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55-524: C53 or C-53 may refer to: ARM  General Felipe Xicoténcatl  (C53) , an Admirable -class minesweeper of the Mexican Navy Caldwell 53 , a lenticular galaxy CDK5RAP3 , a gene encoding CDK5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 3 Cervical cancer Douglas C-53 Skytrooper , an American military aircraft GER Class C53 , a British tram engine class HMCS  Ontario  (C53) ,

110-597: A Minotaur -class light cruiser of the Royal Canadian Navy JNR Class C53 , a Japanese steam locomotive Succession to the Throne Act, 2013 , Bill C-53 of the Parliament of Canada [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

165-469: A reef on 6 June, damaging a screw , but was able to carry out her assigned sweeps before sailing, on 12 June, for repairs at Subic Bay . She rejoined her division on 26 June off Balikpapan and provided support to YMS 's performing the pre-invasion sweep. She left Balikpapan on 8 July and returned to Subic Bay for a month of overhaul. Scuffle ' s task group received a Presidential Unit Citation for its service off Balikpapan. The minesweeper left

220-451: A Category 5 hurricane named "Wilma", pushed the C-53 from its original position North approximately 100 feet. However the ship remains vertical and is stable for continued diving and exploration. As of this update, the C-53 is home to a wide array of corals, soft corals, sponges and marine life. It is one of the most popular dives of the region among suitably certified divers. Due to its depth, it

275-525: A decline in water quality and deteriorating marine habitats. It also serves a focus for recreation for Metro Manila and is a popular destination for walks and for viewing the sunset. Much of the land fronting the bay along Metro Manila is reclaimed land which now includes important sites such as the Philippine Senate and the Mall of Asia . On September 27, 2011, the sea walls of Manila Bay were destroyed by

330-464: A length of four kilometers. Global warming poses a great threat in the conservation of Manila Bay and its bordering cities. With recent studies predicting that the sea level could rise between .75 and 1.9 metres by 2100 and considering the vast landscape of development, growing industries and overly dense population, the exponential assets exposed to flood-prone zones is a dire issue. The Philippine Country Study to Address Climate Change has depicted

385-508: A proactive approach to this environmental issue through governance of a detailed impact assessment covering the following elements: Physical Environment Habitat and Species Vulnerability Analysis In 2010, at the occasion of the first Inter-LGU Forum on Tidal Flooding in Manila, the Dutch ambassador Robert Brinks recommended to close Manila Bay and build dykes in order to protect Manila and

440-526: A rocky island some 4 acres (1.6 ha) in area, supports the massive concrete and steel ruins of Fort Drum , an island fortress constructed by the United States Army to defend the southern entrance of the bay. To the immediate north and south are additional harbors, upon which both local and international ports are situated. Large number of ships at the North and South harbors facilitate maritime activities in

495-474: A statement that the use of dolomite is not a known health hazard. As with other beach nourishment projects, the area can serve as additional habitat for a number of species such as sea turtles, as well as sea birds and beach flora. When the beach was first opened to the public, a flock of egrets were seen at the beach area. Water quality significantly improved, especially around the beach area. The DENR reported significant drop of fecal coliform level in

550-496: Is expected to cross Manila Bay and connect the provinces of Bataan and Cavite . The detailed engineering design and marine geophysical surveys for the bridge are currently being completed before the start of the construction. Successive changes in and around Manila Bay are largely due to the intertwining impacts of continued industrialization, unrelenting increase in population, and incessant human activities catering to livelihood and habitation. These factors are directly degrading

605-500: Is in itself triumphant. Further steps to meet the challenge of rehabilitation and sea-level rise within Manila Bay may include additional research to gain insight to the complex nature of existent ecosystems; investment to coastal protection means such as the implementation of concrete walls; laws and policies dedicated to the protection of habitats and restriction or zoning of developments; as well as public educational programs to increase

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660-573: Is not a dive for beginners. Cave dive sites: Manila Bay Manila Bay ( Filipino : Look ng Maynila ; Spanish : Bahía de Manila ) is a natural harbor that serves the Port of Manila (on Luzon ), in the Philippines . Strategically located around the capital city of the Philippines, Manila Bay facilitated commerce and trade between the Philippines and its neighboring countries, becoming

