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51-458: Butajira was founded between 1926 when a missionary Pere Azaiz found nothing there, and 1935 when a German ethnographic expedition found a town laid out in straight lines and square shapes to serve as the administrative center of the Gurage people . After Ras Desta Damtew was taken prisoner on 24 February 1937 in the small village of Eya he was brought to Butajira where, after a perfunctory trial, he

102-707: A Semitic -speaking ethnic group inhabiting Ethiopia . They inhabit the Gurage Zone and East Gurage Zone , a fertile, semi-mountainous region in Central Ethiopia Regional State , about 125 kilometers southwest of Addis Ababa , bordering the Awash River in the north, the Gibe River , a tributary of the Omo River , to the southwest, and Hora-Dambal in the east. According to the 2007 Ethiopian national census

153-440: A first language by 39.93%, 35.04% Silt'e , 10.06% spoke Soddo Gurage , 3.93% spoke Amharic , 2.16% spoke Libido , and 1.93% spoke Kebena ; the remaining 6.95% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were reported as Muslim , with 29.98% of the population reporting that belief, while 51.97% practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , 15.9% were Protestants , and 1.95% Catholic . According to

204-499: A fusion between native and immigrating tribes. According to historian Richard Wilding Harla were ancient Cushitic however ethnologist Ulrich Braukämper suggests a Semitic variation which he labels "Harala-Harari" later developed in the Islamic period. Harala-Harari speakers were evidently disrupted by the Oromo migrations , leading to isolated related Semitic languages of Harari surviving in

255-553: A man of them said: 'I also heard from them (the natives) that 25 years prior, they were a people, the Harla, until death destroyed them and they scattered, fleeing from disease and famine. According to thirteenth century Arab geographer Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi , the country of Harla was east of the Ethiopian Empire and north of Zanj . Harla clans descendant from Sa'ad ad-Din II participated in

306-423: A massive stem that grows underground and is involved in every aspect of Gurage life. It has a place in everyday interactions among community members as well as specific roles in rituals. For example: the ritual uses of ensete include wrapping a corpse after death with the fronds and tying off the umbilical cord after birth with an ensete fiber; the practical uses include wrapping goods and fireproofing thatch. Ensete

357-586: Is also exchanged as part of a variety of social interactions, and used as a recompense for services rendered. Ensete is totally involved in every aspect of the daily social and ritual life of the Gurage, who, with several others tribes in Southwest Ethiopia, form what has been termed the Ensete Culture Complex area... the life of the Gurage is enmeshed with various uses of ensete, not the least of which

408-407: Is destined for death." Different species of ensete are also eaten to alleviate illness. The Gurage regard overeating as coarse and vulgar, and regard it as poor etiquette to eat all of the ensete that a host passes around to guests. It is considered polite to leave at least some ensete bread even after a very small portion is passed around. The Gurage in rural highland areas centers their lives on

459-487: Is likely possible for soldiers to implant their language in the region effectively. However the extent of Aksumite political and economic control over the interior Ethiopian Highlands, as well as that of successor dynasties dominating the Christian north, is being studied. Aside from local oral traditions linking their past to areas farther north, the Gurage countryside is home to orthodox Christian monasteries likely dating to

510-439: Is nutritional. Ensete can be prepared in a variety of ways. A normal Gurage diet consists primarily of kocho , a thick bread made from ensete, and is supplemented by cabbage, cheese, butter and grains. Meat is not consumed on a regular basis, but usually eaten when an animal is sacrificed during a ritual or ceremonial event. The Gurage pound the root of the ensete to extract the edible substance, then place it in deep pits between

561-418: Is the main staple food , Teff and other cash crops are grown, which include coffee and khat which used as traditional stimulants . Animal husbandry is practiced, mainly for milk supply and dung. Other foods consumed include green cabbage, cheese, butter, roasted grains, meat and others. The principal crop of the Gurage is ensete (also enset, Ensete edulis , äsät or "false banana plant"). This has

