Mexican–American War American Civil War
104-859: Bushrod may refer to: Given name [ edit ] Bushrod Johnson (1817–1880), teacher, university chancellor, and Confederate general in the American Civil War Bushrod Washington (1762–1829), U.S. Supreme Court associate justice and the nephew of George Washington Bushrod C. Washington (1790–1851), Virginia planter and politician, orphaned nephew raised (with his brother John Augustine Washington II) by Judge Bushrod Washington Bushrod Washington James , A.M., M.D. (1836–1903), American surgeon, homeopathist, writer, and philanthropist Bushrod Washington Wilson (1824–1900), American pioneer and politician Surname [ edit ] Jermon Bushrod (born 1984), American football guard for
208-508: A battery from McClernand. For the first time, the Union army had a continuous front. From west to east were the remnants of Sherman's division, McClernand, W.H.L. Wallace, the remnants of Prentiss's division, Hurlbut, McArthur's brigade from W.H.L. Wallace's division, and Stuart's brigade from Sherman's division. Hurlbut was near a peach orchard, Prentiss was near the Sunken Road, and W.H.L. Wallace
312-867: A Quaker and, before moving to the South, worked on the Underground Railroad with his uncle. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1840 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Infantry . He fought in the Seminole War in Florida and the Mexican–American War . He was forced to resign from the Army in October 1847 after being accused of selling contraband goods. He worked as
416-417: A bayonet charge at about 1:00 pm that pushed McClernand and McDowell back to their original counterattack line at Jones Field. On the Union right, the divisions of Sherman and McClernand (plus Veatch's brigade) were a disorganized group of individual soldiers and portions of regiments. Many soldiers had dropped their equipment and headed to Pittsburg Landing. Still, Sherman and McClernand fought on with
520-698: A brigade of the Army of Mississippi at the Battle of Shiloh , and on the second day of battle, April 7, 1862, he became the division commander, but was severely wounded by the concussion of an artillery shell. For the next year in Braxton Bragg 's Army of Tennessee , Johnson's brigade served under a number of divisional commanders of William Hardee 's corps: (1) Simon Bolivar Buckner during Bragg's Invasion of Kentucky and its culminating Battle of Perryville ; (2) Patrick Cleburne after Bragg's withdrawal back into Tennessee and
624-489: A counterattack at White Oak Road . They drove back two Union divisions, but were halted and driven back themselves by Union reinforcements. Two brigades of the division were detached to Pickett at Five Forks , and largely destroyed in that battle on April 1. Johnson led the rest of the division in the retreat toward Appomattox . At Sailor's Creek on April 6, the division was shattered, although Johnson escaped capture. Lee relieved Johnson of command on April 8. He accompanied
728-472: A defensive line, and no entrenchments were made because nobody expected a fight at that location. The inexperienced divisions of Sherman and Prentiss were the most forward (closest to Corinth) of the group. Only a few pickets were in place—despite a small skirmish taking place on April 4. After hearing reports concerning sightings of Confederate soldiers in the Shiloh area, Colonel Everett Peabody , commander of
832-599: A disabled son. Before his wartime service he went north and left his developmentally disabled son in the care of relatives; his son grew up believing that his father was fighting for the Union. After the start of the Civil War, Johnson entered the service June 28, 1861, as a colonel of engineers in the Tennessee Militia, and a week later this commission was changed to be in the Confederate States Army . He approved
936-433: A division of the army at Donelson, but was effectively overshadowed by the more politically astute Pillow, who led the wing in a fierce assault in an attempt to break out and escape from the encircled fort. The fort and its army surrendered to Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant on February 16, 1862, but two days later Johnson was able to walk unimpeded out through the porous Union Army lines and escaped capture. Johnson commanded
1040-533: A farm road that led to the Pittsburg-Corinth Road. The Confederate Third Brigade of Hardee's Third Corps was southwest of Powell's patrol. The brigade was commanded by Brigadier General S. A. M. Wood , and he had sent forward 280 skirmishers from Major Aaron B. Hardcastle's Third Mississippi Battalion. Hardcastle kept most of his men in the southeast corner of James J. Fraley's 40-acre (16 ha) cotton field, while two sets of pickets were positioned closer to
