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79-468: The name Byåsen can be translated into "city hill", which describes its elevated position, overlooking the rest of Trondheim . The view of Trondheim can be seen from Utsikten (meaning "the view") around which the wealthier residents of Byåsen live. House prices in the area are considerably higher than other parts of the city. Byåsen is the only larger district in Trondheim that has a solid rock underground. As

158-411: A castle archway. These two pictures rest on a base which forms an arch. Underneath that arch, are three male heads which symbolise the city's rank as Norway's first capital and the archbishop's place of residence. The scales symbolise justice and the motif is based on the political philosophy of the 13th century, where the balance of power between king and church was an important issue. The three heads at

237-419: A concert venue. Kristiansten Fortress , built 1681–1684, is located on a hill east of Trondheim. It repelled the invading Swedes in 1718, but was decommissioned in 1816 by Crown Prince Regent Charles John . A statue of Olav Tryggvason , the founder of Trondheim, is located in the city's central square, mounted on top of an obelisk. The statue base is also a sun dial , but it is calibrated to UTC+1 so that

316-410: A consequence of its position above the rest of the city (from 100 to 300 metres (330 to 980 ft) above sea level) there is more snow on Byåsen during the winter than in lower parts of Trondheim. Bymarka , located on the southern and western part of Byåsen, is a large recreational area with forest and lakes, which is very popular for cross country skiing in the winter season. The weather conditions and

395-525: A failed attempt to liberate Trondheim, as part of the Namsos Campaign . During the occupation, Trondheim was the home of the notorious Norwegian Gestapo agent, Henry Rinnan , who operated from a nearby villa and infiltrated Norwegian resistance groups. The city and its citizens were subjected to harsh treatment by the occupying power, including the imposition of martial law in October 1942. During this time,

474-549: A junior high for children aged 13–16 years old. It also has a church historically called Hallset Church ( Hallset Kirke ) but now known as Byåsen Church ( Byåsen kirke ). Trondheim Trondheim ( UK : / ˈ t r ɒ n ( d ) h aɪ m / TRON(D) -hyme , US : / ˈ t r ɒ n h eɪ m / TRON -haym , Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrɔ̂nː(h)æɪm] ; Southern Sami : Tråante ), historically Kaupangen , Nidaros , and Trondhjem ( local pronunciation: [ˈtrɔ̂nːjæm] ),

553-697: A variety of small history, science and natural history museums, such as the Trondheim Maritime Museum , the Armoury , adjacent to the Archbishops's Palace, Kristiansten Fortress, the music and musical instrument museum Ringve National Museum , Ringve Botanical Garden , the Trondheim Tramway Museum , and the Jewish Museum , co-located with the city's synagogue, which is among the northernmost in

632-683: Is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Trøndelag District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal . On 1 January 2005, the city was reorganized from five boroughs into four, with each of these having separate social services offices. The current boroughs are Midtbyen (44,967 inhabitants), Østbyen (42,707 inhabitants), Lerkendal (46,603 inhabitants) and Heimdal (30,744) inhabitants. The Population statistics listed are as of 1 January 2008. Prior to 2005 , Trondheim

711-666: Is a city and municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway . As of 2022, it had a population of 212,660. Trondheim is the third most populous municipality in Norway, and is the fourth largest urban area . Trondheim lies on the south shore of Trondheim Fjord at the mouth of the River Nidelva . Among the significant technology-oriented institutions headquartered in Trondheim are the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU),

790-595: Is a teaching hospital and cooperates closely with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) on both research and medical education. SINTEF , a large independent research organisation in Scandinavia , has 1,800 employees with 1,300 of these located in Trondheim. The Air Force Academy of the Royal Norwegian Air Force is located at Kuhaugen in Trondheim. The Geological Survey of Norway