715-476: The Bataan Peninsula and to the south is the province of Cavite . Across the entrance to Manila Bay are several islands, the largest of which is Corregidor, located 3 kilometers from Bataan and, along with the island of Caballo, separates the mouth of the bay into the North and South Channels. In the south channel is El Fraile Island and outside the entrance, and to the south, is Carabao Island. El Fraile,

770-495: The French Frigate Shoals between 6 and 15 August, escorted a convoy to Eniwetok , and carried out various tests and training operations. She arrived at San Pedro Bay , Leyte , on 31 December 1944 and joined Mine Division 34. With her division, Scuffle participated in the pre-invasion sweeps at Lingayen Gulf on 6 January 1945, and at Zambales and Subic Bay on the 29th and 31st. In each instance, after completing

825-562: The Pampanga River contributing about 49% of the freshwater influx. With an average depth of 17 m (55.8 ft), it is estimated to have a total volume of 28.9 billion cubic meters (28.9 cubic km). Entrance to the bay is 19 km (11.8 mi) wide and expands to a width of 48 km (29.8 mi). However, width of the bay varies from 22 km (13.7 mi) at its mouth and expanding to 60 km (37.3 mi) at its widest point. The islands of Corregidor and Caballo divides

880-583: The Pasig River . The bay was the setting for the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898, in which American troops led by Commodore George Dewey seized the area. This battle showcased the United States' naval strength. All major Spanish ships were destroyed and captured. With its proud historic past and abundant marine life, Manila Bay became the ocean portal and Filipino epicenter for government, economy and industry. During

935-588: The Philippines on 6 September and arrived at Sasebo , Japan, on 20 October after weathering three typhoons en route. She helped sweep Japanese minefields in Tsushima Strait and the Ryukyu Islands until sailing from Sasebo for home on 9 December. Arriving at Orange, Texas , on 2 April 1946, she was decommissioned there on 19 June 1946 and placed in reserve. Scuffle received 5 battle stars for her World War II service. While she remained in reserve, Scuffle

990-629: The Russo-Japanese War at the close of the Battle of Tsushima in 1905, three surviving Russian protected cruisers (the Aurora , Zhemchug , and Oleg ) managed to make port in then- United States -controlled Manila for repairs. However, because the US was neutral in this conflict, the trio of warships and their crews remained interned by the U.S. until the war officially came to an end in September 1905. During

1045-580: The World War II , Corregidor Island was captured by the Japanese forces based in Manila Bay. Much earlier, various other battles were fought from this naval base, including the Battles of La Naval de Manila in 1646, which finally ended Dutch attempts to seize the Philippines. The bay remains important for commerce and industry, including fishing, although rapid urban growth and industrialization are contributing to

1100-546: The 1987 Constitution (Article II, Section 16) there exists legal basis for environmental protection with the provision that: “the State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.” Manila Bay Declaration 2001 recognized Manila Bay as a source of food, employment and income for the people as well as the gateway for tourism and recreation. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

1155-523: The Bataan area, species of mangrove swamps that are found thriving include: Plantations of Cocos nucifera (coconut palm) co-exists with the mangroves found in these areas. Covering about 4,600 hectares, wetlands around Manila Bay are useful in: Mudflats , sand flats, swamps , beaches and rocky shores form part of the wetlands in Manila Bay. Found mostly along the coast of Bataan and Pampanga, mudflats are suitable habitats for shellfish. Contributing to

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1210-537: The Mexican Navy. After 55 years of service C-53 was decommissioned and later donated to Cozumel underwater park. C-53 was sunk in 1999 in 82' of water just off shore from Chankanaab Park. The C-53 was stabilized and anchored by a series of massive concrete blocks and became home to an abundance of soft corals, sponges and tropical fish. A common inhabitant of the C-53 are the Glassy Sweepers . On October 22, 2005,

1265-694: The Philippines for example had issued the Metro Manila Development Authority an order to "demolish illegal structures and dwellings along riverbanks and waterways connected to Manila Bay by 2015" in March 2011 as an attempt to decrease mass occurrences of water pollution. Projects involving the wider communities include organization of the "Manila Bay Clean Up Run," which essentially supports the Philippine Environment Agencies with their objectives to raise funding and awareness towards

