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57-625: The movement is not officially recognized in Ukraine by the religious community or state authorities. The organization was officially excommunicated from the Catholic Church and their bishops ' consecrations declared invalid. The movement's seven founding self-consecrated "bishops" were formerly priests of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and former members of the Order of Saint Basil

114-769: A "new Church structure for the orthodox faithful of the UGCC." In their declaration they professed the Catholic faith, including the primacy of the Roman Pontiff and disassociated themselves from "contemporary heresies which destroy both the Eastern and the Western Church." On April 7, 2011, the UOGCC bishops declared the establishment of a Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate, offering to provide an episcopal authority to like-minded believers elsewhere in

171-478: A Czech national, had gone into hiding, to avoid expulsion from Ukraine for visa violations. The article also stated that the UOGCC had not attracted a large number of followers, but made headlines in the local Ukrainian news media for their pro-Russian views and alleged brainwashing of vulnerable young recruits. The New York Times further claims that the Lviv-based Ekspres newspaper, reported that before

228-613: A chapel in the city of Lviv. They detained five members of the religious organization four citizens of Slovakia and one citizen of the Czech Republic . Two Slovaks had their documents expired after moving to Ukraine in 2013 and the State Migration Service of Ukraine main administration charged them with violation of migration regulations, fined them and approved forcefully deport them with banning to return for next three years. For one more Slovak citizen whose papers were in order

285-619: A church administration building in Stryi , Ukraine. Taras Poshyvak, chancellor of the Stryi eparchy , said that the "regional leadership of the police" was interfering and preventing normal police protection of the building. UOGCC officials denied the accusation and complained of police harassment. On August 11, 2009, the bishops of the Pidhirtsi movement declared the founding of the Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church as

342-473: A criminal trial. Excommunication is either latæ sententiæ or ferendæ sententiæ . Latae sententiae excommunication is incurred as soon as the offence is committed and by reason of the offence itself ( eo ipso ) without intervention of any ecclesiastical judge; it is recognized in the terms used by the legislator, for instance: "the culprit will be excommunicated at once, by the fact itself [ statim, ipso facto ]". Ferendae sententiae excommunication

399-533: A man of the common spiritual prayers of the Church". Pope Pius VI in Auctorem Fidei (August 28, 1794) condemned the notion which maintained that the effect of excommunication is only exterior because of its own nature it excludes only from exterior communion with the Church, as if, said the pope, excommunication were not a spiritual penalty binding in heaven and affecting souls . The terminology used to qualify

456-414: A method of seeking Christian unity between Catholics and Orthodox. In his letter, A. Dohnal denounced statements from Cardinal Husar's book "Conversations with Cardinal Lubomyr Husar: On post-confessional Christianity" as schismatic and apostate. On Easter Sunday, March 23, 2008, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church released a statement from Cardinal Husar warning that any consecration that had taken place

513-601: A parochial vicar in Slušovice and Budišov, promoting spiritual revival. Active in the Catholic Charismatic Renewal since 1981, he fought against the tolerance of occultism and promoted prayer groups. In 1986 he was assigned to a "prison for nuns" and kept as a virtual prisoner. From 1987 to 1990 he served at Dvorce, continuing with samizdat writings against liberal theology and occultism. In 1991, together with students R. Spirik and J. Spirik, he resolved to join

570-485: A term of stay was shortened. All those three Robert (Samuil) Oberhauser, Peter (Basil) Kolodi, and Mariana Feledi left Ukraine same day on 22 June 2015. Two more one Slovak and another Czech played as not having identification papers on hand and were taken to a SBU investigation isolator in Lviv. Later, it was announced that they were moved out of the [Lviv] oblast to avoid any provocation as on 23 June 2015 about 100 people picketed

627-415: Is "to impose an excommunication for healing and not for ruin," therefore, if by his contrition the excommunicated person recovers grace and charity , by that fact his excommunication ceases to be perfect, even though juridically he really remains an excommunicated person to be avoided, and he cannot licitly participate in the communion of the faithful until he is absolved. Salaverri and Nicolau give