869-568: Is building out to increase space. Archdiocese of Nidaros The Archdiocese of Nidaros (or Niðaróss ) was the metropolitan see covering Norway in the later Middle Ages . The see was the Nidaros Cathedral , in the city of Nidaros (now Trondheim ). The archdiocese existed from the middle of the twelfth century until the Protestant Reformation . In Norway, the kings who introduced Christianity which first became known to

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948-515: Is from 1900, 3.7 °C colder than the second coldest May night. The all-time low −26 °C (−14.8 °F) was recorded February 1899. The all-time high 35 °C (95 °F) was recorded 22 July 1901. The warmest month on record is July 2014 with mean 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) and average daily high 24.9 °C (76.8 °F) (airport). The coldest month on record is February 1966 with mean −9.9 °C (14.2 °F) and average daily low −14.2 °C (6.4 °F) (airport). The average date for

1027-510: Is home to both the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) with its many technical lab facilities and disciplines, and BI-Trondheim, a satellite campus for the Norwegian Business School (BI). Both universities welcome a number of international students on a yearly basis and offer various scholarships. St. Olav's University Hospital , a regional hospital for Central Norway, is located in downtown Trondheim. St. Olav's

1106-527: Is located at Lade in Trondheim and is a major geoscientific institution with 220 employees of which 70% are scientists. There are 11 high schools in the city. Trondheim katedralskole ("Trondheim Cathedral School") was founded in 1152 and is the oldest upper secondary school ( gymnasium ) in Norway, while Charlottenlund videregående skole is the largest in Sør-Trøndelag with its 1,100 students and 275 employees. Brundalen Skole, has big festivals each year, and

1185-427: Is located to the east of the city centre. A path following Strandlinje is today popular with visitors to the city forest area of Bymarka which covers the most elevated parts of Byåsen. Hallset is a part of the area of Byåsen. It has several apartment blocks and is a suburban area. Hallset consists of Hallset School ( Hallset Skole ), a grammar school for children aged 6–12 years, and Selsbakk School ( Selsbakk Skole ),

1264-529: Is nothing which decisively indicates Dominican influence. Belonging to the 16th century A may be characterized as rather conservative. In the canon in Communicantes, Xystus is replaced by Silvester—possibly by a misinterpretation of Innocens III. Manuscript B: B is especially influenced from France—in parts particularly from the leading Seez group. Some tails in B—mostly in the rubrics—are obviously dependent on

1343-529: Is possibly the largest wooden building in Northern Europe and has been used by royals and their guests since 1800. A statue of Leif Ericson is located at the seaside, close to the old Customs Building, the cruise ship facilities and the new swimming hall. The statue is a replica, the original being located at a Seattle marina . The Nidaros Cathedral and the Archbishop's Palace are located side by side in

1422-569: Is the Gaulosen. The observation tower accommodates for birdwatching and providing information about birdlife. Though Trondheim is Norway's third largest city, wild animals are regularly seen. Otters and beavers thrive in Nidelva and Bymarka. Badgers and red foxes are not uncommon sights. Moose and deer are common in the hills surrounding the city, and might wander into the city, especially in May when

1501-719: The Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF) , the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), and St. Olavs University Hospital . The settlement was founded in 997 as a trading post and served as the capital of Norway from the Viking Age until 1217. From 1152 to 1537, the city was the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros ; it then became, and has remained, the seat of the Lutheran Diocese of Nidaros and

1580-624: The Hebrides and are now at the British Museum , may have been made in Trondheim. From 1152, Trondheim was the seat of the Archbishop of Nidaros for Norway, which operated from the Archbishop's Palace . Due to the introduction of Lutheran Protestantism in 1537, the last archbishop, Olav Engelbrektsson , had to flee from the city to the Netherlands ; he died in what today is Lier, Belgium . From

1659-509: The Old Norse word þróndr which is an old present participle of the verb þróask which means "to grow" or "to thrive". During the late Middle Ages , the city name was commonly shortened to Þróndheimr , dropping the kaupanger part, and over time the name became Trondhjem , using the Dano-Norwegian spelling rather than the Old Norse spelling since the city was part of

