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77-561: Bình Thuận province is sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region, the Southern . The province is known for its scenery and beaches. There are also a number of sites of archaeological significance. Much of what is now Bình Thuận province was part of the Cham principality of Panduranga, which had its political centre in neighbouring Ninh Thuận province . It was the last independent principality after

154-623: A campaign which was launched in the Southwest as early as 1972. In the 1960s various movements emerged calling for the creation of a separate Cham state in Vietnam. The Front for the Liberation of Champa (FLC) and the Front de Libération des Hauts plateaux dominated. The latter group sought greater alliance with other hill tribe minorities. Initially known as " Front des Petits Peuples " from 1946 to 1960,

231-570: A large minority presence in Ho Chi Minh City . This group represents the core of the Muslim communities in both Cambodia and Vietnam . Including the diaspora , their total is about 400,000. An additional 4,000 Chams live in Bangkok , Thailand , whose ancestors migrated there during Rama I 's reign. Recent immigrants to Thailand are mainly students and workers, who preferably seek work and education in

308-601: A law banning marriage between Cham women and Vietnamese men, regardless of class. ( Tạ 1988 , p. 137) The Vietnamese also issued instructions in the capital to kill all Chams within the vicinity. More attacks by the Vietnamese continued and in 1693 the Champa Kingdom's territory was integrated as part of Vietnamese territory. The trade in Vietnamese ceramics was damaged due to the plummet in trade by Cham merchants after

385-497: A location in Vietnam is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chams The Chams ( Cham : ꨌꩌ , چام, cam ), or Champa people ( Cham : ꨂꨣꩃ ꨌꩌꨛꨩ , اوراڠ چامفا, Urang Campa ; Vietnamese : Người Chăm or Người Chàm ; Khmer : ជនជាតិចាម , Chônchéatĕ Cham ), are an Austronesian ethnic group in Southeast Asia and are the original inhabitants of central Vietnam and coastal Cambodia before

462-501: A minority following Hinduism , both formed the indigenous Muslim and Hindu population in both Cambodia and Vietnam. Despite their adherence to Islam, the Cham people still retain their ancestral practice of matriarchy in family and inheritance. The Cham people speak Cham and Tsat (the latter is spoken by the Utsul , a Cham subgroup on China's Hainan Island ), the two Chamic languages from

539-495: A result. The province has seen a decline in state industry from 2000 to 2007. The private sector now makes up most of industrial output and even the foreign-invested sector has overtaken state-owned industry. Despite its spectacular growth, industry was not able to absorb much of the growth of the labour force. It created 17,200 new jobs between 2000 and 2007, while the slower growing service sector created 44,100 and even agriculture, forestry and fishing created 57,600 jobs. Bình Thuận

616-544: Is Maulana Malik Ibrahim also known as Ibrahim as-Samarkandy ("Ibrahim Asmarakandi" to Javanese ears), and his mother is Dewi Candrawulan, a princess of Champa who's also the sister of Queen Dwarawati. Sunan Ampel was born in Champa in 1401 CE. He came to Java in 1443 CE, in order to visit his aunt Queen Dwarawati, a princess of Champa who married to Kertawijaya (Brawijaya V), the King of Majapahit Empire. Local legend says that he built

693-509: Is Thiên Y A Na and she instead came from a humble peasant home somewhere in the Dai An Mountains, Khánh Hòa Province , spirits assisted her as she traveled to China on a floating log of sandalwood where she married a man of royalty and had two children. She eventually returned to Champa "did many good deeds in helping the sick and the poor" and "a temple was erected in her honor". Like countless other political entities of Southeast Asia,

770-504: Is R-M17. Changmai et. al (2022) re-affirms the presence of South Asian Y-haplogroups in Cham, mainly R-M17 (13.6%) and R-M124 (3.4%). The Cham culture is diverse and rich because of the combination of indigenous cultural elements (plains culture, maritime culture, and mountain culture) and foreign cultural features (Indian cultures and religions such as Buddhism; early Han Chinese influences; Islam) (Phan Xuan Bien et al. 1991:376). The blend of indigenous and foreign elements in Cham culture