1320-717: The areas of Malolos , Orion , Mariveles , and Corregidor Island. Within the watershed of Manila Bay upland forests abound which are sources of food, timber, fuel wood and other products, as well as habitats for wildlife. These forests provide protection from soil erosion and help maintain the water levels and water quality in rivers and streams. Mount Makiling , Angat Dam watershed, La Mesa Dam watershed, Mounts Palay-Palay / Mataas na Gulod, Mount Arayat and other portions of national parks located in Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal and Tarlac form part of these upland forest ecosystem. Largely intended for use in human settlement and industrial development, land reclamation projects contributed to

1375-401: The balanced functioning of the ecosystem around Manila Bay, coral reefs in the area provide sanctuary for fishes. Consequently, its decline through the years has directly affected the fish yield. As a diverse ecosystem, seagrass beds provide shelter for fishes and other marine life forms. Like the coral reefs, most of the seagrass beds in Manila Bay are found near its mouth, most notably in

1430-482: The bay area. The endangered Chinese Egret ( Egretta eulophotes ) and Black-winged cuckoo-shrike were sighted in the area. A large number of migratory birds, catfish and mackerels were once abundant in these waters. Their decline ushered in the appearance of squid, shrimp, and small pelagic species such as herrings and anchovies. The mangrove ecosystem around Manila Bay has both ecological and socioeconomic uses with its association of unique plant and animal species. Of

1485-602: The bay. Being smaller of the two harbors, the North Harbor is used for inter-island shipping while the South Harbor is used for large ocean-going vessels. Manila Bay was connected to Laguna de Bay (pronounced "bai") approximately 3,000 years ago. Recurring episodic uplifts along the West Marikina Valley Fault caused the two to break up. Interaction between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay today occurs only through

1540-517: The bay. The bay's salinity is also affected by strong seasonal variations. As indicated by the exposed roots of the coconut trees, continuing soil erosion has been a major factor in the changing shoreline of Manila Bay. Apart from soil erosion, other environmental processes such as siltation and sea level rise have also contributed to changing the bay's coastline. In some parts of the bay, however, erosion are prevented by seawalls and breakers particularly in areas where land has been reclaimed. With

1595-452: The discharges from industries. These factors directly impacted the health of Manila Bay's waters. Aside from oil spills, trace metals such as copper , cadmium and zinc at the surface of the water were found at the bay coming from sea-based and land-based (e.g., domestic sewage, industrial effluents, runoff, combustion emissions, and mining operations) sources. In 1996, concentrations of 16 commonly used pesticides in surface sediment

1650-550: The early September 2020, work began on Manila Bay Beach, which was constructed through the process of beach nourishment , which a common practice in the creation of beaches around the world. It is part of an overall integrated coastal zone management aimed at coastal defense of the Manila Bay rehabilitation. When the Manila Bay Beach project came to wider public attention, the project has received criticism from environment and heritage conservationist groups. Among these include

1705-633: The edge of the sea, and counters vagrancy and mendicancy. Reviving Manila's waterfront through the Baywalk injected vibrance and historic appreciation into the public space with the statues of Arsenio Lacson , Ninoy Aquino and Evelio Javier placed in key areas. At the onset, lack of funds hampered the revival of the Baywalk. Eventually, planning for the Baywalk means understanding and regulating diversity of functions with appropriate policy. Manila Bay and its corresponding resources are considered critical recipients of environmental protection. As indicated in

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1760-448: The entrance into two channels, about 2 mi (3.2 km) towards the North and 6.5 mi (10.5 km) wide on the South side. Mariveles , in the province of Bataan , is an anchorage just inside the northern entrance and Sangley Point is the former location of Cavite Naval Base . On either side of the bay are volcanic peaks topped with tropical foliage: 40 km to the north is

1815-473: The gateway for socio-economic development even prior to Spanish occupation . With an area of 1,994 km (769.9 sq mi), and a coastline of 190 km (118.1 mi), Manila Bay is situated in the western part of Luzon and is bounded by Cavite and Metro Manila on the east, Bulacan and Pampanga on the north, and Bataan on the west and northwest. Manila Bay drains approximately 17,000 km (6,563.7 sq mi) of watershed area, with

1870-415: The inhabitants in the coastal areas. From 1990, approximately 1,200 hectares of mangroves were cleared, with the land converted for aquaculture or used as salt beds. In 1993 much of the fisheries resources steadily declined due to overfishing and overharvesting. With then Mayor Lito Atienza 's program Buhayin ang Maynila (Revitalize Manila) in 2002, the local government made the initiative of enhancing