1144-481: A few companies within a regiment, had British Enfield or Austrian Lorenz rifles . The armies and their divisions were organized as follows: The Army of the Tennessee had the most Union men present at the battle, and it was commanded by Major General Ulysses S. Grant. In February 1862, a smaller version of Grant's army , with the assistance of gunboats under the command of Flag-Officer Andrew H. Foote , had been
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#17330943034241248-527: A few small structures. The Confederate Army's February 6 loss at Fort Henry caused it to abandon Kentucky and parts of Tennessee. The last Confederate troops in Nashville moved south on February 23. General Albert Sidney Johnston , Confederate commander of the Western Theater, made the controversial decision to abandon the region. Although Confederate politicians were unhappy with Johnston's performance and
1352-593: A gap on the Union left between Hurlbut's position at a peach orchard and Stuart's brigade at the extreme Union left. McArthur had only two of his regiments, since the others had been sent to assist Sherman and guard the Snake River bridge that led to Crump's Landing. His two–regiment force was bolstered by Battery A from the 1st Illinois Light Artillery Regiment . Wallace's First and Third brigades, commanded by Colonel James M. Tuttle and Colonel Thomas W. Sweeny , respectively, moved into positions near Duncan Field and what
1456-449: A general attack. Johnston instructed Beauregard to stay in the rear and direct men and supplies as needed. Johnston rode to the front to lead the men on the battle line, and this arrangement effectively ceded control of the battle to Beauregard. On the Union side, Powell sent a message to Colonel Peabody that he was being driven back by an enemy force of several thousand. Hearing the fighting, Prentiss soon learned that Peabody had sent out
1560-471: A good starting point for the capture of Memphis , Vicksburg , and large portions of Confederate territory. While most of Grant's army camped near the river at Pittsburg Landing in early April, one division was five miles (8.0 km) downstream (north) at Crump's Landing, and army headquarters remained further north in Savannah. Buell's army was moving south from Nashville to Savannah, and no advancement beyond
1664-529: A larger force, they decided to surprise the Union Army on April 4 before the second Union Army arrived from Nashville. Inexperience and bad weather caused their 20-mile (32 km) march north to be "a nightmare of confusion and delays", and the Confederate Army was not deployed into position until the afternoon of April 5. The army spent the night of April 5 on the south side of the Union campsites. The plan
1768-446: A patrol without authorization. Prentiss was outraged and accused Peabody of provoking a major engagement in violation of Grant's orders. However, he soon understood that he was facing a large Confederate force and sent reinforcements. Peabody's patrol, with Powell leading, partially ruined the planned Confederate surprise and gave thousands of Union soldiers time (although brief) to prepare for battle. Although Peabody's patrol had alerted
1872-623: A peach orchard (eventually known as "the Peach Orchard") at the Hamburg-Savannah Road. The old wagon track was so worn and washed–over that it had an embankment that ranged from a few inches (7.6 cm) to supposedly three feet (0.91 m). This ready-made entrenchment received the name "Sunken Road" in post-war years. Some historians doubt that the road was actually sunken. Nothing in the Official Records mentions it as sunken, and
1976-504: A problem, as Confederate soldiers found clothing, rifles, and food. Confederate leaders found it difficult to control their forces. They paused their attack, which enabled Prentiss to move further north. East of McClernand, Hurlbut had all three brigades ready for action at 8:00 am. After being notified that Sherman was facing a strong attack on his left, Hurlbut sent his Second Brigade, commanded by Colonel James C. Veatch , to assist Sherman. Shortly after that first message, Hurlbut
2080-519: A professor of natural philosophy and chemistry at the Western Military Institute , Georgetown, Kentucky (1848–1849), and professor of mathematics and engineering at the University of Nashville (1849–1861). During this period he was active in the state militias of Kentucky and Tennessee, rising to the rank of colonel . His wife Mary died prior to the war of natural causes, leaving him with
2184-549: A psychological impact than a destructive one. On the ground at the Union left, McArthur's partial brigade fought the Confederate brigades commanded by brigadier generals John K. Jackson and John S. Bowen . With Stuart now gone, McArthur was also getting outflanked by Chalmers's Brigade. Between 3:00 and 4:00 pm, McArthur moved all the way back to Pittsburg Landing. Hurlbut's line was also falling back, and only one regiment remained by 4:30 pm when Hurlbut ordered it to