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612-813: Is written left to right using a system based on the Geʽez script . According to the 1994 census, the six largest ethnic groups reported in Gurage Zone were the Sebat Bet Gurage (45.02%), the Silt'e (34.81%), the Soddo Gurage (9.75%), the Mareqo or Libido (2.21%), the Amhara (2.16%), and the Kebena (1.82%); all other ethnic groups made up 4.21% of the population. Sebat Bet Gurage is spoken as

663-741: The Emperor . However, in Western Gurageland which was inhabited by the Sebat Bet, Kebena and Wolene fiercely resisted Menelik. They were led by Imam Omar Baqsa of Chaha and Hassan Enjamo of Kebena who declared jihad against the Shewans. In October 1876 Menilek himself campaigned in Chaha Gurage. He was defeated and a large number of Shewan captives were sold to Wällamo by the victors. Only about one-third of Menilek's men returned safely. Among those killed in

714-651: The Emperor Haile Selassie rewarded his achievement in creating his plantation by calling him to Addis Ababa and decorating him." The Gurage people are highly entrepreneurial people with a culture of social mobility that celebrates hard work. As a result, the Gurage are represented in all business sectors in Ethiopia, ranging from shoe shiners to owners of big businesses. Commonly, the Addis Ababa Merkato attributed to them. They are model of good work culture in

765-791: The Imamate of Aussa before being overthrown by the Afar dynasty of Mudaito in the eighteenth century. In 1893 British led expeditions, came across an ancient town in Nugaal Valley , Somalia , the local Dhulbahante clan alleged the Harla had lived in the area before the Oromo invasions. In 2017, a Harla town that produced jewelry was discovered by archaeologists. The architecture of a mosque found affirmed Harla had ties with Islamic centers in Tanzania and Somalia . The Harla tribe's disappearance could have been due to

816-655: The Issa , the Harla are found within 2 clan divisions. The first being the Horroone clan division, where they are called Harla, and they are also found within the Eeleye clan division as Bah Harla and Harla Muse. The Issa traditions regarding the induction of the Harla groups revolve around saint Aw Barkhadle . Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin Abd al-Qader's Futūh al-Habaša describes a distinct ethnic origin to

867-561: The Quran written in Harla, hence were cursed by God. According to the Gadabuursi clan, the Harla committed major sins through excessive pride. Enrico Cerulli and others state Harla were a distinct group originating from the Harari region ; however, due to the collapse of Adal, they were assimilated by Somalis as well as Afars. The Harari people are considered to be the closest remaining link to

918-543: The Semitic family of the Afroasiatic language family . They have three subgroups: Northern, Eastern and Western. Gurage languages include Sebat Bet , consisting of the dialects Inor , Ezha , Muher , Geta , Gumer , Endegegn , Chaha , and also Soddo , Masqan , Zay . Like other Ethiopian Semitic languages , the Gurage languages are heavily influenced by the surrounding non-Semitic Afroasiatic Cushitic languages . Gurage

969-557: The 15th century, Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia sold several Abba Estifanos of Gwendagwende supporters to Harla slave traders of Adal as punishment for joining the Stephanite sect labelled heretic by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . A power struggle had developed in the early 16th century between Harla emirs of Harar and Walashma dynasty in which Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi would assume power by executing

1020-534: The 1994 Ethiopian census, self-identifying Gurage comprise about 2.7% of Ethiopia's population, or about 1.4 million people. The populations of Gurage people are not exactly known because approximately half of the population live outside of the Gurage zone. The Gurage, the writer Nega Mezlekia notes, "have earned a reputation as skilled traders". One example of an enterprising Gurage is Tekke, who Nathaniel T. Kenney described as "an Ethiopian Horatio Alger, Jr. ": "He began his career selling old bottles and tin cans;

1071-601: The Ethiopian–Adal War in the sixteenth century, destitution, or assimilation. Strong evidence suggests that during the Oromo migrations , the remaining Harla retreated behind the walls of Harar and were able to survive culturally. Local folklore from the Harla village near Dire Dawa, however, claim the Harla were farmers from the Ogaden and went extinct because of their arrogance, refusing to fast in Ramadan , and attempts to have

