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46-538: Bwegera is inhabited by heterogeneous Fuliiru and Vira populations who share cultural similarities and practice agriculture, hunting , fishing, animal husbandry and artisanal handicraft . The region is also home to a small number of Bembe and Barundi . For over 27 years, Bwegera has been devastated and experienced pernicious violence, notably during the First and Second Congo Wars of 1996–2003, where thousands of Hutu refugees and Zairian civilians were killed, and over

92-539: A transit vehicle in Bwegera from Lemera in the direction of Sange , killing a passenger . The bandits subsequently stole approximately 30,000 Congolese francs (32 dollars) from the passengers. On July 2, 2013, unidentified persons set fire to more than forty hectares of forest in the Bwegera and Luvungi , resulting in the disappearance of several species, including buffaloes , monkeys , and antelopes , due to scorched earth becoming infertile . On March 18, 2014,

138-466: A few from one community against innocent members of other community, suppression of complaints, refusal to prosecute, killing peaceful demonstrators, imprisonment of people of a single community while refusal to arrest members of other community in conflict, perceived or actual prisoner abuse by the state are often the greatest mobilizers of communal violence. Research suggests that ethnic segregation may also cause communal violence. Empirically estimating

184-521: A large livestock operation of cattle , pigs , goats , and poultry . 2°54′12″S 29°03′06″E  /  2.90333°S 29.05167°E  / -2.90333; 29.05167 Vira people The Vira people or Bavira (in the plural) are one of the most numerous ethnic groups in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo . These people are located in the region of Uvira in

230-559: A million people displaced, rendering them excruciating suffering in October 1996 when AFDL ( Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre ) invaded Zaire from Rwanda . In the early stages of the First Congo War, Bwegera served as the AFDL gateway to eastern Zaire, where the AFDL troops split up into several villages and conducted widespread and systematic attacks against

276-543: A procession through the streets to express their solidarity for Protestant ideas. A few days later, the Catholics hunted down some of the leaders of the procession, beat them and burned them at the stake. In the French town of Pamiers, communal clashes were routine between Protestants and Catholics, such as during holy celebrations where the Catholics took out a procession with a statue of St. Anthony, sang and danced while they carried

322-517: A woman was shot in the stomach and an army officer was reported missing following a raid by gunmen in Bwegera in the Uvira territory in South Kivu. Witnesses say that the assailants entered the town at approximately 8:15 p.m. ( Local time ), firing shots in the air. Approximately 4,000 village residents fled Bwegera after the murder. On April 21, 2014, five people were killed by unidentified gunmen in

368-678: Is a form of violence that is perpetrated across ethnic or communal lines, where the violent parties feel solidarity for their respective groups and victims are chosen based upon group membership. The term includes conflicts, riots and other forms of violence between communities of different religious faith or ethnic origins. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime includes any conflict and form of violence between communities of different religious groups, different sects or tribes of same religious group, clans, ethnic origins or national origin as communal violence. However, this excludes conflict between two individuals or two families. Communal violence

414-447: Is defined as that violence that occurs between different community who identify themselves based on religion, tribes, language, sect, race and others. Typically this sense of community identity comes from birth and is inherited. Similar definition has been applied for 47 African countries, where during 1990–2010, about 7,200 instances of communal violence and inter-ethnic conflicts has been seen. Colm Campbell has proposed, after studying

460-1020: Is found in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania. The term "communal violence" was coined by European colonial authorities as they wrestled to manage outbreaks of violence between religious, ethnic and disparate groups in their colonies, particularly Africa and South Asia, in early 20th century. Communal violence, in different parts of the world, is alternatively referred to as ethnic violence , religious violence , non-State conflict, violent civil disorder , minorities unrest, mass racial violence, inter-communal violence and ethno-religious violence. Human history has experienced numerous episodes of communal violence. For example, in medieval Europe, Protestants clashed with Catholics, Christians clashed with Muslims, and Christians perpetuated violence against Jews and Roma . In 1561, Huguenots in Toulouse took out in

506-524: Is not this number of clans is not a Muvira whatever number of years that his family lives in the chiefdom of Bavira. The list of 51 clans that make up the people Bavira is just below. Since 1645 years, are led by the Bavira Dynasty BeneLenghe. These last are from the last king of the dynasty of ancient Balabwe strain, Mbuti Ilunga, who died in Katanga in 1645. His son Lenghe Ilungha took control of