847-584: Is a region in Vietnam . This region includes one municipality , Ho Chi Minh City ; and five provinces : Đồng Nai , Bình Dương , Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province , Bình Phước and Tây Ninh . The two south central provinces Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region. This region is the most economically developed region in Vietnam. In 2006, this region contributed 148,000 billion VND (equal to $ 9.25 billion) out of 251,000 billion VND to

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924-413: Is a relatively large producer of rice. 434,600 t were harvested in 2007. This is a significant increase from 2000 (321,500 t), although the area used for growing rice did not increase significantly (93,100 ha to 96,400 ha). Roughly one third of the province's agricultural land is used to cultivate rice, less than many other provinces. Bình Thuận has increased the area used for some crops significantly over

1001-704: Is a result of ecological, social, and historical conditions. The influences of various Indian cultures produced similarities among many groups in Southeast Asia such as the Cham, who traded or communicated with polities on the Indian subcontinent. However, the indigenous elements also allow for cultural distinctions. As an example, Brahmanism became the Ahier religion, while other aspects of influence were changed, to adapt to local Ahier characteristics and environment. The blending of various cultures has produced its own unique form through

1078-489: Is an important airport in this area. Saigon Port and several deep-water ports in Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu are the busiest ports in the country. National Route 1 , National Route 13 , National Route 22 , National Route 51 , and TransAsia Highway ( AH1 , AH17 ) are the principal roads in this region. 10°45′N 106°45′E  /  10.750°N 106.750°E  / 10.750; 106.750 This article about

1155-462: Is difficult to categorize. According to Cham human rights activists, the Vietnamese regime, the fears of historical influence has evolved into suppression of Islam among Muslims Chams. For example, there is an unofficial ban on distributing the Quran and other Islamic scripture. Even with Vietnam's growing relations with Muslim states like Indonesia , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Iran , Turkey and Egypt ,

1232-523: Is located along Vietnam's main north-south transport corridors. National Route 1 runs through the province, connecting 6 out of the province's 10 districts to the rest of the country. Bình Thuận's main railway station along the North–South Railway is Mương Mán Railway Station , located around 10 km northwest of Phan Thiết . Four smaller railway stations are in Phan Thiết and the eastern part of

1309-544: Is no sound evidence for widespread conversion to Islam until the 16th century. Between the rise of the Khmer Empire around 800 and the Vietnamese 's territorial expansion southwards from Jiaozhi and, later, Đại Việt , Champa began to shrink. At a disadvantage against Dai Viet's army of 300,000 troops, the Cham army of 100,000 were overwhelmed. In the Cham–Vietnamese War (1471) , Champa suffered serious defeats at

1386-461: Is subdivided into 10 district-level sub-divisions: 8 districts: 1 district-level town: 1 provincial city: They are further subdivided into 12 commune-level towns (or townlets), 96 communes, and 19 wards. Cham names for Cham villages in Bình Thuận province are as follows (Sakaya et al. 2014:757-758). Bình Thuận had a GDP per capita of 11 million VND in 2007, which is the third highest in

1463-748: Is written in Eastern Cham script in Central Vietnam while the language is predominantly written in Jawi Arabic script around the Mekong Delta . Western Cham script, used in Cambodia, is different enough from Eastern Cham's to be under review by the Unicode Consortium for inclusion as its own block — as of 2022, the character set is still being revised. The Kan Imam San sect, accounting for about 10% of

1540-612: The Austroasiatic language family , such as the Mon people and the Khmer people around 5,000 years ago. The Cham were accomplished Austronesian seafarers that from centuries populated and soon dominated maritime Southeast Asia . Earliest known records of Cham presence in Indochina date back to the second century CE. Population centers were located on the river outlets along the coast. As they controlled