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1122-410: The Gurage Zone. drinkable water is provided by 4 boreholes. The town has a weekly market on Fridays. Notable landmarks in the town include a fountain on the south side of the town, which is fed from a sacred spring dedicated to saint Tekle Haymanot . The zone authorities mention another local landmark is the local mosque (constructed by the financial contributions of both Muslims and Christians), which

1173-417: The Gurage also call injera). The Gurage raise zebu . These cattle are primarily kept for their butter, and a typical Gurage household has a large quantity of spiced butter aging in clay pots hung from the walls of their huts. Butter is believed to be medicinal, and the Gurage often take it internally or use it a lotion or poultice. A Gurage proverb states that "A sickness that has the upper hand over butter

1224-546: The Gurage can also be found in substantial numbers in Addis Ababa , Oromia Region , Harari Region and Dire Dawa . According to the historian Paul B. Henze , the Gurage origin is explained by traditions of a military expedition to the south during the last years of the Kingdom of Aksum , which left military colonies that eventually became isolated from both northern Ethiopia and each other. However other historians have raised

1275-600: The Harla however modern oral traditions connect Harla to Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti and Darod , forefathers of the Ogaden clan . This does not provide enough evidence to suggest that Harla are of Somali descent In the modern era, the Harla have been reduced to insignificance under the Somali Darod clan. According to historian Ali Jimale Ahmed , the surviving Harla dwelling in the Harari kingdom were absorbed by Darod Somalis after

1326-465: The Harla people, as the Hararis were founded by seven Harla clans. Harar and its inhabitants are the only remnant of the old Harla civilization. According to Hararis , the Harari ethnic group consist of seven Harla subclans: Abogn, Adish, Awari, Gidaya , Gatur , Hargaya , and Wargar . Some sources claim Harla were a less Semitic version of the Harari. The Siltes (East Gurage) are also believed to be

1377-540: The Harla reportedly had a queen named Arawelo , who ruled much of the eastern parts of the Horn of Africa. In Zeila , a clan called Harla claims to be related to the ancient people. Locals in Zeila also attested that the old town of Amud was built by the Harla. The influx of Arab immigrants such as Ābadir ʻUmar Āl-Rida into Harla territory would lead to the development of the town of Harar , known then as Gēy. Harar would become

1428-529: The Harla. Tradition states one of Harla's main towns was Metehara and the area between Harar and Dire Dawa is still referred to as Harla. The Harla inhabited Chercher and various other areas in the Horn of Africa , where they erected various tumuli . According to historian Richard Wilding, tales indicate Harla lived in the interior of Ogaden and by the seashores prior to Somali and Oromo movements into these regions. The Harla Kingdom existed as early as

1479-737: The Middle Ages (Debre Tsion Maryam, Muher Iyesus, Abuna Gebre Menfes Kiddus, and others), before the conquests of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi and subsequent Oromo migrations into the central Highlands. In the late 1870s Menelik led a campaign to incorporate the lands of the Gurage people into Shewa . In 1878, the Soddo Gurage living in Northern and Eastern Gurageland peacefully submitted to Menelik and their lands were left untouched by his armies, likely due to their shared Ethiopian Orthodox faith and prior submission to Negus Sahle Selassie , grandfather of

1530-449: The Somali in the region between the cities of Harar and Jijiga . Encyclopaedia Aethiopica suggests that this population "may be a remnant group of the old [Harla], that integrated into the Somali genealogical system, but kept a partially separate identity by developing a language of their own." Cerulli published some data on this Harla community's language, called af Harlaad , which resembled

1581-598: The Walashma Sultan Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad . According to Adal writer Arab Faqīh , in the middle of the 16th century, the Adal Sultanate led by Harla and their Somali allies invaded Abyssinia. Harla were part of Adal's elite military unit called the Malassay . The Ethiopian–Adal War was in response to the death of Harla leader of Adal, Imam Mahfuz , killed in single combat, by the warrior-monk Gebre Andrias in