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684-407: Is a distinction between excommunications reserved to the pope (these being divided into two classes, according to which they are either specially or simply reserved to him), and those reserved to bishops or ordinaries . As to excommunications ab homine , absolution from them is reserved by law to the judge who has inflicted them. In a certain sense, excommunications may also be reserved in view of

741-508: Is a form of censure . In the formal sense of the term, excommunication includes being barred not only from the sacraments but also from the fellowship of Christian baptism . The principal and severest censure, excommunication presupposes guilt; and being the most serious penalty that the Catholic Church can inflict, it supposes a grave offense. The excommunicated person is considered by Catholic ecclesiastical authority as an exile from

798-535: Is considered by the law as a penalty and is inflicted on the culprit only by a judicial sentence; in other words, the delinquent is rather threatened than visited with the penalty, and incurs it only when the judge has summoned him before his tribunal, declared him guilty, and punished him according to the terms of the law. It is recognized when the law contains these or similar words: "under pain of excommunication"; "the culprit will be excommunicated". Excommunication ferendæ sententiæ can be public only, as it must be

855-419: Is either a jure (by law) or ab homine (by judicial act of man, i.e. by a judge). The first is provided by the law itself, which declares that whosoever shall have been guilty of a definite crime will incur the penalty of excommunication. The second is inflicted by an ecclesiastical prelate, either when he issues a serious order under pain of excommunication or imposes this penalty by judicial sentence and after

912-636: Is recorded to have been founded by a princess named Helen in 1180. In the 15th century it is referred to by the present-day name and in 1440 granted by king Ladislaus III of Poland to its tenant, the Podhorecki noble family. In 1635 the village was purchased by the Grand Crown Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski , who built a fortified residence there . In 1682 it was inherited by the Sobieski family . The Crown Field Buława Horse Regiment of

969-457: The Apostolic See properly intends to separate a delinquent and obstinate person from the body of the Church. Therefore, besides the privation of spiritual goods which fall under the jurisdiction of the Church, a perfect excommunication implies, as its own special nature, this manifest intention of separating someone from the body of the Church. But because the dominant intention of the Church

1026-927: The Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate . He was elected by the Bishops’ Synod of the Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church in an extraordinary assembly of 5 April 2011, on the day of establishment of the Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate. Patriarch Elijah was ordained a priest in 1972 in the Czech Republic and joined the OSBM Order and changed rite in 1991. He has a doctorate in theology from Charles University , Prague and lectured dogmatics in Prešov , Slovakia . He

1083-654: The Fall of Communism , Elijah was a Soviet informer in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic . In support of their claims, Ekspres published a document identifying Fr. Dohnal as a KGB mole with the code name “Tonek.” The UOGCC website denied the accusation. On 22 June 2015, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) service members in full "battle rattle" searched a convent in Bryukhovychi (near Lviv ) as well as

1140-705: The Greek-Catholic Order of Saint Basil the Great (OSBM) and entered the novitiate in Warsaw . In 1992, he transferred to the monastery in Trebišov . Spirik and two other former students were ordained priests during 1996–1997. Shortly after, A. Dohnal applied for permission to found a "contemplative" branch of the OSBM community. In 1997, Dionysius Lachovicz (born in Brazil in 1946),

1197-639: The Shevchenkivskyi District department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine main administration against "Dohnalites". On 25 June 2015, the chief of SBU administration in Lviv Oblast commented that during the search in convent were noticed many other illegal immigrants who should be checked by migration authorities. Patriarch Elijah Anthony Dohnal (born 1946 in Hluk ) was elected as first Patriarch of

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1254-578: The hromadas of Ukraine. Known both for its castle and Basilian monastery of the Annunciation with an icon of the Mother of God . Although founded near a large Early Slavic gord , the first written mention of a fortified Ruthenian settlement, then called Plisnesk , comes from 1188 and 1233, found in chronicles from Kiev and Halych-Volhynia as well as in the Tale of Igor's Campaign . The first Basilian monastery

1311-438: The Church, for a time at least. Excommunication is intended to invite the person to change behaviour or attitude, repent, and return to full communion . It is not an "expiatory penalty" designed to make satisfaction for the wrong done, much less a "vindictive penalty" designed solely to punish. Excommunication, which is the gravest penalty of all, is always "medicinal". Its object and its effect are loss of communion, i.e. of