1617-517: The Cambodian genocide in Democratic Kampuchea . The Khmer Rouge targeted ethnic minorities like Chinese , Thai, Lao, Vietnamese and the Cham people, though the Cham suffered the largest death toll in proportion to their population. Around 80,000 to 100,000 Cham out of a total Cham population of 250,000 people in 1975, died in the genocide. The Cham in Vietnam are officially recognized by

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1694-572: The Cambodian–Dutch War to expel the Dutch. The Vietnamese Nguyen Lords toppled Ibrahim from power to restore Buddhist rule. In the 18th century and the 19th century, Cambodian-based Chams settled in Bangkok . Further expansion by the Vietnamese in 1692 resulted in the total annexation of the Champa kingdom Panduranga and dissolution by the 19th century Vietnamese Emperor, Minh Mạng . In response,

1771-614: The Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), and he co-established the Eastern Zone Islamic Movement with his son, Mat Ly. Together, they became the mouthpiece of the Khmer Rouge and they encouraged the Cham people to participate in the revolution. Sos Man's Islamic Movement was also tolerated by the Khmer Rouge's leadership between 1970 and 1975. The Chams were gradually forced to abandon their faith and their distinct practices,

1848-807: The Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family . The Cham people were one among several ethnic groups that were primarily targeted by the Khmer Rouge 's ethnic cleansing campaign during the Cambodian Genocide (1975–1979). For a long time, researchers believed that the Chams had arrived by sea in the first millennium BC from Sumatra , Borneo and the Malay Peninsula , eventually settling in central modern Vietnam . The original Cham are therefore

1925-513: The Malaysian government out of sympathy for fellow Muslims; most of them have now assimilated with Malay cultures. The integrated community who self identifies as Melayu Champa (" Champa Malay") has dabbled into trades of agarwood , clothing (especially in Kelantan) and fishery (in coastal Pahang ) from their arrival in the late 1970s to the 80s. The Cham community suffered a major blow during

2002-609: The Portuguese occupation of Malacca . Between 1607 and 1676, one of the Champa kings converted to Islam and it became a dominant feature of Cham society. The Chams also adopted the Jawi alphabet . Historical records in Indonesia showed the influence of Queen Dwarawati, a Muslim princess from the kingdom of Champa, toward her husband, Kertawijaya, the Seventh King of Majapahit Empire , so that

2079-450: The Sa Huynh culture (1000 BC–200 AD) with the ancestors of the Cham people and other Chamic-speaking groups. Patterns and chronology of migration remain debated and it is assumed that the Cham people, the only Austronesian ethnic group originated from South Asia, arrived later in peninsular Southeast Asia via Borneo. Mainland Southeast Asia had been populated on land routes by members of

2156-592: The South Central Coast after Đà Nẵng and Khánh Hòa province , and slightly higher than the regional average of 10.8 million. The economy has been the fastest growing in the South Central Coast with an average yearly growth of almost 14% from 2000 to 2007, with growth of all three sectors of the economy significantly exceeding the regional average. Agriculture, forestry and fishing had an average growth of 7.4%, industry 21.6%, and services 15.4%. Bình Thuận

2233-505: The Umayyads and by Hajjaj , fled there". The Daoyi Zhilüe records that at Cham ports, Cham women were often married to Chinese merchants, who frequently came back to them after trading voyages. A Chinese merchant from Quanzhou , Wang Yuanmao, traded extensively with Champa and married a Cham princess. In the 12th century, the Cham fought a series of wars with the Khmer Empire to

2310-557: The 10th-13th centuries. The Orang Dampuan were slaughtered by envious native Sulu Buranuns due to the wealth of the Orang Dampuan. The Buranun were then subjected to retaliatory slaughter by the Orang Dampuan. Harmonious commerce between Sulu and the Orang Dampuan was later restored. The Yakans were descendants of the Taguima-based Orang Dampuan who came to Sulu from Champa. Sulu received civilization in its Indic form from

