and the unusually large double hull, allowing it to be used also as a product tanker. The ships were later purchased by Military Sealift Command . Finnish state-owned shipbuilding company Valmet built two barge carriers largely based on

2145-431: The majority of business-to-business (B2B) shipments. LTL shipments are also often referred to as motor freight and the carriers involved are referred to as motor carriers . LTL shipments range from 50 to 7,000 kg (110 to 15,430 lb), being less than 2.5 to 8.5 m (8 ft 2.4 in to 27 ft 10.6 in) the majority of times. The average single piece of LTL freight is 600 kg (1,323 lb) and

2200-461: The name BaCo . In addition, the barges were floated into the flooded hold through bow doors, akin to how ships enter a floating dry dock . The hold could be made watertight by closing two vertically foldable inner doors and two large outer doors; water in the hold could be pumped out during sea passage. The deck was suited for the stowage of containers , for which a movable gantry crane was provided. The BaCo barges were relatively large compared to

2255-407: The only shipment on a trailer. In fact, TL shipments usually deliver on exactly the same trailer as they are picked up on. Freight is usually organized into various shipment categories before it is transported. An item's category is determined by: Shipments are typically categorized as household goods, express, parcel, and freight shipments: An LTL shipper often realizes savings by utilizing

Type C8-class ship - Misplaced Pages Continue

2310-428: The perishable inventory is always in transit towards a final end-use, even when it is held in cold storage or other similar climate-controlled facilities, including warehouses. Multi-modal container units, designed as reusable carriers to facilitate unit load handling of the goods contained, are also referred to as cargo, especially by shipping lines and logistics operators. When empty containers are shipped each unit

2365-412: The ports' unwillingness to accommodate nuclear ships , a problem that made other nuclear cargo vessels impractical. At the time of its invention, the system was considered by experts to be a considerable advancement in shipping technology. LASH carriers were able to transport five times more cargo than a comparable conventional transport ship, the loading and unloading process was much more efficient, and

2420-529: The practice of loading barges ( lighters ) aboard a bigger vessel for transport . It was developed in response to a need to transport lighters, a type of (usually but not always) unpowered barge, between inland waterways separated by open seas . Lighters are typically towed or pushed around harbors , canals or rivers and cannot be relocated under their own power. The carrier ships are known variously as LASH carriers , barge carriers , kangaroo ships or lighter transport ships . During World War II

2475-498: The rail sidings, the rail mode of transport remains the most convenient and preferred option. Many governments are encouraging shippers to increase their use of rail rather than transport because of trains' lower environmental disbenefits. Many firms, like Parcelforce , FedEx and R+L Carriers transport all types of cargo by road. Delivering everything from letters to houses to cargo containers , these firms offer fast, sometimes same-day, delivery . A good example of road cargo

2530-1074: The security of this magnitude of cargo has become highlighted on the over 6 million cargo containers that enter the United States ports each year. The latest US Government response to this threat is the CSI: Container Security Initiative . CSI is a program intended to help increase security for containerized cargo shipped to the United States from around the world. Europe is also focusing on this issue, with several EU-funded projects underway. Many ways and materials are available to stabilize and secure cargo in various modes of transport. Conventional load securing methods and materials such as steel strapping and plastic/wood blocking and bracing have been used for decades and are still widely used. Present load-securing methods offer several other options, including polyester strapping and lashing, synthetic webbings and dunnage bags, also known as airbags or inflatable bags. Practical advice on stabilization

2585-410: The shape of the lighters and the loading mechanism, were proposed, but the LASH system found the largest range of applications. In this approach, the lighters were individually lifted onto the carrier ship by a large gantry crane located at the stern of the ship. The crane could move the entire length of the ship and stack the lighters atop each other in the ship's body and on the deck. The cranes had

2640-422: The ship from the rear- stern of the ship. Two barge-lighters weighing up to 1,000 metric tons placed onto an underwater platform. The ship raises the platform up to the deck. On the deck are special rails to move the lighters down the length of the ship to their holding spot. The ship as a loading power to lift with a force of more than 2,000 Mp. In the late 1960s, shipbuilding engineer Jerome L. Goldman designed

2695-399: The ships were scrapped between 2012 and 2013. Cargo In transportation , freight refers to goods conveyed by land , water or air , while cargo refers specifically to freight when conveyed via water or air. In economics , freight refers to goods transported at a freight rate for commercial gain. The term cargo is also used in case of goods in the cold-chain , because

2750-450: The size of a standard pallet. Long freight and/or large freight are subject to extreme length and cubic capacity surcharges. Trailers used in LTL can range from 28 to 53 ft (8.53 to 16.15 m). The standard for city deliveries is usually 48 ft (14.63 m). In tight and residential environments the 28 ft (8.53 m) trailer is used the most. The shipments are usually palletized, stretch [shrink]-wrapped and packaged for

2805-614: The submerged platform and raised to the height of the deck, where special rails engage and transport the lighters down the length of the ship to their berthings. The lighters used in the Sea Bee system are considerably larger than the LASH lighter, and the loading hardware is also stronger, with a lifting force of more than 2,000 Mp. The first ship of a series of three Sea Bee ships was SS Doctor Lykes , followed by SS Almeria Lykes and SS Tillie Lykes all of which were operated by Lykes Brothers Steamship Company . The "Sea Bee" vessels had three decks and could transport 38 lighters (12 on

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2860-497: The transport of several hundred thousand metric tons of load between northern Europe and Great Britain. The system was similar to the Sea Bee, but the lighters were smaller and had an individual load-carrying capacity of only 140 tons. 1979 saw the introduction of the BaCo system, newly developed by Captain H. Mönke and Thyssen Nordseewerke , in which the carrier could transport barges in addition to standard shipping containers , therefore

2915-548: The way heavy-lift and project cargo are. Alumina , grain , gypsum , logs, and wood chips, for instance, are bulk cargoes. Bulk cargo is classified as liquid or dry . Air cargo refers to any goods shipped by air, whereas air freight refers specifically to goods transported in the cargo hold of a dedicated cargo plane. Aircraft were first used to carry mail as cargo in 1911. Eventually manufacturers started designing aircraft for other types of freight as well. There are many commercial aircraft suitable for carrying cargo such as

2970-433: The year. New problems which were as yet unknown to shipping companies arose with the advent of the LASH system and similar barge carriers. Aboard the carrier ship, the lighter is simply a large cargo container, but in the seaport and on the inland waterways it becomes a vessel. As a vessel, they are subject to requirements for equipment regulations like anchors . Also, serving waterways which freeze over in winter required

3025-583: Was the Baco-Liner GmbH Emden, founded by the shipyard, the Rhein-, Maas- und See-Schiffahrtskontor GmbH (RMS) as well as Rhenus -WTAG, Dortmund. Operator was RMS. The BaCo barges were among others built by Cassens-Werft in Emden. The Baco-Liners were employed in the liner's service between Northern Europe and West Africa and sailed without major incidents. After the sea transport shifted more and more to containers,

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