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50-457: Beginning with Visual Studio 2022 (version 17.0), C++ AMP is declared as deprecated, indicating its end of support beyond Visual Studio 2022. C++ AMP is a library implemented on DirectX 11 and an open specification from Microsoft for implementing data parallelism directly in C++. It is intended to make programming GPUs easy for the developer by supporting a range of expertise from none (in which case

100-444: A dummy implementation may be used to allow development to progress before the final implementation is available. In another case, a fake or mock implementation may be substituted during testing. Such stub implementations are replaced by real code later in the development process. Usually, a method defined in an interface contains no code and thus cannot itself be called; it must be implemented by non-abstract code to be run when it

150-404: A touchscreen , can both send and receive data through the interface, while others such as a mouse or microphone may only provide an interface to send data to a given system. Hardware interfaces exist in many components, such as the various buses , storage devices , other I/O devices, etc. A hardware interface is described by the mechanical, electrical, and logical signals at the interface and

200-473: A "library" of subroutines for their work on the IAS machine , an early computer that was not yet operational at that time. They envisioned a physical library of magnetic wire recordings , with each wire storing reusable computer code. Inspired by von Neumann, Wilkes and his team constructed EDSAC . A filing cabinet of punched tape held the subroutine library for this computer. Programs for EDSAC consisted of

250-462: A Communication Pool (COMPOOL), roughly a library of header files. Another major contributor to the modern library concept came in the form of the subprogram innovation of FORTRAN . FORTRAN subprograms can be compiled independently of each other, but the compiler lacked a linker . So prior to the introduction of modules in Fortran-90, type checking between FORTRAN subprograms was impossible. By

300-403: A GPU, on which to allocate memory and execute), and accelerator_view (view of an accelerator). There is also a global function, parallel_for_each , which you use to write a C++ AMP parallel loop. Library (computing) In computer science , a library is a collection of resources that is leveraged during software development to implement a computer program . Historically,

350-559: A feature called smart linking whereby the linker is aware of or integrated with the compiler, such that the linker knows how external references are used, and code in a library that is never actually used , even though internally referenced, can be discarded from the compiled application. For example, a program that only uses integers for arithmetic, or does no arithmetic operations at all, can exclude floating-point library routines. This smart-linking feature can lead to smaller application file sizes and reduced memory usage. Some references in

400-529: A library consisted of subroutines (generally called functions today). The concept now includes other forms of executable code including classes and non-executable data including images and text . It can also refer to a collection of source code . For example, a program could use a library to indirectly make system calls instead of making those system calls directly in the program. A library can be used by multiple, independent consumers (programs and other libraries). This differs from resources defined in

450-416: A library instead of from the program itself. The functions of a library can be connected to the invoking program at different program lifecycle phases . If the code of the library is accessed during the build of the invoking program, then the library is called a static library . An alternative is to build the program executable to be separate from the library file. The library functions are connected after

500-446: A main program and a sequence of subroutines copied from the subroutine library. In 1951 the team published the first textbook on programming, The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer , which detailed the creation and the purpose of the library. COBOL included "primitive capabilities for a library system" in 1959, but Jean Sammet described them as "inadequate library facilities" in retrospect. JOVIAL has

550-436: A program are loaded from individual shared objects into memory at load time or runtime , rather than being copied by a linker when it creates a single monolithic executable file for the program. Shared libraries can be statically linked during compile-time, meaning that references to the library modules are resolved and the modules are allocated memory when the executable file is created. But often linking of shared libraries

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600-589: A program or library module are stored in a relative or symbolic form which cannot be resolved until all code and libraries are assigned final static addresses. Relocation is the process of adjusting these references, and is done either by the linker or the loader . In general, relocation cannot be done to individual libraries themselves because the addresses in memory may vary depending on the program using them and other libraries they are combined with. Position-independent code avoids references to absolute addresses and therefore does not require relocation. When linking

650-422: A program which can usually only be used by that program. When a consumer uses a library resource, it gains the value of the library without having to implement it itself. Libraries encourage code reuse in a modular fashion. When writing code that uses a library, a programmer only needs to know high-level information such as what items it contains at and how to use the items – not all of the internal details of