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1632-576: The battle was Aläqa Zänäb, author of the first chronicle of Emperor Tewodros. The muslim Gurages fought for over a decade to keep the Shewans from the Muslim areas of Gurage until 1888 when Gobana Dacche faced them in the Battle of Jebdu Meda where the army was defeated by the Shewans, and with that all of Gurageland was subdued. The Gurage languages are a subgroup of the Ethiopian Semitic languages within

1683-568: The cultivation of their staple crop ensete . Kocho is made by shaping the ensete paste into a thick circle and wrapping it in a thin layer of ensete leaves. Its baked in a small pit with coals. Sometimes the paste is just cooked over a griddle. Kitfo a minced raw beef mixed with butter and spicy pepper is commonly attributed to the Gurage. It is also supplemented by cabbage, cheese, butter, and grains. Harla The Harla , also known as Harala , Haralla are an ethnic group that once inhabited Ethiopia , Somalia , and Djibouti . They spoke

1734-508: The descendants of the Harla people. Harari, Silte, Wolane, and Zay are the only people who speak a language that is related to Harla. The Hadiya people , associated with the Hadiya Sultanate , have been connected with the Harla people in some sources, but this remains unsubstantiated. Many Somali clans mention they are of Harla descent. Most particularly the Issa subclan of the Dir . Within

1785-417: The distant past. Braukhamper also states King Amda Seyon ordered Eritrean troops to be sent to mountainous regions in Gurage (named Gerege), which eventually became a permanent settlement. In addition to Amda Seyon's military settlement there, the permanence of Abyssinian presence in Gurage is documented during his descendants Zara Yaqob and Dawit II 's reigns. Thus, historically, Gurage peoples may be

1836-584: The early reign of Emperor Dawit II . In the wars against Emperor Sarsa Dengel , the Harla were led by the Sultan Muhammad ibn Nasir . The late sixteenth century saw the Oromo people penetrate portions of Ethiopia and Somalia , expansively invading upward from the Lower Jubba eventually incorporating Harla territory. The Harla would move the Adal capital to the oasis of Aussa in 1577, and later establish

1887-520: The extinct Harla were incorporated into Karrayyu and Ittu in eastern Shewa as well as west Hararghe . The Afar also have tribes linked to Harla descent called Kabirtu. In the seventeenth century the Harla of Afar Region were assimilated by Afar people following the collapse of Adal Sultanate. In Afar region, clans named after Harla are still found among farmers in Aussa , and Awash district between Dubti and Afambo . The moniker of clans proposes

1938-425: The inhabitants were reported as Muslim , with 51.27% of the population reporting that belief, while 39.58% practice Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , and 8.72% were Protestants . The 1994 national census reported this town had a total population of 20,509 of whom 9,827 were men and 10,682 were women. As of 2011, the total fertility rate was estimated to be 5.3 children per woman, and the total marital fertility rate

1989-470: The issue of the complexity of Gurage peoples if viewed as a singular group, for example Ulrich Braukhamper states that the Gurage East people may have been an extension of the ancient Harla people. Indeed, there is evidence that Harla architecture may have influenced old buildings (pre-16th c.) found near Harar (eastern Ethiopia), and the Gurage East group often cite kinship with Harari (Hararghe) peoples in

2040-533: The leading center of Islam in the Horn of Africa. Archaeologist Timothy Insoll discovered stoneware in Harla town resembling that found in Harar. According to the Harari chronicle, Abadir led prayer as Imam and inquired about the states grim condition. After the prayer nobody stayed in the mosque except for the crowd mentioned (from Mecca). They asked each other: 'What is it about us? We see neither their emir nor their vizir. Rather, they are all of one rank. Then

2091-486: The now-extinct Harla language, which belonged to either the Cushitic or Semitic branches of the Afroasiatic family . The Harla are credited by the present-day inhabitants of parts of Ethiopia , Somalia , and Djibouti with having constructed various historical sites. Although now mostly lying in ruins, these structures include stone necropoleis , store pits, mosques and houses. Cave drawings are also attributed to