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1738-646: The Second World War , Trondheim was occupied by Nazi Germany from 9 April 1940, the first day of the invasion of Norway , until the end of the war in Europe, 8 May 1945 . The German invasion force consisted of the German cruiser Admiral Hipper , 4 destroyers and 1700 Austrian Mountain troops. Except for a coastal battery that opened fire, there was no resistance to the invasion, which began on 9 April at 5 AM. On 14 and 17 April, British and French forces landed near Trondheim in

1817-459: The Storting voted in 1929 to make some changes. The Trondhjem Cathedral would be changed to Nidaros Cathedral effective on 1 July 1929 and the name of the city would change to Nidaros starting on 1 January 1930. This change caused public outrage and even riots during 1930. This forced the Storting to reconsider this change. On 6 March 1931, the name was formally changed to Trondheim , using

1896-616: The microclimate is colder and snowier. The city functions as the seat of the County Mayor of Trøndelag county but not as its administrative centre (which is Steinkjer ). This is designed to avoid making the county administration too centralized . Trondheim is home to football club Rosenborg , Norway's most successful football club, and Granåsen Ski Centre , which has hosted the World Championship in Nordic Skiing . The city

1975-581: The 16th through the 19th centuries, the city was repeatedly ravaged by fires that caused widespread damage since many of its buildings were made of wood. The worst occurred in 1598, 1651, 1681, 1708, 1717 (twice), 1742, 1788, 1841 and 1842. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of all buildings within the city limits. After the " Horneman Fire " in 1681, there was an almost total reconstruction of the city, overseen by General Johan Caspar von Cicignon , originally from Luxembourg . Broad avenues, such as Munkegata, were created, without regard for private property rights, to limit

2054-452: The Germans turned the city and its environs into a major base for submarines (which included building the large submarine base and bunker DORA I ), and contemplated a scheme to build a new city for 300,000 inhabitants, Nordstern ("Northern Star"), centred 15 kilometres (9 miles) southwest of Trondheim, near the wetlands of Øysand on the outskirts of Melhus municipality. This new metropolis

2133-506: The Kingdom of Denmark-Norway for centuries. On 21 December 1917, a royal resolution enacted the 1917 Norwegian language reforms . Around the time, many municipalities and cities had their names changed to "Norwegianize" the spelling and make them look less Danish . On 1 January 1919, the name of the local Church of Norway diocese was changed from Trondhjem stift to Nidaros bispedømme (English: Diocese of Nidaros ). In 1924,

2212-588: The Mission Hotel in Trondheim. Some were also interrogated by Henry Rinnan and his gang. It was closed in 1971 after the opening of Trondheim Prison at Tunga. Trondheim Prison (Norwegian: Trondheim fengsel ) is a prison that belongs to the Northern Region of the Norwegian Correctional Services . The prison can house 184 inmates . It consists of four main departments: Trondheim forms

2291-517: The Nidaros Cathedral, the two of them form an unofficial religious quarter along with a synagogue , a Baptist church, a Salvation Army office, and the 8-auditorium cinema Prinsen kinosenter . Sverresborg , also named Zion after King David's castle in Jerusalem , was a fortification built by Sverre Sigurdsson . It is now an open-air museum, consisting of more than 60 buildings. The castle

2370-466: The Norse name for North America. To regulate ecclesiastical affairs, which had suffered during the struggles with Sverre, Pope Innocent IV in 1247 sent Cardinal William of Sabina as legate to Norway. He intervened against encroachments on the part of the bishops, reformed various abuses, and abolished the ordeal by hot iron . Owing in great measure to the papal legates, Norway became more closely linked with