700-401: A programming style called programming to the interface . The idea behind this approach is to base programming logic on the interfaces of the objects used, rather than on internal implementation details. Programming to the interface reduces dependency on implementation specifics and makes code more reusable. Pushing this idea to the extreme, inversion of control leaves the context to inject

750-434: A software module A is deliberately defined separately from the implementation of that module. The latter contains the actual code of the procedures and methods described in the interface, as well as other "private" variables, procedures, etc. Another software module B , for example the client to A , that interacts with A is forced to do so only through the published interface. One practical advantage of this arrangement

800-407: A suffix of .a ( archive , static library) or of .so (shared object, dynamically linked library). Some systems might have multiple names for a dynamically linked library. These names typically share the same prefix and have different suffixes indicating the version number. Most of the names are names for symbolic links to the latest version. For example, on some systems libfoo.so.2 would be

850-524: Is an open specification it is expected that in time implementations outside Microsoft will appear; one early example of this is Shevlin Park, Intel's experimental implementation of C++ AMP on Clang/LLVM and OpenCL. On November 12, 2013 the HSA Foundation announced a C++ AMP compiler that outputs to OpenCL , Standard Portable Intermediate Representation (SPIR), and HSA Intermediate Language (HSAIL) supporting

900-440: Is created (static linking), or whenever the program is used at runtime (dynamic linking). The references being resolved may be addresses for jumps and other routine calls. They may be in the main program, or in one module depending upon another. They are resolved into fixed or relocatable addresses (from a common base) by allocating runtime memory for the memory segments of each module referenced. Some programming languages use

950-460: Is invoked. An interface called " Stack " might define two methods: push() and pop() . It can be implemented in different ways, for example, FastStack and GenericStack —the first being fast, working with a data structure of fixed size, and the second using a data structure that can be resized, but at the cost of somewhat lower speed. Though interfaces can contain many methods, they may contain only one or even none at all. For example,

1000-430: Is performed during the creation of an executable or another object file, it is known as static linking or early binding . In this case, the linking is usually done by a linker , but may also be done by the compiler . A static library , also known as an archive , is one intended to be statically linked. Originally, only static libraries existed. Static linking must be performed when any modules are recompiled. All of

1050-500: Is postponed until they are loaded. Although originally pioneered in the 1960s, dynamic linking did not reach the most commonly-used operating systems until the late 1980s. It was generally available in some form in most operating systems by the early 1990s. During this same period, object-oriented programming (OOP) was becoming a significant part of the programming landscape. OOP with runtime binding requires additional information that traditional libraries do not supply. In addition to

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1100-468: Is provided in these system libraries. The idea of a computer library dates back to the first computers created by Charles Babbage . An 1888 paper on his Analytical Engine suggested that computer operations could be punched on separate cards from numerical input. If these operation punch cards were saved for reuse then "by degrees the engine would have a library of its own." In 1947 Goldstine and von Neumann speculated that it would be useful to create

1150-411: Is that replacing the implementation of A with another implementation of the same interface should not cause B to fail—how A internally meets the requirements of the interface is not relevant to B , which is only concerned with the specifications of the interface. (See also Liskov substitution principle .) In some object-oriented languages, especially those without full multiple inheritance ,

1200-680: Is to prohibit access to all resources by default, allowing access only through well-defined entry points, i.e., interfaces. Software interfaces provide access to computer resources (such as memory, CPU, storage, etc.) of the underlying computer system; direct access (i.e., not through well-designed interfaces) to such resources by software can have major ramifications—sometimes disastrous ones—for functionality and stability. Interfaces between software components can provide constants , data types , types of procedures , exception specifications, and method signatures . Sometimes, public variables are also defined as part of an interface. The interface of

1250-502: The Java language defines the interface Readable that has the single read () method; various implementations are used for different purposes, including BufferedReader , FileReader , InputStreamReader , PipedReader , and StringReader . Marker interfaces like Serializable contain no methods at all and serve to provide run-time information to generic processing using Reflection . The use of interfaces allows for

1300-672: The UNIX world, which uses different file extensions, when linking against .LIB file in Windows one must first know if it is a regular static library or an import library. In the latter case, a .DLL file must be present at runtime. Interface (computing) In computing, an interface is a shared boundary across which two or more separate components of a computer system exchange information. The exchange can be between software , computer hardware , peripheral devices , humans , and combinations of these. Some computer hardware devices, such as