2387-447: The 4th century AD. The Dong Yen Chau inscription , written in old Cham, is the oldest known attestation of an Austronesian language. Cham is very rich with many loan words and terminology influenced by many other languages it came into contact with. Most Cham speak the language though many also speak the dominant language of the nation they reside in like Vietnamese, Khmer, Malay and others. Some Cham can also speak and write Arabic. Cham

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2464-468: The Cham most likely originated from admixture between islander Southeast Asian immigrants and mainland Southeast Asians, especially Mon-Khmers. About 18.6% of their Y haplogroups are also South Asian in origin, mostly R-M17, R-M124, and H-M69. This significantly differs from the Kinh Vietnamese, who mostly have haplogroup O-M7, which originated from China. But they possess one South Asian haplogroup, which

2541-464: The Cham of central Vietnam. The festival venerates ancient Cham royalty gods. Among Cham Muslims, Ramadan, El Fitri, and the Hajj are important celebrations. However, the Cham (regardless of faith) all have a very rich tradition of dance, arts, music, costumes, poetry, and more. The Cham language is part of the Austronesian language family . Although sparse, Cham literary tradition is ancient, dating back to

2618-413: The Champa principalities underwent the process of Indianization since the early common era as a result of centuries of socio-economic interaction adopted and introduced cultural and institutional elements of India. From the 8th century onward, Muslims from such regions as Gujarat began to increasingly appear in trade and shipping of India. Islamic ideas became a part of the vast tide of exchange, treading

2695-615: The Chams, the International Office of Champa (IOC), whose headquarter locates in San Jose, California , only demands civil and land rights for the Cham people in Vietnam and Cambodia. Criticism and concerns against Vietnamese, Indian, Malaysian governments and tourist corporations for misappropriating Cham heritage and ignoring living indigenous culture was made by the IOC and international scientists in recent years. He et. al (2012) states that

2772-761: The Great Mosque of Demak ( Masjid Agung Demak ) in 1479 CE, but other legends attribute that work to Sunan Kalijaga . Sunan Ampel died in Demak in 1481 CE, but is buried in Ampel Mosque at Surabaya , East Java . Recent scholarship, however, has shown that widespread conversion to Islam came much later. Poorly studied artifacts such as Islamic graves (which simply could have been ships' ballast) have been reexamined to show that they were, in fact, Tunisian and not Cham. Poorly conducted linguistic research attempting to link vocabulary to Arabic has been debunked as well. Rather, there

2849-715: The Hindu and Bani population. The Western Cham population is concentrated between the in Cambodia and in Southern Vietnam , mainly in Kampong Cham province and An Giang province . In Kampot province , communities of Chvea of Malay origin also identify themselves as Cham. Chams also made significant presence in other southern Vietnamese provinces like Đồng Nai , Tây Ninh , Kiên Giang , and even as far as in Ninh Thuận, as well as having

2926-570: The Malaysian states of Kelantan and Terengganu . Kelantan served as a center of Islamic teachings for Chams in Cambodia for three to four centuries and many Cambodian Chams had relatives living there, subsequently many Chams chose to settle in Kelantan. By 1985, around 50,000 or more Chams were living in Malaysia. As of 2013, many have been integrated into Malaysian society. While historically complicated,

3003-663: The Nha Trang, Phan Rang, Phan Rí, and Phan Thiết provinces of central Vietnam were absorbed into the Vietnamese polity. Cham provinces were seized by the Nguyen Lords. After Vietnam invaded and conquered Champa , Cambodia granted refuge to Cham Muslims escaping from Vietnamese conquest. In 1832, the Vietnamese Emperor Minh Mang annexed the last Champa Kingdom. This resulted in the Cham Muslim leader Katip Sumat , who