1368-661: The Czech Republic Ivan Ljavinec for a Basilian community, and with the agreement of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Prague , Cardinal Vlk , Lachovicz founded a Basilian community in Prague , assigning to it Cyril Špiřík, his brother Metoděj R. Špiřík and their former classmate Markian Hitiuk from Ukraine, to serve at the cathedral parish in Prague . In 2003, the Basilians and their supporters protested against

1425-631: The General Superior of the Basilian Order, granted the group permission to be designated as an "experimental community" within the Order under his direct supervision. He appointed the community's leader, Elias Dohnal, to direct the formation of the novices in the group, several men from the Order's novitiate in Poland. In May 1998, after groundless complaints and a canonical visitation, he withdrew permission for

1482-471: The Great . In 2009, the organization announced that it succeeded the "heretical" Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church . The organization is also known as Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate or Pidhirtsi Fathers . The movement has been described by The New York Times as anti-European Union and anti-Ukrainian as well as pro- Yanukovych and pro-Russian , as well as fervently against homosexuality which it often accuses its opponents of spreading. In 2019,

1539-669: The Papacy is elected, will the Patriarchate be relieved of this God-given duty." On October 7, 2008, the Apostolic Signatura , the highest appeals court of the Catholic Church , including the UGCC from which the UOGCC separated, refused the appeal of the "Pidhirtsi fathers", and left the sentence of major excommunication imposed in June 2008 by the UGCC major-archiepiscopal tribunal intact. In 2010,

1596-688: The Polish Crown Army was stationed in Podhorce. During the first half of the 18th century the present complex of the Basilian monastery was constructed and in 1754 the icon was crowned by Pope Benedict XIV . In 1728 the castle was purchased by the Rzewuski family and expanded by Wacław Rzewuski , who also built the Roman Catholic Church of St. Joseph, consecrated in 1766. Finally from 1869 until 1939

1653-599: The SBU administration in Lviv Oblast. Nonetheless, on 24 June 2015, those last two were found at the Zhovkva Raion courtroom where just before the session they finally showed their passports, Czech Richard (Metodij) Spirzik and Slovak Patrick (Timofij) Sojka. On decision of the court, both of them were deported from Ukraine the next day. The SBU was not able to find the leader of the organization Elijah Anthony Dohnal. All detentions were conducted as part of criminal proceeding opened by

1710-511: The UOGCC declared an excommunication upon 265 professors of the Pontifical Gregorian University , and declared that over 2200 bishops worldwide had excommunicated themselves by failing to "confess the faith and renounce contemporary heresies" by the deadline declared by the UOGCC. The declaration asserted that the bishops affected would thenceforth be unable to validly ordain priests. It also called for Pope Benedict XVI to purge

1767-550: The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) from heresy and apostasy. He did not identify the bishop or bishops who had performed the consecration. In justification for the act, he wrote that the bishops of the UGCC supported influences of syncretism and occultism, approval of homosexuality, and erroneous ecumenism. As an example of the latter, he cited the Balamand declaration of 1993, which had rejected "uniatism" as

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1824-527: The [...] Amazon Synod " On 14 October 2019, the UOGCC broke with their former policy of Sedevacantism and embraced Conclavism . They announced they had elected Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò , the former Apostolic Nuncio to the United States , as their Pope. In June 2020 the church's activities were banned by the City Council of Lviv . According to a 2014 New York Times article, Patriarch Elijah,

1881-659: The appointment of a new Greek-Catholic exarch in the Czech Republic, Ladislav Hučko, a non-Ukrainian, by blockading the Greek-Catholic cathedral. As a result, the event was relocated to be held in a Latin Catholic church. In 2004, Lachovicz was not re-elected. His successor closed the Order's community in the Czech Republic, transferring the members to the monastery in Pidhirtsi , Ukraine. On March 3, 2008, A. Dohnal announced to Pope Benedict XVI that he and three other Basilian Fathers had been consecrated as bishops in order to save