2449-577: The Tønsberg Concord ( Sættargjerden in Tønsberg ) was signed between King Magnus VI of Norway and Jon Raude , the Archbishop of Nidaros confirming certain privileges of the clergy, the freedom of episcopal elections and similar matters. Nidaros (Trondheim), the metropolis of the ecclesiastical province, was also the capital of Norway. The residence of the kings until 1217, it remained until the Reformation

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2528-576: The bottom may symbolise the city council. The motif is unique in Norwegian municipal heraldry, but similar motifs are found in bishopric cities on the continent. The design of the coat-of-arms that was adopted in 1897, and is still used today, was made by Håkon Thorsen. Trondheim is situated where the River Nidelva meets Trondheim Fjord with an excellent harbour and sheltered condition. In the Middle Ages

2607-513: The cathedral of Nidaros, where the reliquary of St. Olaf rested near the altar. Built in Roman style by King Olaf Kyrre (d. 1093), the cathedral had been enlarged by Archbishop Eystein in Gothic style . It was finished only in 1248 by Archbishop Sigurd Sim. Although several times destroyed by fire, the ancient cathedral was restored each time until the Reformation in Norway . Then Archbishop Eric Walkendorf

2686-480: The cathedral. On 24 May 2002, their daughter Princess Märtha Louise married the writer Ari Behn in the cathedral. The Pilgrim's Route ( Pilegrimsleden ) to the site of Saint Olufs's tomb at Nidaros Cathedral, has recently been re-instated. Also known as St. Olav's Way, ( Sankt Olavs vei ), the main route, which is approximately 640 kilometres (400 mi) long, starts in Oslo and heads North, along Lake Mjøsa , up

2765-506: The centre of the Trondheim Region , and is a common commuting point for work, shopping, and healthcare. Although the official list of metropolitan regions of Norway defines the region very broadly, the area of two-way commuting where Trondheim residents too would head outwards for transport, shopping, and upper secondary schools , consists roughly of Trondheim, Malvik , downtown Stjørdal (incl. Værnes ), downtown Melhus , Skaun , and

2844-404: The city of Trondheim (population: 56,982), which nearly doubled the population of the municipality. On 1 January 2020, the neighboring Klæbu Municipality (population: 6,050) was merged with Trondheim Municipality. The coat of arms dates back to the 13th century. To the left, there is an archbishop with his staff and mitre in a church archway. On the right, a crowned king holding scales in

2923-554: The cityscape – especially on dark winter evenings. Vollan District Jail ( Norwegian : Vollan kretsfengsel ) was a jail during the nazi occupation of Norway and was used to imprison both prisoners of war and criminals. Vollan was not considered a concentration camp . In a summary of prisoners of war in Norway, numerous prisoners were registered at Vollan. One of its roles was as a transit camp for political prisoners . Many prisoners were taken from Vollan to Kristiansten Fortress and shot. The prisoners at Vollan were interrogated at

3002-469: The country and take refuge with Absalon , Archbishop of Lund. At last, when King Sverre attacked the papal legate, Pope Innocent III laid the king and his partisans under interdict. King Haakon III (1202), son and successor of King Sverre, hastened to make peace with the Church. Pope Innocent III gave Thorer, Archbishop of Drontheim, authority over all Scandinavian territory, including Greenland and Vinland,

3081-486: The damage from future fires. At the time, the city had a population of under 10,000 inhabitants, with most living in the downtown area. After the Treaty of Roskilde on 26 February 1658, Trondheim and the rest of Trøndelag became Swedish territory briefly. However, after a three-month long siege , the area was reconquered 10 months later. The conflict was finally settled by the Treaty of Copenhagen on 27 May 1660. During

3160-632: The east gives sunny weather which can last for weeks. Conversely, Atlantic Lows can also dominate for weeks, and both patterns can happen all year. In 2020 May saw northwesterlies with cold air from northwest lasting weeks and even bringing snowfall, while June 2020 recorded 345 sun hours and new record high 34.3 °C (94 °F), Norway's warmest high in 2020. The sunniest month on record is May 2024 with 366 sunhours. Trondheim experiences moderate snowfall from November to March, but mixed with mild weather and rainfall. There are on average 14 days each winter with at least 25 cm (10 in) of snow cover on