3080-573: The Orang Dampuan. A number of Cham also fled across the sea to the Malay Peninsula and as early as the 15th century, a Cham colony was established in Malacca . The Chams encountered Sunni Islam there as the Malacca Sultanate was officially Muslim since 1414. The King of Champa then became an ally of the Johor Sultanate ; in 1594, Champa sent its military forces to fight alongside Johor against

3157-695: The Portuguese. When the Ming dynasty in China fell, several thousand Chinese refugees fled south and extensively settled on Cham lands and in Cambodia. Most of these Chinese were young males, and they took Cham women as wives. Their children identified more with Chinese culture. This migration occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries. Chams participated in defeating the Spanish invasion of Cambodia . Cambodian king Cau Bana Cand Ramadhipati , also known as 'Sultan Ibrahim', launched

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3234-530: The Vietnamese government as one of 54 ethnic groups. There has also been wide-reaching recognition of the historical Champa Kingdom . An attempt at Salafist expansion among the Cham in Vietnam has been halted by Vietnamese government controls; however, the loss of the Salafis among Chams has been to the benefit of Tablighi Jamaat . There is evidence that some Acehnese people of Aceh , Sumatra , Indonesia are descendants of Cham refugees who fled after defeat by

3311-531: The Vietnamese invasion. Vietnam's export of ceramics was also damaged by its internal civil war, the Portuguese and Spanish entry into the region and the Portuguese conquest of Malacca which caused an upset in the trading system, while the carracks ships in the Malacca to Macao trade run by the Portuguese docked at Brunei due to good relations between the Portuguese and Brunei after the Chinese permitted Macao to be leased to

3388-508: The Vietnamese polity in the 15th century. Eastern Chams (also known as Panduranga Chams or Phan Rang Chams ) and their related ethnic groups, Raglai and Churu , are a major minority in Panduranga region in Bình Thuận and Ninh Thuận provinces of Vietnam. The Haroi Cham mainly populate in Đồng Xuân district of Phu Yen and Vân Canh district of Bình Định province. They are the core of

3465-436: The arrival of the Cambodians and Vietnamese, during the expansion of the Khmer Empire (802–1431 CE) and the Vietnamese conquest of Champa (11th–19th century CE). From the 2nd century CE, the Cham founded Champa , a collection of independent Hindu-Buddhist principalities in what is now central and southern Vietnam . By the 17th century CE, Champa became an Islamic sultanate. Today, the Cham people are largely Muslim , with

3542-456: The borders with Lâm Đồng and Ninh Thuận are mountainous, while much of the rest of the province is relatively flat. However, there are several hills with a height of at least 200 m along the coast of the province. The highest peak in the province (1548m) is in northwestern Tánh Linh District , near Lâm Đồng. Phú Quý island is located around 120 km south-east of Phan Thiết . It is a separate district. There are several much smaller islands off

3619-515: The central coast regions (both North Central and South Central ). Bình Thuận is one of the aridest provinces in Vietnam. Much of the province receives less than 800 mm of rain per year. The months from November to April are particularly dry, with less than 200 mm of rain. It has reserves of arsenic in the northwestern mountains and titanium along its western coast. Bình Thuận had a population of 1,170,700 people in 2007. The population grew by 1.35% per year on average between 2000 and 2007. Growth

3696-409: The centre, and the Dinh River (Sông Dinh) in the west. La Ngà River (Sông La Ngà) flows through four districts in the northwest of the province and is a major tributary of the Đồng Nai River . The largest lake is Sông Quán Lake (hồ Sông Quán) in the centre of the province around 30  km north of Phan Thiết. Another major lake is Biển Lạc in the northwest region of the province. As of 2007, 50% of

3773-403: The coast of Bình Thuận, including Câu Island (cù lao Câu) in the east, Lao Island (hòn Lao) at Mũi Né , and Bà Island (hòn Bà) in the west. Bình Thuận has several rivers mostly originating in the province itself or in the highlands of neighboring Lâm Đồng Province. Most flow into the East Vietnam Sea . Some of the major rivers are the Luỹ River (Sông Luỹ) in the east, the Cái River (Sông Cái) in