1350-545: The current C++ AMP specification. The source is available at https://github.com/RadeonOpenCompute/hcc . C++ AMP support is considered obsolete and the current ROCm 1.9 series will be the last to support it. The basic concepts behind C++AMP, like using C++ classes to express parallel and heterogeneous programming features, have been inspirational to the SYCL standard. Microsoft added the restrict(amp) feature, which can be applied to any function (including lambdas) to declare that

1400-507: The data simultaneously or serial where data are sent one bit at a time. A software interface may refer to a wide range of different types of interfaces at different "levels". For example, an operating system may interface with pieces of hardware. Applications or programs running on the operating system may need to interact via data streams , filters, and pipelines. In object oriented programs , objects within an application may need to interact via methods . A key principle of design

1450-552: The dependencies to external libraries in build configuration files (such as a Maven Pom in Java). Another library technique uses completely separate executables (often in some lightweight form) and calls them using a remote procedure call (RPC) over a network to another computer. This maximizes operating system re-use: the code needed to support the library is the same code being used to provide application support and security for every other program. Additionally, such systems do not require

1500-465: The executable is started, either at load-time or runtime . In this case, the library is called a dynamic library . Most compiled languages have a standard library , although programmers can also create their own custom libraries. Most modern software systems provide libraries that implement the majority of the system services. Such libraries have organized the services which a modern application requires. As such, most code used by modern applications

1550-536: The filename for the second major interface revision of the dynamically linked library libfoo . The .la files sometimes found in the library directories are libtool archives, not usable by the system as such. The system inherits static library conventions from BSD , with the library stored in a .a file, and can use .so -style dynamically linked libraries (with the .dylib suffix instead). Most libraries in macOS, however, consist of "frameworks", placed inside special directories called " bundles " which wrap

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1600-423: The function can be executed on a C++ AMP accelerator. The compiler will automatically generate a compute kernel , saving the boilerplate of management and having to use a separate language. The restrict keyword instructs the compiler to statically check that the function uses only those language features that are supported by most GPUs, for example, void myFunc() restrict(amp) {…} Microsoft or other implementer of

1650-439: The instantiated objects residing only in memory (although potentially able to be made persistent in separate files). In others, like Smalltalk , the class libraries are merely the starting point for a system image that includes the entire state of the environment, classes and all instantiated objects. Today most class libraries are stored in a package repository (such as Maven Central for Java). Client code explicitly declare

1700-958: The library to exist on the same machine, but can forward the requests over the network. However, such an approach means that every library call requires a considerable amount of overhead. RPC calls are much more expensive than calling a shared library that has already been loaded on the same machine. This approach is commonly used in a distributed architecture that makes heavy use of such remote calls, notably client-server systems and application servers such as Enterprise JavaBeans . Code generation libraries are high-level APIs that can generate or transform byte code for Java . They are used by aspect-oriented programming , some data access frameworks, and for testing to generate dynamic proxy objects. They also are used to intercept field access. The system stores libfoo.a and libfoo.so files in directories such as /lib , /usr/lib or /usr/local/lib . The filenames always start with lib , and end with

1750-457: The library's required files and metadata. For example, a framework called MyFramework would be implemented in a bundle called MyFramework.framework , with MyFramework.framework/MyFramework being either the dynamically linked library file or being a symlink to the dynamically linked library file in MyFramework.framework/Versions/Current/MyFramework . Dynamic-link libraries usually have

1800-399: The library. Libraries can use other libraries resulting in a hierarchy of libraries in a program. A library of executable code has a well-defined interface by which the functionality is invoked. For example, in C , a library function is invoked via C's normal function call capability. The linker generates code to call a function via the library mechanism if the function is available from

1850-521: The mid 1960s, copy and macro libraries for assemblers were common. Starting with the popularity of the IBM System/360 , libraries containing other types of text elements, e.g., system parameters, also became common. In IBM's OS/360 and its successors this is called a partitioned data set . The first object-oriented programming language, Simula , developed in 1965, supported adding classes to libraries via its compiler. Libraries are important in

1900-488: The modules required by a program are sometimes statically linked and copied into the executable file. This process, and the resulting stand-alone file, is known as a static build of the program. A static build may not need any further relocation if virtual memory is used and no address space layout randomization is desired. A shared library or shared object is a file that is intended to be shared by executable files and further shared object files . Modules used by