1938-530: The bishops of the UOGCC had been excommunicated. The UOGCC bishops wrote a response to the excommunication. The group declared an anathema on then United States President Barack Obama , claiming that Obama has become "an instrument for the Antichrist" through his "active promotion of homosexuality, abortions and demoralization." On 29 September 2019, Patriarch Elijah of the UOGCC issued "an anathema [...] on 26 cardinals, 134 bishops and 99 priests, participants in

1995-458: The church, nevertheless, are the providential and regular channel through which divine grace is conveyed to Christians; exclusion from such rites, especially from the sacraments, entails the privation of this grace, to whose sources the excommunicated person no longer has access. Pope Leo X 's papal bull Exsurge Domine (May 16, 1520) condemned as twenty-third proposition that "excommunications are merely external punishments, nor do they deprive

2052-578: The church. A statement by the UOGCC claimed that the church was its property. On March 29, 2012, the Vatican Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) published a declaration, urged by the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and dated February 22, 2012, concerning the main bishops of the UOGCC. It stated that CDF would not recognize the episcopal consecrations of the UOGCC's bishops as valid, and that

2109-711: The community's special status. The group appealed to the Congregation for the Oriental Churches for permission to establish an autonomous monastery within the territory of the Archeparchy of Prešov ( Slovakia ). Lachovicz was forced to confirm the suppression in December 1998 and the community members were dispersed to other assignments. In late 1999, at the request of the Greek-Catholic Apostolic Exarch in

2166-606: The complex became the property of the Sanguszko family, who turned it into a museum. Pidhirtsi suffered heavily from the war and Soviet rule, and its collection was scattered among different museums in Poland and Ukraine. In 1997 the devastated castle was given to the Lviv Art Gallery and is gradually undergoing restoration. Worship in Polish and Ukrainian is held in St. Joseph's Church. In 2009

2223-501: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life In the canon law of the Catholic Church , excommunication (Lat. ex , "out of", and communio or communicatio , "communion"; literally meaning "exclusion from communion ")

2280-461: The faithful, until after abandoning his contumacy he is absolved. That can be called formal which affects a man who is really delinquent and obstinate. But that can be said to be merely material , which concerns a subject who through invincible error is thought to be delinquent and obstinate when in reality he is not such. An excommunication perfect or a perfect excommunication, is defined as follows: We call that excommunication perfect whereby

2337-467: The following summary of theological opinions on excommunication and membership: Pidhirtsi Pidhirtsi ( Ukrainian : Підгірці ; Polish : Podhorce ) is a village of about 1,000 inhabitants in Zolochiv Raion , Lviv Oblast of Ukraine , located about 80 km east of Lviv , 17 km south of Brody , 60 km north west of Ternopil . It belongs to Zabolottsi rural hromada , one of

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2394-494: The good reputation of the above-mentioned persons and to other hierarchs of the UGCC through slander (violation of can. 1452 CCEO). The penalty imposed was major excommunication . After an appeal, the sentence was upheld by the tribunal of the major archeparchy and announced on September 17, 2008. This was done although the Pope did not declare excommunication. On August 15, 2008, Pidhirtsi supporters were accused of an attempt to occupy

2451-412: The good which fall under the jurisdiction of the Church. Excommunication is either reserved or non-reserved. This division affects the absolution from censure . In the forum internum any confessor can absolve from non-reserved excommunications; but excommunications that are reserved can only be remitted, except through indult or delegation, by those to whom the law reserves the absolution. There

2508-585: The hierarchy, institute reforms, and resign. On May 1, 2011, the bishops of the UOGCC declared an excommunication against Pope Benedict XVI. In November 2010, the Buchach eparchy of the UGCC reported a clash between parishioners and a group of about 70 Pidhirtsi supporters, including leaders Metoděj Richard Špiřík and Markian Vasyl Hitiuk, at the Church of the Transfiguration in Chortkiv in an apparent attempt to occupy

2565-440: The modalities of excommunication may vary depending on the author. The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia distinguishes excommunication from the refusal of ecclesiastical communion , in which one bishop refuses to worship in common with another. Anathema is a sort of aggravated excommunication, from which, however, it does not differ essentially, but simply in the matter of special solemnities and outward display. Excommunication