3239-457: The explanation of the mass in Micrologus , but most remarkable in perhaps that B seems to imply that the congregation is taking an active part in the offertory. B taken as a whole belongs to the second part of the 12th century. Manuscript C: C is without doubt dependent on French and Italian tradition. The canon is evidently influenced by the specific Roman missal of the 11th—13th century, and on

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3318-488: The extensive network of cross country tracks in this area helped Granåsen , an outdoor winter sporting arena situated at the south end of Bymarka, in hosting the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in 1997. Trondheim Golfklubb golf course is also based on Byåsen, although these same weather conditions complicate matters and shortens the season. There is also an 18-hole golf course located at Byneset in

3397-818: The following suffragan dioceses . (all Latin Rite ) The texts of the Mass as it was celebrated in Norway and the other lands of the Metropolitan Province of Nidaros before the Protestant Reformation survives in a copy of the printed Missal of 1519 and in three manuscript texts, B (c. 1300), C (13th century) and D (c. 1200). Helge Fæhn in his analysis of each of these texts sums up the character of these texts as follows: The Missal of 1519: Manuscript A seems to have been influenced mainly from Normandy and England and shows several parallels to late medieval Sarum Use . There

3476-556: The ground and 22 days with a daily minimum temperature of −10 °C (14 °F) or less (1971–2000, airport). There is often more snow and later snowmelt in suburban areas at a higher elevation, with good skiing conditions in Bymarka . All the monthly record lows are from 1955 or older, with half of them from before 1920. The last overnight frost in June was in 1958, and the coldest night in May after year 2000 had low −2.7 °C. The May record low

3555-462: The heart and centre of the spiritual life of the country. There was situated the tomb of St. Olaf, and around the patron of Norway, "Rex perpetuus Norvegiae", the national and ecclesiastical life of the country was centred. The feast of St. Olaf on 29 July was a day or reunion for "all the nations of the Northern seas, Norwegians, Swedes, Goths, Cimbrians , Danes and Slavs", to quote an old chronicler, in

3634-458: The last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is 1 May and average date for first freeze in autumn is 9 October giving a frost-free season of 160 days (Trondheim Airport Værnes 1981-2010 average). The earliest weather stations were located closer to the city centre, from 1945 onwards the weather station has been located at a higher elevation (Voll, 127 m and Tyholt, 113 m), therefore being slightly colder. A new sunrecorder

3713-505: The latter at Rouen by Archbishop Robert. In 997, Olaf Tryggvason founded at the mouth of the river Nidelva the city of Nidaros (now Trondheim) where he built a Kongsgård estate and a church; he laboured to spread Christianity in Norway, the Orkney and Shetland Islands , the Faroe Islands , Iceland , and Greenland . King Olaf Haraldsson created an episcopal see at Nidaros, installing

3792-461: The lower sections of Vanvikan in Indre Fosen . Trondheim Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services , senior citizen services, welfare and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor

3871-497: The medieval Norwegian spelling instead of the Danish version Trondhjem . The name of the diocese and cathedral, however, continued using the name Nidaros. Trondheim was briefly named Drontheim during the Second World War as a German exonym . Trondheim was named Kaupangen (English: market place or trading place ) by Viking King Olav Tryggvason in 997 CE. Shortly after that, it came to be called Nidaros . Initially, it

3950-452: The middle of the city centre. The cathedral, built from 1070 on, is the most important Gothic monument in Norway and was Northern Europe's most important Christian pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages, with pilgrimage routes leading to it from Oslo in southern Norway and from the Jämtland and Värmland regions of Sweden. Today, it is the northernmost medieval cathedral in the world, and