1950-472: The names and entry points of the code located within, they also require a list of the objects they depend on. This is a side-effect of one of OOP's core concepts, inheritance, which means that parts of the complete definition of any method may be in different places. This is more than simply listing that one library requires the services of another: in a true OOP system, the libraries themselves may not be known at compile time , and vary from system to system. At

2000-509: The open C++ AMP specification could add other restrict specifiers for other purposes, including for purposes that are unrelated to C++ AMP. Beyond the new language feature, the rest of C++ AMP is available through the <amp.h> header file in the concurrency namespace. The key C++ AMP classes are: array (container for data on an accelerator), array_view (wrapper for data), index (N-dimensional point), extent (N-dimensional size), accelerator (computational resource, such as

2050-430: The program linking or binding process, which resolves references known as links or symbols to library modules. The linking process is usually automatically done by a linker or binder program that searches a set of libraries and other modules in a given order. Usually it is not considered an error if a link target can be found multiple times in a given set of libraries. Linking may be done when an executable file

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2100-457: The protocol for sequencing them (sometimes called signaling). A standard interface, such as SCSI , decouples the design and introduction of computing hardware, such as I/O devices, from the design and introduction of other components of a computing system, thereby allowing users and manufacturers great flexibility in the implementation of computing systems. Hardware interfaces can be parallel with several electrical connections carrying parts of

2150-424: The rough OOP equivalent of older types of code libraries. They contain classes , which describe characteristics and define actions ( methods ) that involve objects. Class libraries are used to create instances , or objects with their characteristics set to specific values. In some OOP languages, like Java , the distinction is clear, with the classes often contained in library files (like Java's JAR file format ) and

2200-424: The same time many developers worked on the idea of multi-tier programs, in which a "display" running on a desktop computer would use the services of a mainframe or minicomputer for data storage or processing. For instance, a program on a GUI-based computer would send messages to a minicomputer to return small samples of a huge dataset for display. Remote procedure calls (RPC) already handled these tasks, but there

2250-401: The same time. An interface is thus a type definition; anywhere an object can be exchanged (for example, in a function or method call) the type of the object to be exchanged can be defined in terms of one of its implemented interface s or base-classes rather than specifying the specific class . This approach means that any class that implements that interface can be used. For example,

2300-528: The status of the "next big thing" in the programming world. There were a number of efforts to create systems that would run across platforms, and companies competed to try to get developers locked into their own system. Examples include IBM 's System Object Model (SOM/DSOM), Sun Microsystems ' Distributed Objects Everywhere (DOE), NeXT 's Portable Distributed Objects (PDO), Digital 's ObjectBroker , Microsoft's Component Object Model (COM/DCOM), and any number of CORBA -based systems. Class libraries are

2350-475: The suffix *.DLL , although other file name extensions may identify specific-purpose dynamically linked libraries, e.g. *.OCX for OLE libraries. The interface revisions are either encoded in the file names, or abstracted away using COM-object interfaces. Depending on how they are compiled, *.LIB files can be either static libraries or representations of dynamically linkable libraries needed only during compilation, known as " import libraries ". Unlike in

2400-487: The system does its best) to being more finely controllable, but still portable. In Microsoft's implementation, code that cannot be run on GPUs will fall back onto one or more CPUs instead and use SSE instructions. The Microsoft implementation is included in Visual Studio 2012, including debugger and profiler support. The initial C++ AMP release from Microsoft requires at least Windows 7 or Windows Server 2008 R2. As C++ AMP

2450-440: The term interface is used to define an abstract type that acts as an abstraction of a class . It contains no data, but defines behaviours as method signatures. A class having code and data for all the methods corresponding to that interface and declaring so is said to implement that interface. Furthermore, even in single-inheritance-languages, one can implement multiple interfaces, and hence can be of different types at

2500-467: Was no standard RPC system. Soon the majority of the minicomputer and mainframe vendors instigated projects to combine the two, producing an OOP library format that could be used anywhere. Such systems were known as object libraries , or distributed objects , if they supported remote access (not all did). Microsoft's COM is an example of such a system for local use. DCOM, a modified version of COM, supports remote access. For some time object libraries held

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