2622-461: The object of a declaratory sentence pronounced by a judge; but excommunication latæ sententiæ may be either public or occult . The practical difference of validities in the forums is very important: In a case of occult excommunication the culprit has the right to judge himself and to be judged by his confessor according to the exact truth, whereas, in the forum externum the judge decides according to presumptions and proofs. Consequently, in

2679-937: The overthrow of former and pro- Russian Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych . The UOGCC is fervently against homosexuality which it often accuses the government of Ukraine, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and the European Union, of spreading. Archbishop of Lviv Ihor Vozniak claims the UOGCC is funded by Russia to create disorder in the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Excommunication (Catholic Church)#Eastern Catholic Churches Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

2736-400: The person to change behaviour or attitude, repent , and return to full communion . It is not an "expiatory penalty" designed to make satisfaction for the wrong done, nor is it "vindictive". The Catholic Church cannot, nor does it wish to, pose any obstacle to the internal relations of the soul with God; it even implores God to give the grace of repentance to the excommunicated. The rites of

2793-401: The persons who incur them; thus, absolution from excommunications in foro externo incurred by bishops is reserved to the pope; again, custom reserves to him the excommunication of sovereigns . There is a difference between formal and material excommunication: An excommunication is a censure or penalty whereby a delinquent or obstinate person is excluded from the communion of

2850-556: The sect elected Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò , former Apostolic Nuncio to the United States, as Pope, thus switching from a sedevacantist to a conclavist position. There is no evidence that Viganò ever accepted the results of this election. Anthony Elias Dohnal, born 1946, was ordained as a priest for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Litoměřice in Czechoslovakia c.  1971 . After military service, he served as

2907-540: The social status of the Catholic as such. A person who has been excommunicated—unless excommunicated for apostasy , heresy or schism —is still considered a Catholic and still has all the duties of that relationship, including attending Mass. They are, however, to refrain from receiving the Eucharist . In Latin Catholic canon law , excommunication is a rarely applied censure ; it is a "medicinal penalty" intended to invite

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2964-439: The spiritual benefits shared by all the members of Catholic society; hence, it can affect only those who by baptism have been admitted to that society. There can and do exist other penal measures which entail the loss of certain fixed rights; among them are other censures, e.g. suspension for clerics, and interdict. Excommunication, however, is distinguished from these penalties in that it is the privation of all rights resulting from

3021-409: The tribunal of conscience he who is reasonably persuaded of his innocence cannot be compelled to treat himself as excommunicated and to seek absolution; this conviction, however, must be prudently established. Salaverri and Nicolau note: An excommunication [...] can be total or partial according as the excommunicated person is excluded from communion with the faithful in all or only in some of

3078-442: The village's Basilian monastery became the site of a schism within the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church when seven "Pidhirtsi fathers" declared the founding of the Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church . Until 18 July 2020, Pidhirtsi belonged to Brody Raion . The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Brody Raion

3135-471: The world. Archbishop Elias Dohnal was selected as the first Patriarch of the new body. They declared on 1 May 2011 that both Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI were excommunicated and that the Holy See was vacant ( Sedevacantism ). They added: "The Byzantine Catholic Patriarchate is now commissioned by God to protect the orthodox doctrine of the Catholic Church, including the Latin Church. Only after an orthodox Catholic hierarchy and an orthodox successor to

3192-533: Was not recognized by the Church. In June 2008 the tribunal of the Eparchy of Sokal-Zhovkva held an ecclesiastical trial for the four priests. They were convicted of illegal assumption of authority and illegal administration of ministry (violation of can. 1462 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (CCEO)), inciting rebellion against the local hierarchy, including Bishop Mykhail Koltun, C.SS.R. , Major Archbishop Lubomyr Cardinal Husar (violation of can. 1447 §1 CCEO), and causing injustice and serious harm to

3249-435: Was ordained as an archbishop in 2009 and held the title of vicar. In 2011, he was elected and consecrated as Byzantine Catholic Patriarch by the Bishops' Synod, led by Archbishop Michael Osidach, on April 5. Other bishops: The sect has been described as opposed to many of the political beliefs of the Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church followers, including its opposition to Ukraine joining the European Union , and opposition to

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