3850-404: The colonial and following Sihanouk governments, the Cham communities here sought communism. The Cham began to rise in prominence in Cambodian politics when they joined the communists as early as the 1950s, with a Cham elder, Sos Man joining the Indochina Communist Party and rising through the ranks to become a major in the Party's forces. He then returned home to the Eastern Zone in 1970 and joined

3927-449: The fall of Vijaya in 1471. Both Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận were later incorporated into Vietnam in 1832. Before 1976, Bình Thuận province was much smaller because much of the west was in the separate Bình Tuy province ). Bình Tuy, Bình Thuận and Ninh Thuận were merged in 1976 to form Thuận Hải province . It was divided again into Ninh Thuận and Binh Thuận in 1991, while Bình Tuy remained part of Bình Thuận Province. Bình Thuận has much of

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4004-456: The group later took the designation " Front de Libération des Hauts plateaux " and joined, with the FLC, the " Front unifié pour la Libération des Races opprimées " ( FULRO ) at some point in the 1960s. Since the late 1970s, there has been no serious Cham secessionist movement or political activity in Vietnam or Cambodia. During the Vietnam War , a sizable number of Chams migrated to Peninsular Malaysia , where they were granted sanctuary by

4081-400: The hands of the Vietnamese, in which 120,000 people were either captured or killed, and the kingdom was reduced to a small enclave near Nha Trang with many Chams fleeing to Cambodia . Champa was no longer a threat to Vietnam, and some were even enslaved by their victors. The Cham were matrilineal and inheritance passed through the mother. Because of this, in 1499 the Vietnamese enacted

4158-414: The import/export trade of continental Southeast Asia, they enjoyed a prosperous maritime economy. Cham folklore includes a creation myth in which the founder of the Cham people was a certain Lady Po Nagar . According to Cham mythology, Lady Po Nagar was born out of sea foam and clouds in the sky. However, in Vietnamese mythology, which adopted the goddess after taking over the Champa kingdom, her name

4235-422: The land for many of these projects overlaps with land with rich titanium reserves. These overlaps have remained unresolved for several years. A thermoelectric plant is under construction in Tuy Phong District in the east of the province. It is a cooperation of EVN and Chinese investors and projected to generate 1,200MW of electricity. Southeast (Vietnam) Đông Nam Bộ (literally "Southeast region")

4312-408: The last Cham Muslim king, Pô Chien, gathered his people in the hinterland and fled south to Cambodia , while those along the coast migrated to Trengganu ( Malaysia ). A small group fled northward to the Chinese island of Hainan where they are known today as the Utsuls . The king and his people who took refuge in Cambodia were scattered in communities across the Mekong Basin . Those who remained in

4389-412: The last few years, including rubber, pepper and cashew nuts, while cultivation of sugar-cane and sweet potatoes has been shrinking. There are large fishing grounds off the coast of Bình Thuận and around Phú Quý island, including shrimp, squid, and tuna. However, their contribution to the local economy is relatively small compared to agriculture. Forestry has made a very small contribution to the economy of

4466-509: The likely heirs of Austronesian navigators from Taiwan and Borneo, whose main activities are commerce, transport and perhaps also piracy. Austronesian Chamic peoples might have migrated into present-day Central Vietnam around 3 kya to 2.5 kya (1,000 to 500 BC). With having formed a thalassocracy leaving traces in written sources, they invested the ports at the start of important trade routes linking India , China and Indonesian islands. Historians are now no longer disputing in associating

4543-452: The majority Kinh , there are several ethnic minorities in the province. Some Cham communities are in the coastal regions of eastern Bình Thuận. Other minorities mainly inhabit the mountainous regions along the border with Lâm Đồng province . They include the Koho and Raglai . The majority ethnic group in the province is Vietnamese (Kinh). There are also significant minorities such as the Cham , Raglai , Koho , and Hoa . Bình Thuận