1925-439: The island and were repeatedly straddled by Japanese fire before supporting ships silenced the enemy's guns. Scuffle continued sweeping in Manila Bay through 18 February, and her unit earned a Navy Unit Commendation for the operation. On 24 February, Scuffle re-entered Manila Bay with 15 YMS 's to clear the harbor of mines and submerged wrecks . Her force, plus the salvage ship USS  Cable  (ARS-19) , accomplished

1980-763: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C53&oldid=1136161307 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages USS Scuffle Scuffle was laid down on 4 May 1943 by Winslow Marine Railway and Shipbuilding Co., Seattle, Washington ; launched on 8 August 1943; sponsored by Miss Marianne Baron, and commissioned on 2 May 1944. After shakedown , Scuffle sailed from San Francisco, California , on 11 July 1944 for Hawaii . Operating out of Pearl Harbor , she swept an old American-laid minefield in

2035-427: The nutrient concentration and presence of nitrate , ammonia and phosphate in the bay, from the 1980s, through to the 1990s and beyond are not only attributed to agricultural runoff and river discharges but also on fertilizers from fishponds. On 25 July 2024, the oil tanker MT Terra Nova , carrying around 1.5 million liters of industrial fuel, capsized in Manila Bay during Typhoon Gaemi , causing an oil spill with

2090-587: The original 54,000 hectares of mangroves existing at the turn of the 20th century, only 794 hectares are remaining as recorded in 1995. A few of the mangrove swamps remaining in Pampanga Bay are of considerable value for research and conservation education. As natural habitats, mangroves considerably help in acting as a protective buffer against cyclones and storms. Predominant in the bay area are Avicennia marina (gray or white mangrove) together with 15 species of mangroves belonging to 9 families that grow there. In

2145-696: The overall environment of Manila Bay and these impacts are manifested in the continued deterioration of the water quality within the bay. Several industries operate along the bay in the highly urbanized Metro Manila area, while there are shipyard facilities in Cavite and in Bataan, several more heavy industries, refineries and a power plant are present. At the shipping ports and ferry terminals, an average of 30,000 ships arrive and depart annually to transport passengers, manufactured goods and raw materials. Industrial waste discharges and discharges of untreated domestic wastes from drainage and sewer outlets have contributed to

2200-429: The physical features of the bay whereby what used to be irregular shoreline in 1944 has become more linear by 1977. Shoreline retreat continued as man-made structures such as fish pens occupied the coastal areas, with progradation dominant from 1977 to 1991. Most area of the bay, except those near the ports, are largely used as a major fishing ground, with fisheries and aquaculture as the dominant source of livelihood for

2255-475: The pre-invasion sweeps, she helped extend the cleared areas during and after the initial troop landings, and provided antisubmarine and antiaircraft protection for the transports. On 13 February, her division began pre-invasion sweeps in Manila Bay in preparation for landings at Mariveles and Corregidor . While operating off Corregidor on the 14th, the minesweepers came within 5,000 yards (4,600 m) of

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2310-479: The presence of ports, sea-based sources of pollution around the bay are from ships and motorized boats. Twelve oil spills were recorded in 1995, but it was in 1999 where the highest total volume of oil spill occurred in the Manila South Harbor and Limay, Bataan. Increased presence of oil and grease in the waters are attributed to maritime activities at the harbors, together with the presence of oil terminals and

2365-700: The reduction of mangroves around the area, as well as significant reduction in Metro Manila's shoreline. From 1944 to 1991, approximately 600 m of shoreline have been reclaimed in the northern part. In 2009, the Pambansang Lakas ng Kilusang Mamamalakaya ng Pilipinas (Pamalakaya) said that there are 7,000 hectares of foreshore areas in Cavite and 5,000 hectares of shallow coastal waters to expand Sangley Point naval base as part of reclamation projects, which are mostly funded by foreign investors. Conversion of mangrove and mudflat areas into fishponds have impacted

2420-568: The rehabilitation of Manila Bay's natural environments. In 2019, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources started a rehabilitation program that is being administered by different government agencies. Because of the rehabilitation, the 10th Philippine International Pyromusical Competition that was scheduled on February 16, 2019, at the SM Mall of Asia bayside area was postponed before being moved to SM City Clark on February 23, 2019. In