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#17330943034242288-425: A ridge on the east side of the battlefield. At the Union right, Grant visited Sherman around 3:00 pm, and found a difficult situation. The remaining regiments had few men, ammunition was low, and more men were either leaving or serving with other units. Some regiments had so many losses that they were ordered to Pittsburg Landing where they could reform. The Union line at this time was back to Jones Field and
2392-550: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Bushrod Johnson Bushrod Rust Johnson (October 7, 1817 – September 12, 1880) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War and an officer in the United States Army . As a university professor he had been active in the state militias of Kentucky and Tennessee and on the outbreak of hostilities he sided with
2496-603: Is located between a small, undistinguished church named Shiloh and Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River . Two Union armies combined to defeat the Confederate Army of Mississippi . Major General Ulysses S. Grant was the Union commander, while General Albert Sidney Johnston was the Confederate commander until his battlefield death, when he was replaced by his second-in-command, General P. G. T. Beauregard . The Confederate army hoped to defeat Grant's Army of
2600-455: Is now called the "Sunken Road"—between the divisions of McClernand and Hurlbut. From 9:30 am to 10:30 am, most of the fighting at this position was the exchange of artillery fire. On the extreme Union left, Stuart's brigade had heard musket firing early in the morning, but did not believe they were under attack until they heard distant artillery fire. At 9:30 am Johnston received reports that Union soldiers were deploying on
2704-575: The 53rd Ohio Infantry Regiment , which had just repelled two Confederate advances, yelled "retreat and save yourselves", and many from his regiment ran away. Eventually, at least two companies of the calmer men from this regiment attached to another regiment. Sherman slowly moved the division back to a position behind Shiloh Church. He became supported on his left by the Third Brigade from McClernand's division. Prentiss had his camps northeast of Seay Field. On his right, his brigade commanded by Peabody
2808-465: The Army of the Ohio , which was commanded by Major General Don Carlos Buell. Portions of this army did not participate in the battle. One portion remained in Nashville, and another portion moved toward Murfreesboro and northern Alabama. Another division, plus part of a second one, did not arrive in time to participate in the battle. The number of men present at the battle totaled to 17,918. Although none of
2912-722: The Battle of Fort Donelson , and they occurred in Tennessee on the Tennessee River and the Cumberland River , respectively. Those rivers were vital to the Confederacy as transportation routes, and also connected the city of Nashville , an ironworks , and major agricultural areas. Nashville was a converging point for railroads, a major producer of gunpowder , and a major supply depot. The Union army increased its firepower in those battles by receiving assistance from U.S. Navy gunboats . The steam-powered gunboats were flat-bottomed, armored, and carried up to 13 artillery pieces. Grant
3016-479: The Battle of Stones River ; and (3) A.P. Stewart during the Battle of Hoover's Gap of the 1863 Tullahoma Campaign . Thereafter, Bragg withdrew into Georgia. At the Battle of Chickamauga , Johnson's brigade spent September 18 on the Confederate right, assigned to the command of John Bell Hood 's division of James Longstreet 's corps, then just arriving from Virginia. There, Johnson's men secured Reed's Bridge. On September 19, Longstreet's forces were shifted to
3120-604: The Siege of Knoxville . After spending the winter of 1863–64 in northeastern Tennessee, Longstreet's force was transported by rail back to Virginia to reinforce Robert E. Lee for the Overland Campaign . En route, Johnson alone was diverted to Petersburg, to command a division in the Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia under P. G. T. Beauregard . During the ensuing Bermuda Hundred Campaign , Johnson's division blocked
3224-417: The Confederate advantage from the unexpected attack. The Confederate army alignment was another issue that helped reduce the attack's effectiveness. The corps of Hardee and Bragg began the assault with their divisions in one line that was nearly 3 miles (4.8 km) wide. At about 7:30 am Beauregard ordered the corps of Polk and Breckinridge forward on the left and right of the line, which only extended
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3328-478: The Confederate left and Johnson's men saw minor action against Union forces coming north from the vicinity of Crawfish Springs. The following day, Johnson's men were part of the Confederate push across the Brotherton Field, but were not able to overtake the Union right on Snodgrass Hill. Bragg followed up with a siege of Chattanooga, while Johnson, now commanding a division, accompanied Longstreet's force north for