4620-413: The maritime kingdom of Srivijaya in the Malay Archipelago . Another significant figure from Champa in the history of Islam in Indonesia is Raden Rakhmat (Prince Rahmat) who's also known as Sunan Ampel , one of Wali Sanga (Nine Saints), who spread Islam in Java . He is considered as a focal point of the Wali Sanga, because several of them were actually his descendants and/or his students. His father

4697-450: The modern Chams of Cambodia and Vietnam have had friendly relationships with the Khmer and Vietnamese majority. Despite ethnic and religious differences, the majority people of Cambodia and Vietnam have accepted the Cham as closer to them than other minorities. Some Muslim Cham report a friendly attitude of both Cambodians and Vietnamese toward the Chams and little harassment against them from locals. However, between government and people, it

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4774-694: The old Panduranga territory in 1885. At the division of Vietnam in 1954, majority of Cham population remained in South Vietnam. A handful dozens of Chams who were members of the Viet Minh went North during the population exchange between North and South known as Operation Passage to Freedom – along with around ten thousand indigenous highland peoples – mainly Chamic and Bahnaric – from South Vietnam. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam during its early years (1954–1960) were actually more favorable toward ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples, compared to Republic of Vietnam , attacking Ngo Dinh Diem 's Kinh chauvinist attitudes. Leaders of Communist Party of Vietnam at

4851-470: The passage of a girl from infancy to puberty (the marriageable age), and usually takes place when the girl is aged fifteen and has completed her development. If it has not taken place, the girl cannot marry since she is "tabung". After the ceremony is done the girl can marry. Circumcision to the Cham was less significant than karoeh. It is not practiced, only symbolic and performed with a toy wooden knife. Important festivals include Kate, celebrated mainly by

4928-435: The prolific production of sculptures and architecture only seen at the Champa temple tower sites. The Cham shielded and always observed their girls attentively, placing great importance on their virginity. A Cham saying said "As well leave a man alone with a girl, as an elephant in a field of sugarcane." The Cham Muslims view the karoeh (also spelled karoh) ceremony for girls as very significant. This symbolic ceremony marks

5005-411: The province (394,100 ha) is covered with forests, which is high compared to most other provinces of the South Central Coast region. Forests are mostly located in the province's mountainous regions in the northwest and northeast. Despite its large forested area, the province also has a lot of agricultural land. 284,200 ha were used for agriculture in 2007, which is the largest figure among all provinces of

5082-505: The province and its growth has been slow from 2000 to 2007. The largest increase has actually been in forest cultivation rather than exploitation of forest products. Bình Thuận's industry has been booming in the first years of the 21st century, with average an average growth rate of 21.6% until 2007. Bình Thuận's industrial development is currently facing problems of land management. Licensed industrial parks have been found to overlap with titanium reserves and their development may be delayed as

5159-626: The province. The province is connected to the Central Highlands by two national roads: 28 from Phan Thiết to Di Linh and Đắk Nông province and 55 from Vũng Tàu to La Gi and Bảo Lộc . Bình Thuận does not have an airport; the nearest commercial airport is located near Đà Lạt . Hàm Thuận hydropower plant is located in the northwest of the province. Bình Thuận is the site of several new energy projects and will be important for Vietnam's diversification away from hydropower. Bình Thuận has significant potential for wind power generation, estimated at 3,000 MW. The wind power project in Tuy Phong District,

5236-538: The regime discourages growth of Islam because the Vietnamese government distrusts the Cham Muslims. "Relations between the Hanoi government and ethnic minorities are sensitive. In 2001 and 2004 massive human rights protests by hill tribes resulted in deaths and mass imprisonments. For some time after that, the Central Highlands were sealed off to foreigners." According to international scholars, it's observed that both modern Cham separatism and Cham nationhood are non-existent. The only active representative organization for