2475-487: The seaside promenade of Manila through urban renewal, upkeep and improvements. What later became known as Baywalk, the facelift of the 2 km strip of central public space aimed at creating a venue for social interaction and recreation. With reference to its colonial history, Manila's waterfront expresses power through the dominant classes which uses the Baywalk for exercise, fishing or socialization. The mix of land utilization and social activity provides public access to

2530-458: The severe decline in the quality of water and sediments in the bay as well as impacted on the existing marine habitats. According to a 2011 study by Jacinto et al., Manila Bay has an average surface salinity of 32.6 psu (practical salinity unit). Due to the river influx, the areas near the coasts have low salinity especially in the vicinity of the mouth of the Pasig River in the eastern part of

2585-653: The storm surge caused by Typhoon Pedring . Even the United States Embassy, Museo Pambata and Sofitel Philippine Plaza were submerged by the flooding. It was estimated that the damage would cost P30 million to repair. In April 2012, the sea walls were once again opened to the public, having been redesigned to withstand a strong storm surge. Coastal and marine habitats in the area include upland forests, mangrove, mudflats, sandy beaches, sea grass and coral reefs. A total of 19,139 birds belonging to 330 families and 99 species were observed at various monitoring sites along

2640-556: The surrounding lakes reaches the waters of Manila Bay. Compounds from these pesticide residues find themselves in food items with metamidophos, endosulfan , chlorpyrifos and diazinon among the common contaminants. While chronic toxic effects on inhabitants of the bay are not found, impairment of marine biota were more evident. In 1997, polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, compounds common in transformers, hydraulic fluids , paint additives and pesticides were determined in sediments and oysters sampled from Manila Bay. The increase in

2695-468: The surrounding provinces from the sea level rise that is expected as a result of climate change . However, he also noted that closing Manila Bay by means of a dyke would also require a new harbor location to replace the Port of Manila. Due to the low profile of environmentalism and its objectives within the nation of the Philippines, official awareness of global warming and the investment to applicable research

2750-663: The task by 10 April, sweeping 615 square miles (1,590 km ) of water and opening the Harbor to supply ships. On 22 April, she rejoined Mine Division 34 in an 8-day sweep of the Sulu Sea off Palawan . On 9 May, the minesweeper arrived at Morotai to prepare for operations in the Netherlands East Indies . On 2 June, Scuffle sailed from Morotai with her division to carry out a pre-invasion sweep in Brunei Bay . She ran aground on

2805-615: The timing of the project which was implemented amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and concerns of adverse environmental effects caused by dumping dolomite on the polluted Manila Bay. According to the Mines and Geosciences Bureau , the project will benefit tourism, commerce and the environment. It will also protect coastal properties from erosion and storm surges, and beach nourishment is preferred over hard beach stabilizing structures (such as seawalls and groynes ). The Department of Health released

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2860-641: The waters around the beach, from 2.2 million mpn/100ml last January 4, 2021 to 523,000 mpn/100 ml in February 2021, based on the average count from three monitoring stations. Plans of constructing a bridge or bridge-tunnel that crosses Manila Bay have been around since 1987. In January 2020, the National Economic and Development Authority approved the plan to construct the Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge , also known as Manila Bay Bridge, which

2915-494: Was adopted in 2001 and enforced in 2004. Despite the issues generally associated with developing countries, such as poverty, over-population and food security, there is surprisingly a growing concern for the environmental vitality of Manila Bay. Rehabilitation, which in this case refers to an attempt to improve an aquatic system and prevent further damage to the natural ecosystems, is a responsibility assumed both by government and non-government organizations. The Supreme Court of

2970-475: Was found including dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane ( DDT ). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) found in Manila Bay sediments have been influenced by human activities. PAH come principally from petrogenic sources (e.g., oil discharges from ships, refineries and industries) and pyrolytic sources (from combustion sources). Pesticide residues from rice paddy water draining into irrigation canals, which later on empty into river systems and eventually flowing into

3025-508: Was reclassified MSF-298 effective 7 February 1955. She was struck from the Navy list on 1 May 1962 and transferred to Mexico on 1 October 1962. In October 1962, the former Scuffle was acquired by the Mexican Navy and renamed ARM DM-05 . In 1994, she was renamed ARM General Felipe Xicoténcatl (C53) . In 1999, she was reportedly sunk off Cozumel , then, in 2000, was stricken from the rolls of

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