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552-457: Is the whole country Kagando and Kagozi. Luhindiza's son Mushaba Mbuti Mulyama, refused to live in the cities which his father had founded, whose popular culture was essentially based on drunkenness unabated. He still lived with his grandfather in the land of Namango Muhungu . Then he returned to Katala their city of origin. Time after it based very close to Katala, his own city named Rutemba . Note on Bahinga or Balama. Their original name Balama

598-545: The Belfast Pogrom . The Horn of Africa and the rest of Western Africa have a similar history of communal violence. Nigeria has seen centuries of communal violence between different ethnic groups particularly between Christian south and Islamic north. In 1964, after receiving independence from British rule, there were widespread communal violence in the ethnically diverse state of Zanzibar . The violent groups were Arabs and Africans, that expanded along religious lines, and

644-700: The Cape Colony , in early 20th century. The 4th Earl of Minto was called the father of communal electorates for legalising communalism by the Morley-Minto Act in 1909. The All-India Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha represented such communal interests, and the Indian National Congress represented an overarching "nationalist" vision. In the runup to independence in 1947, communalism and nationalism came to be competing ideologies and led to

690-551: The natural resources that abound in the east of the country. In 2008, two FARDC ( Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo ) soldiers of the 8th Integrated Brigade were killed around midday in Bwegera in the Ruzizi Plain of Uvira Territory in South Kivu . In August 2009, a vehicle carrying traders and FARDC troopers of the 8th Integrated Brigade was attacked on the route between Rubanga and Kiringye -Nyamutiri by

736-465: The socioeconomic reintegration of ex-combatants and youth at risk of rice and pig cultivation. In July 2022, nearly 90% of IDPs from the high and middle plateaus of the Bafuliiru Chiefdom returned to their villages. Donat Bakuka Ngolikwenda, a commander of the national police detachment of the mobile intervention group, was dispatched with his troops to Bwegera to strengthen the security of

782-573: The British colonial administration mention communal violence between Hindus and Muslims, as well as Sunni and Shia sects of Islam, particularly during processions related to respective religious celebrations. The frequency of communal violence in South Asia increased after the first partition of Bengal in 1905 , where segregation, unequal political and economic rights were imposed on Hindus and Muslims by Lord Curzon, based on religion. The colonial government

828-509: The DRC by Laurent-Désiré Kabila . To be a Muvira (the singular of Bavira), one must belong by birth to one of the fifty families (clans) founder of the ethnic group. No other consideration is valid in this traditional society. And as Bavira are patriarchal, the lineage of the father determines membership in the group. Anyone whose family, to say the clan is part of many of these clans is Muvira, regardless of where they live now. And anyone whose clan

874-561: The East of the country, on the northeast coast of Lake Tanganyika at the border with Burundi . The Bavira are also known in the name of Benembuga in Kivira (Bavira language) which means "authentic Uvira citizens." The current king of the Bavira is Lwegeleza III (Edmond). He succeeded his father Mwami Lenghe Rugaza, who was assassinated in 1997 in the violent disorder which took place after the liberation of

920-488: The FDLR ( Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda ) insurgent group. One civilian was killed, and one FARDC soldier was wounded by gunfire . Other ambushes occurred in the same month, including one against a convoy of Operation Kimya II, near Bwegera. On August 27, 2011, several people were killed after two gunfire incidents occurred in Bwegera in the Uvira territory, South Kivu. On March 30, 2012, unidentified gunmen attacked

966-716: The Kakamba-Itara groupements over 70 kilometers south of Bukavu , South Kivu. Of these victims, the police commander based in Bwegera localities was killed in Kiringye, approximately ten kilometers from Sange. On October 18, 2018, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) launched a community violence reduction project in Bwegera to combat community violence in Bwegera to support

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1012-559: The Middle East, South Russia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. The Indian law defines communal violence as, "any act or series of acts, whether spontaneous or planned, resulting in injury or harm to the person and or property, knowingly directed against any person by virtue of his or her membership of any religious or linguistic minority, in any State in the Union of India, or Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes within

1058-534: The Muslim religion, he lent strong hands to Arab slave to slavery in his country and in neighboring countries at the time. He also had disputes with its big brother the king about slavery. He was fiercely opposed to the king to have a covenant with the Arabs in the trade of human beings. The King refused to give up its alliances with Arabas, whereupon her little brothers decided to opt out of his clan BeneLenghe Balabwe to return to

1104-500: The city Kitija, which today is in the Chiefdom of Bafuliru. There's still traces its banana plantation, called "Kigundu kya Mulyama" (the banana plantation of Mulyama). This name Mulyama (who drinks until morning) was given to him in connection with his inclinations exaggerated consumption of the drink. When he landed in a village, he could not proceed without having finished all the drink that it contained two glasses at his own expense, all