4029-915: The monk Grimkill as bishop. Moreover, many English and German bishops and priests came to Norway. The Norwegian bishops were at first dependent on the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen , and afterwards on the Archbishop of Lund , Primate of Scandinavia. As the Norwegians wanted an archbishop of their own, Pope Eugene III , resolving to create a metropolitan see at Nidaros, sent thither as legate (1151) Cardinal Nicholas of Albano (Nicholas Breakspeare), afterwards Adrian IV. The legate installed Jon Birgerson, previously Bishop of Stavanger , as Archbishop of Nidaros. The bishops of Bergen (bishop about 1068), Faroe Diocese (1047), Garðar, Greenland (1126), Hamar (1151), Hólar, Iceland (1105), Orkney (1070; suffragan till 1472), Oslo (1073), Skálholt, Iceland (1056), and Stavanger (1130) became suffragans. Archbishop Birgerson

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4108-410: The municipality further away from the fjord has slightly colder winters, while the part close to the fjord has the mildest winters. Trondheim is mostly sheltered from the strong south and southwesterly winds which can occur along the outer seaboard but is more exposed to northwesterly winds. As with the rest of Norway, the weather is dependent on the weather pattern. High pressure over Central Norway or to

4187-458: The municipality of Trondheim. They are all a part of the Diocese of Nidaros , which is based in Trondheim at the Nidaros Cathedral . Many of the churches are several hundred years old, with a couple which were built almost 1,000 years ago. The Roman Catholic Sankt Olav domkirke is the cathedral episcopal see of the exempt Territorial Prelature of Trondheim . Being located across the street from

4266-472: The name of the Norwegian capital city was changed from Kristiania to Oslo , removing the name referencing a Danish King in favor of the very old name Oslo. In 1928, a referendum in Trondhjem was held on whether to keep the current name or to bring back the original name of Nidaros . The vote resulted in 17,163 votes in favour of Trondhjem and only 1,508 votes in favour of Nidaros. Despite this result,

4345-496: The one-year-olds are chased away by their mothers, or in late winter when food grows scarce in the snow-covered higher regions. From 2002 until 2017, a wolverine lived in Bymarka. Most of Trondheim city centre is scattered with small speciality shops. However, the main shopping area is concentrated around the pedestrianised streets Nordre gate (English: Northern street ), Olav Tryggvasons gate and Thomas Angells gate even though

4424-503: The people during their martial expeditions. The work of Christianization begun by Haakon the Good (d. 961 in the Battle of Fitjar ) was carried on by Olaf Tryggvason (d. 1000 in the Battle of Svolder ) and Olaf Haraldsson (St. Olaf, d. 1030 in the Battle of Stiklestad ). Both were converted Vikings, the former having been baptized at Andover , England, by Aelfeah , Bishop of Winchester , and

4503-495: The place for the assembly of all free men by the mouth of the River Nidelva . Harald Fairhair (865–933) was hailed as the king here, as was his son, Haakon I , called 'the Good.' The battle of Kalvskinnet took place in Trondheim in 1179: King Sverre Sigurdsson and his Birkebeiner warriors were victorious against Erling Skakke (a rival to the throne). Some scholars believe that the famous Lewis chessmen , 12th-century chess pieces carved from walrus ivory that were found in

4582-458: The reading is inaccurate by one hour in the summer. The islet Munkholmen is a popular tourist attraction and recreation site. The islet has served as a place of execution, a monastery , a fortress , prison , and a Second World War anti-aircraft gun station. Stiftsgården is the royal residence in Trondheim, originally constructed in 1774 by Cecilie Christine Schøller . At 140 rooms constituting 4,000 square metres (43,056 sq ft), it

4661-475: The rest of the city centre is provided with everything from old, well-established companies to new, hip and trendy shops. In the mid-to-late 1990s, the area surrounding the old drydock and ship construction buildings of the defunct Trondhjems mekaniske Værksted shipbuilding company at the Nedre Elvehavn was renovated and old industrial buildings were torn down to make way for condominiums. A shopping centre