5313-454: The royal family of the Majapahit Empire eventually converted to Islam, which finally led to the conversion to Islam of the entire region. Chams Princess tomb can be found in Trowulan , the site of the capital of the Majapahit Empire. In Babad Tanah Jawi , it is said that the king of Brawijaya V has a wife named Dewi Anarawati (or Dewi Dwarawati), a Muslim daughter of the King of Champa (Chams). Chams had trade and close cultural ties with

5390-440: The same path as Hinduism and Buddhism centuries before. Cham people picked up these ideas by the 11th century. This can be seen in the architecture of Cham temples, which shares similarities with the one of the Angkor temples. Ad-Dimashqi writes in 1325, "the country of Champa... is inhabited by Muslims and idolaters. The Muslim religion came there during the time of Caliph Uthman ... and Ali , many Muslims who were expelled by

5467-534: The southern Islamic Pattani , Narathiwat , Yala and Songkhla provinces. After the fall of Saigon in Vietnam and Phnom Penh in Cambodia in 1975, 9,704 Cham refugees made their way to Malaysia and were allowed to stay, unlike 250,000 other refugees that fled to Malaysia. Most of the Cham refugees came from Cambodia and were Muslims, known as Melayu Kemboja and Melayu Champa in Malay. Many of these Cham refugees chose to settle in Malaysia, as they preferred to live in an Islamic country and had family ties in

5544-438: The state budget. This region is also the most highly urbanized in the country with more than 50% people living in urban areas (while the equivalent figure for Vietnam is just 25%). Tan Son Nhat International Airport is the largest airport in Vietnam, with the passenger traffic of 8.5 million in 2006 but it will be replaced by a larger newly constructed airport, Long Thanh International Airport after 2025. Lien Khuong Airport

5621-646: The time promised equal rights and autonomy, and by 1955 the North's national broadcast station Voice of Việt Nam began broadcasting propaganda radio in Rhadé , Bahnar , and Jarai , to recruit support from the South's indigenous groups. These cultivation efforts later contributed to the foundation of the FULRO in 1964, although FULRO's objective was to fight against both North and South Vietnam. In Cambodia, due to discriminatory treatments of

5698-727: The west. In 1177, the Cham and their allies launched an attack from the lake Tonlé Sap and managed to sack the Khmer capital of Angkor . In 1181, however, they were defeated by the Khmer King Jayavarman VII . Islam first arrived in Champa around the ninth century; however, it did not become significant among the Cham people until after the eleventh century. Cham who migrated to Sulu were Orang Dampuan. Champa and Sulu engaged in commerce with each other which resulted in merchant Chams settling in Sulu where they were known as Orang Dampuan from

5775-576: Was educated in Kelantan , declaring a Jihad against the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese coercively fed lizard and pig meat to Cham Muslims and cow meat to Cham Hindus against their will to punish them and assimilate them to Vietnamese culture. The second revolt led by Ja Thak Wa , a Bani cleric, resulting in the establishment of a Cham resistance which lasted from 1834 to 1835 until it was bloody crushed by Minh Mang's forces in July 1835. Only 40,000 Cham remained in

5852-468: Was particularly strong in urban areas at 4.42% per year on average. As a result, urbanisation increased from 30.4% in 2000 to 37.5% in 2007, making it one of the most urbanized provinces of the South Central Coast (second after Khánh Hòa province ). Population density ranges from around 1000/km in Phan Thiết to less than 100/km in the districts of Bắc Bình, Hàm Tân, Hàm Thuận Nam and Tánh Linh. Apart from

5929-598: Was set to be hooked up to the national electricity grid by 2009. The large wind energy project is expected to help boost regional socio-economic development and pave the way for further exploitation of renewable energy sources in the country. Located on Highway 1, the section running through Bình Thuận Commune, the Wind Power Plant 1 is about 300 meters from the coast. This is an arid area usually short in rainfall but abundant in wind. Other wind power projects are in preparation, with 12 licenses issued as of August 2010. However,

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