1150-644: The communal violence ultimately led to the overthrow of the Sultan of Zanzibar. Local radio announced the death of tens of thousands of "stooges", but later estimates for deaths from Zanzibar communal violence have varied from hundreds to 2,000-4,000 to as many as 20,000. In late 1960s and early 1970s, there were widespread communal violence against Kenyans and Asians in Uganda with waves of theft, physical and sexual violence, followed by expulsions by Idi Amin . Idi Amin mentioned his religion as justification for his actions and

1196-674: The communities. Communalism is a significant social issue in India , Bangladesh , Pakistan and Sri Lanka . Communal conflicts between religious communities in India , especially Hindus and Muslims have occurred since the period of British colonial rule , occasionally leading to serious inter-communal violence. The term communalism was coined by the British colonial government as it wrestled to manage Hindu-Muslim riots and other violence between religious, ethnic and disparate groups in its colonies, particularly in British West Africa and

1242-507: The displaced persons who came in April 2021 from the high and middle plateaus of Uvira . The majority of the Bwegera village is an agricultural community and subsistence agriculture is a sustained source of revenue. Growing food crops such as cassava , beans , maize , soybeans , groundnuts , banana , sorghum , Irish potato , taro , sweet potatoes , onions , and tomatoes allow households to regain their means of existence. There's also

1288-611: The division of British India into Pakistan and the Republic of India . British historians have attributed the cause of the partition to the communalism of Jinnah and the political ambitions of the Indian National Congress. East, South and Southeast Asia have recorded numerous instances of communal violence. For example, Singapore suffered a wave of communal violence in 20th century between Malays and Chinese. In Indian subcontinent, numerous 18th through 20th century records of

1334-632: The effect of segregation on the incidence of violence across 700 localities in Rift Valley Province of Kenya after the contested 2007–2008 general election, Kimuli Kahara finds that local ethnic segregation increases communal violence by decreasing interethnic trust rather than by making it easier to organize violence. Even if a small minority of individuals prefer to live in ethnically homogenous settings due to fear of other ethnic groups or otherwise, it can result in high degrees of ethnic segregation. Kahara argues that such ethnic segregation decreases

1380-515: The eleven Hutu refugee camps and Zairian civilians. With the help of the Burundian army and Banyamulenge soldiers, the AFDL troops captured and killed refugees at point-blank range who were trying to flee to the neighboring villages. Since the Second Congo War, insecurity in Bwegera has been fueled by an intricate web of geopolitics, ethnic and national rivalries, and the battle for control of

1426-529: The empirical data and sequence of events during communal violence in South Africa, Palestinian Territories and Northern Ireland, that communal violence typically follows when there is degradation of rule of law, the state fails to or is widely seen as unable to provide order, security and equal justice, which then leads to mass mobilization, followed by radicalization of anger among one or more communities, and ultimately violent mobilization. Targeted mass violence by

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1472-662: The following cities – Paris, Aix, Bordeaux, Bourges, Lyon, Meaux, Orleans, Rouen, Toulouse, and Troyes. In Switzerland, communal violence between the Reformation movement and Catholics marked the 16th century. Ireland has a long history of communal violence with the period between July 1920 and July 1922 being particularly violent. This period of time saw the partition of Ireland and the establishment of Northern Ireland . The violence that occurred during this time in several towns/cities within Northern Ireland has been referred to as

1518-555: The kingdom of Bupemba, whose last king Mbuti Ilunga will be forced, because of the cruelty of his brothers emperors Empire Baluba it made war to flee his country Bupemba with his people. The decades that followed, some of his people adopt the name of Bavira when it is reflected both in the current country that give the name of Uvira , saying countries Bavira. < Br/> In terms of the Balabwe recent strain she began in 1840 by Prince Namango brother of King Muluta 2. The king, having adopted

1564-538: The meaning of clauses (24) and (25) of Article 366 of the Constitution of India" In Indonesia, communal violence is defined as that is driven by a sense of religious, ethnic or tribal solidarity. The equivalence of tribalism to ethnicity was referred locally as kesukuan . Communal violence in Indonesia includes numerous localized conflicts between various social groups found on its islands. In Kenya, communal violence