4740-468: The river was deep enough to be navigable by most boats. However, in the mid-17th century, an avalanche of mud and stones made it less navigable, and partly ruined the harbour. The municipality's highest elevation is the Storheia hill, 565 metres (1,854 ft) above sea level . At the summer solstice , the sun rises at 03:00 and sets at 23:40, but stays just below the horizon. Between 23 May and 19 July, when

4819-411: The second-largest in Scandinavia . During the Middle Ages, and again after independence was restored in 1814, the Nidaros Cathedral was the coronation church of the Norwegian kings. King Haakon VII was the last monarch to be crowned there, in 1906. Starting with King Olav V in 1957, coronation was replaced by consecration . In 1991, the present King Harald V and Queen Sonja were consecrated in

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4898-455: The site of the Nidaros Cathedral . It was incorporated in 1838. The current municipality was formed in 1964, when Trondheim merged with Byneset , Leinstrand , Strinda , and Tiller , and further expanded on 1 January 2020, when Trondheim merged with Klæbu . Trondheim has a mild climate for its northerly latitude, resulting in moderate summers and winters that often remain above the freezing point in seaside areas. At higher elevations, though,

4977-445: The sky is cloud-free, it remains light enough at night that no artificial lighting is needed outdoors. At the winter solstice, the sun rises at 10:01, stays very low above the horizon (at midday its altitude is slightly more than 3 degrees over the horizon), and sets at 14:31. Trondheim city has an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) or humid continental climate (Dfb), depending on the winter threshold used (−3 °C or 0 °C). The part of

5056-443: The supreme head of Christendom at Rome. Secular priests, Benedictines , Cistercians , Augustinians , Dominicans and Franciscans worked together for the prosperity of the Church. Archbishops Eilif Kortin (d. 1332), Paul Baardson (d. 1346), and Arne Vade (d. 1349) were zealous churchmen. Provincial councils were held, at which serious efforts were made to eliminate abuses and to encourage Christian education and morality. In 1277,

5135-519: The valley Gudbrandsdalen , over the mountain range Dovrefjell and down the Oppdal valley to end at Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim. There is a Pilgrim's Office in Oslo which gives advice to pilgrims and a Pilgrim Centre in Trondheim, under the aegis of the cathedral, which awards certificates to successful pilgrims upon the completion of their journey. The Lutheran Church of Norway has 21 churches within

5214-465: The western lowland area of Trondheim. At the end of the last ice age, between 10,000 and 11,500 years ago, the sea level was about 175 metres (574 ft) higher than it is today. The old sea level is still visible in the landscape forming a line along the hill which can be seen from the city. This line is called the Strandline ( Strandlinje ) and is most easily spotted from Kristiansten Fortress which

5293-488: The whole C may be ascribed to the beginning of the 13th century. Manuscript D: In D everything before the canon is lacking, but in return this part exhibits close relationship to Irish and especially old Roman tradition: the last is undoubtedly because D evidently is influenced by the order of the mass in Micrologus. D is the oldest of the four ordines misse and must be assigned to the 12th century. Of these four orders of

5372-504: The world. Rockheim ( Norwegian : Det nasjonale opplevelsessenteret for pop og rock , The National Discovery Center for Pop and Rock) opened at the Pier in August 2010. It is located inside an old warehouse, but characterised by an easily recognisable roof in the shape of a box. "The box" is decorated by thousands of tiny lights that change in a variety of colours and patterns, and is a landmark in

5451-461: Was also built, known as Solsiden (The Sunny Side). This is a popular residential and shopping area, especially for young people. DORA 1 is a German submarine base that housed the 13th U-boat Flotilla during the Second World War occupation of Norway. Today the bunker houses various archives, among them the city archives, the university and state archives. More recently, DORA has been used as