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2142-449: The product of a complex mixture of Abyssinian and Harla groups which migrated and settled in that region for different reasons and at various times. Another stated that the Gurage were originated from a place called Gura, Eritrea . This believed that linguistically by citing a southward Semitic migration during the late classical and medieval period; however more historical research needed. A single military expedition explanation

2193-438: The rows of ensete plants in the field. It ferments in the pit, which makes it more palatable. It can be stored for up to several years in this fashion, and the Gurage typically retain large surpluses of ensete as a protection against famine. In addition to ensete, cash crops are maintained (notably coffee and khat ) and livestock is raised (mainly for milk and fertilizer). Some Gurage also plant teff and eat injera (which

2244-527: The sixteenth century Ethiopian–Adal War . Ibn Said further states the Harla territory passed the Blue Nile , north east and ended near the shores, the Harla made a living in the gold and silver mines. According to Ethiopian accounts, in the 14th century, the Harla led by their Imam Salih allied with the Ifat Sultanate and battled the forces of emperor Amda Seyon I in what is now northern Somalia . In

2295-506: The sixteenth century. The Darod sub clan Harti and Geri are furthermore according to tradition, the brothers of Harla. The Karanle sub clan of Hawiye also claims to have birthed the Harla. According to some, the Karrayyu and Ittu clans are considered to be Oromos with Harla descent. Ittu had occupied the Chercher region from the Harari people and perhaps also Harla. It is believed

2346-528: The sixth century; it would later be influenced by Islam sometime in the eighth century. In the ninth century, the earliest known Muslim kingdom in the Horn of Africa, the Maḥzūmī dynasty sprang up in Harla country. The Maḥzūmī capital of Walale was in Northern Hararghe . Harla state leaders were commonly known as Garad and their religious elite carried the honorific title Kabir . According to folklore,

2397-425: The walled city of Harar , Zay language on the island of Lake Zway and Wolane language such as Siltʼe language . Nicholas Tait proposes Harla language was indistinguishable with Argobba and Harari linguistic classifications. Ewald Wagner believes Harla were Semitic speakers related to Harari and Silte languages. Field research by Enrico Cerulli identified a modern group called the "Harla" living amongst

2448-429: The whole Ethiopia. One of the most famous Ethiopian musicians, Mohamoud Ahmed, still recalls how he started out in life shining shoes in the city before he got his break and joined the music orchestra that allowed him to capture the imagination of millions of admirers both in Ethiopia and abroad. The Gurage live a sedentary life based on agriculture, involving a complex system of crop rotation and transplanting. Ensete

2499-495: Was completed in 1979 (1972 EC ), and has two large praying halls, each with room for 2500 individuals: the hall on the ground floor is for women while the hall on the second floor is for men. Roughly 10 kilometers from Butajira is Butajira Crater Lake, which was created by phreatic eruptions . Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the CSA, this town has a total population of 33,406, of whom 16,923 are men and 16,483 women. The majority of

2550-490: Was estimated to be 7.8 children per married woman. A 2021 study revealed high rates of under-immunization in young children, with just 22.4% of children aged 12 to 23 months being fully immunized. As of 2010, Butajira has relatively low prevalence of malaria, with less than 1% overall prevalence. Prevalence varies among villages in the area and tends to be lower with higher altitudes. Gurage people The Gurage ( / ɡ ʊəˈr ɑː ɡ eɪ / , Gurage : ጉራጌ, ቤተ-ጉራጌ) are

2601-554: Was executed that evening. British patrols, acting as part of the East African Campaign , found that arbegnoch groups had dispersed the local Italian positions, leading to both the British and Ethiopian flags being raised over the town on 21 April 1941. According to the Gurage Zone government, as of 2007 Butajira is one of 12 towns with electrical power, one of 11 with telephone service, and one of nine that have postal service in

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