1610-536: The name of Sango Wa Mpemba. This is the one that gave birth to the emperors of the second dynasty of the Luba Empire by his son, Prince Mdidi Kiluwe as tradition often recognized the name hunter . This great king Bupemba (territory was transformed into Upemba National Park by the colonizers Belgium ) was from the clan of Balabwe term meaning those who have received the anointing of God to reign. Mbidi his son, he also had descendants who continued to rule

1656-460: The old clan of his ancestor. After this fight, in 1840, left Namango Katala up and move to another land that the people giving the name of Muhungu , that is to say, a place of refuge. These Balabwe of recent strain BeneLenghe share with the country of Katala, height Rugenge (Kanvinvira). The village Rutemba them also belongs. Muhungu of his son Mushaba Mbuti "Mulyama" from base to another location in

1702-466: The possibility of positive contact across ethnic lines. Integration and the resultant positive interethnic contact reduces prejudice by allowing individuals to correct false beliefs about members of other ethnic groups, improving intergroup relations consequently. Thus, segregation is correlated with low levels of interethnic trust. This widespread mistrust along ethnic lines explains the severity of communal violence by implying that when underlying mistrust

1748-569: The post-colonial era, communal riots between the Hindus and the Muslims contributed to the making of Muslim ghettos in those cities that had witnessed sustained communal mobilizations. It has furthermore been shown that the communalized real estate market, urban planning, and communal mobilizations often come to constitute each other in developing spatial majoritarianism. The 20th century witnessed inter-religious, intra-religious and ethnic communal violence in

1794-422: The state. Thus, the term BeneLenghe means the descendants of Lenghe. It is from him that we began counting the kings of Bavira. The case of Balabwe deserves explanation. Because there is the Balabwe the ancient strain and Balabwe the recent strain. The history of the Balabwe ancient strain is very long. It starts with the great king of kingdom theocratic of Bupemba known name Ilunga Kiluwe, also known in

1840-514: The statue around town. Local Protestants would year after year disrupt the festivities by throwing stones at the Catholics. In 1566, when the Catholic procession reached a Protestant neighborhood, the Protestants chanted "kill, kill, kill !!" and days of communal violence with numerous fatalities followed. In 1572, thousands of Protestants were killed by Catholics during communal violence in each of

1886-444: The town of Uvira), the balama also moved to his side, in the same city as him. But then they got into the habit of going down the mountain to beg fry among clans fishermen settled on the shores of lake from Kilomoni up Kilibula: Bafumu, Bafunda, Bagaja, Bagungu, Balizi, Bakono, Balembwe, Batanga, Batimbu etc. Additions based on ethnographic field data of 1949-50 gathered by Daniel Biebuyck: Communal violence Communal violence

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1932-487: The villagers. Mulyama built several other cities in this part of the country including Katala (near Namirye) Mujaga (around Lemera) Ndegu (Katobo), etc. where he was installing his brothers Balabwe. In the land of Katala, areas likely descendants of Namango include: Shora and Rutemba. But, most of their fields lie in what is today the Chiefdom of Bufuliru, as we have just seen. And in the Rusizi Plain Chiefdom, there

1978-556: The violence. Coptic Christians have suffered communal violence in Egypt for decades, with frequency and magnitude increasing since 1920s. Communalism is a term historically used to denote attempts to construct religious or ethnic identity, incite strife between people identified as different communities, and to foment communal violence between those groups, particularly in Asia. It derives from history, differences in beliefs, and tensions between

2024-546: The worst communal violence of 20th century, where waves of riots and violence killed between 100,000 and a million people, from Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Jain religions, particularly in cities and towns near the modern borders of India-Pakistan and India-Bangladesh. Examples of these communal violence include the so-called Direct Action Day , Noakhali riots and the Partition riots in Rawalpindi . It has recently been argued that in

2070-446: Was given to them by other members of the tribe that the clan members lived a long time before dying. They were the praetorian guard of the king of Bavira since the flight of the people of the Luba empire . And later, when Mubila Munanila (Munana), son of King Ilungha Lenghe first moved the capital of Sanga ( current Nundu ) to Lugongo on the mountain that bears his name (Mt. Munanira overlooking

2116-718: Was viewed by each side as favoring the other side, resulting in a wave of communal riots and 1911 reversal of Bengal partition and its re-unification. In 1919, after General Dyer ordered his soldiers to fire on unarmed protestors inside a compound in Amritsar, killing 380 civilians, communal violence followed in India against British migrants . There were hundreds of incidents of communal violence between 1905 and 1947, many related to religious, political sovereignty questions including partition of India along religious lines into East Pakistan, West Pakistan and India. The 1946 to 1947 period saw some of

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