5530-512: Was amalgamated with Trondheim. Then, on 1 January 1893, another part of Strinda (population: 4,097) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1952, the Lade area of Strinda (population: 2,230) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1964, a major municipal merger took place: the neighbouring municipalities of Leinstrand (population: 4,193), Byneset (population: 2,049), Strinda (population: 44,600), and Tiller (population: 3,595) were all merged with

5609-408: Was divided into the boroughs Sentrum , Strinda , Nardo , Byåsen and Heimdal . The city council (Bystyret) of Trondheim is made up of 67 representatives that are elected to four year terms. Prior to 2011, there were 85 city council members, but this number was reduced to 67 in 2011. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party . Trondheim

5688-572: Was established by met.no in the city at Gløshaugen (NTNU) December 2015, recording more sunhrs than earlier sunrecorder, which had terrain blocking issues. There are on average 229 sunhours in July (based 2016–2020). Trondheim recorded 197 sunhours in October 2016 beating the previous national record for October. In April 2019, Trondheim recorded 308 sunhours, setting a new national record for April. In contrast, December 2016 only recorded 10 sunhours. The city has various wetland habitats . among which there

5767-549: Was established in 997 by Olav Tryggvason and it was originally named Nidaros ( Old Norse : Niðaróss ). The first element of the name was the local river Nid . The last element of the name was óss which meant "the mouth of a river". Thus the name meant "the outlet of the river Nid ". Although the formal name was Nidaros, the city was commonly known as kaupangr , which means "city" or "marketplace", or more specifically kaupangr í Þróndheimi which means "the city in Trondheim". Trondheim ( Old Norse : Þróndheimr )

5846-485: Was exiled (1521), and his successor, Olaf Engelbertsen , who had been the instrument of the royal will in the introduction of Lutheranism , had also, as a partisan of Christian II , to fly from Christian III (1537). The reliquaries of St. Olaf and St. Augustine (Eystein) were taken away, sent to Copenhagen and melted. The bones of St. Olaf were buried in the cathedral, and the place forgotten. The Archdiocese of Nidaros headed an ecclesiastical province which included

5925-530: Was frequently used as a military retainer ( Old Norse : "hird"-man) of King Olav I. It was also frequently used as the king's seat and was Norway's capital until 1217. People have lived in the region for thousands of years, as evidenced by the rock carvings in central Norway , the Nøstvet and Lihult cultures , and the Corded Ware culture . In ancient times, the kings of Norway were hailed in Trondheim at Øretinget ,

6004-475: Was originally built in 1182–1183, but did not last for long as it was burned down in 1188. However, the Sverresaga indicates it had been restored by 1197. The Trondheim Science Center ( Norwegian : Vitensenteret i Trondheim ) is a scientific hands-on experience center. The NTNU University Museum (Norwegian: NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet) is part of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology . There are also

6083-466: Was succeeded by Eysteinn Erlendsson (Beatus Augustinus, 1158–88), previously royal secretary and treasurer, a man of intellect, strong will, and piety. King Sverre wished to make the Church a tool of the temporal power, and the archbishop was compelled to flee from Norway to England. He was able to return, and a reconciliation took place later between him and the king, but on Eystein's death King Sverre renewed his attacks, and Archbishop Eric had to leave

6162-464: Was the historic name for the whole district which is now known as Trøndelag . This is the area where the people were known as Trønder ( þróndr ). This district name Trondheim meant "the home of the Trønder people" (literally "Trønder-home") and Trøndelag ( Old Norse : Þrǿndalǫg ) originally meant the "law area of the Trønder people" (literally "Trønder-law"). The name of the Trønder people derives from

6241-541: Was to be accompanied by a massively expanded version of the already existing naval base, which was intended to become the future primary stronghold of the German Kriegsmarine . A start was made on this enormous construction project, but it was far from completed when the war ended, and today, there are few physical remains of it. The city of Trondheim was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt ). On 1 January 1864, part of Strinda (population: 1,229)

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