3432-459: The Confederate right flank . To remedy this potential problem, he sent two brigades from Bragg's Corps, and called up Breckinridge's Reserve Corps. What his scouts had actually found was the camp belonging to Stuart's Brigade. Stuart was near the Hamburg-Savannah Road close to Lick Creek. Around 9:40 am Stuart began receiving artillery fire, and twenty minutes later his men were attacked by Confederate infantry. Shortly after 10:00 am,
3536-463: The Confederate side, Wood's brigade took heavy losses, but routed the brigade of Colonel C. Carroll Marsh from McClernand's division. Wood's men then defeated Veatch's brigade, but Wood was thrown from his horse and temporarily out of action. At that time, his brigade became scattered and disorganized. By 11:20 am, the Confederate army controlled the Hamburg-Purdy Road. Benefitting from
3640-479: The First Brigade from Prentiss's division, became concerned. Around midnight on April 5, Peabody ordered Major James E. Powell to take three companies of the 25th Missouri Infantry Regiment , and two companies of the 12th Michigan Infantry Regiment , on a reconnaissance (a.k.a. scout) to Seay Field where the sighting had been made. Prentiss was not informed, and Powell's men advanced from their camp southwest down
3744-462: The Hamburg-Purdy Road, after casualties and men that ran away, he had only 600 men and portions of two batteries. He deployed his men near the divisions of W.H.L. Wallace and Hurlbut, along the Sunken Road. Grant reinforced Prentiss with 600 men from the 23rd Missouri Infantry Regiment , which had disembarked from Pittsburg Landing a few hours earlier. Grant visited the 1,200-man force, and told Prentiss to "hold at all hazards". The Union troops along
3848-534: The Hornet's Nest around 5:30 pm. Attacks after dark were rare because of problems with friendly fire, and darkness would occur soon. The exhausted Confederate army already had about 8,000 casualties. For many years after the battle, critics believed Beauregard had squandered an opportunity to finish Grant's army. Modern historians, such as Cunningham and Daniel, disagree with that assessment. Cunningham wrote that Beauregard's critics ignore "the existing situation on
3952-563: The Hornet's Nest. At 2:50 pm, Lieutenant William Gwin, commander of the USS Tyler , put his gunboat into action by firing on the Confederate batteries near the Union left. After an hour, Gwin was joined by the USS Lexington , and the two gunboats positioned themselves about three–fourths of a mile (1.21 km) south of Pittsburg Landing. At first, the shelling (gunboat shells were larger than those used by field artillery ) had more of
4056-941: The Miami Dolphins in the National Football League Thomas Bushrod, Virginia planter and politician, progenitor of the Bushrod family which ended with Judge Bushrod Washington's mother, Hannah Bushrod Places [ edit ] Bushrod, Indiana , a community in the United States Bushrod Island , island near Monrovia, Liberia Bushrod Park, Oakland, California neighborhood in North Oakland, Oakland, California, United States See also [ edit ] Thomasine & Bushrod , 1974 blaxploitation film directed by Gordon Parks, Jr., written by and starring Max Julien Topics referred to by
4160-492: The Pittsburg Landing-Shiloh area was allowed until the two armies combined. On April 4, Confederate cavalry was seen by a Union patrol near Shiloh, but Union leadership was not concerned. Confederate leaders realized they could soon be outnumbered. They had 42,000 men at Corinth, and 15,000 more on the way, while the not–yet–combined Union force could be as large as 75,000 men. Instead of waiting to be attacked by
4264-712: The Pittsburg–Corinth Road and the Owl Creek Bridge over the Hamburg–Purdy Road. In between Sherman and Stuart was Prentiss's division, and between the Shiloh Church area and the Tennessee River were the divisions of McClernand and Hurlbut. To the north and closest to Pittsburg Landing was W.H.L. Wallace's division. Lew Wallace's division was at Crump's Landing, five miles (8.0 km) downstream (north) of
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4368-419: The Shiloh Church area and the Tennessee River. Sherman's division was the first to occupy the Shiloh area, so his four brigades were camped near the main approaches to Pittsburg Landing. Colonel David Stuart 's brigade was on the Union left (east side of battlefield) near the Hamburg-Savannah Road and a ford. To the west in the Shiloh Church area, Sherman's other three brigades formed the Union right. They covered
4472-544: The Shiloh battlefield"—including Confederate disorganization, time before sunset, and Grant's strong position augmented by gunboats. Daniel wrote that the thought that "the Confederates could have permanently breached or pulverized the Federal line in an additional hour or so of piecemeal night assaults simply lacks plausibility." He mentions that it took the Confederates six hours to conquer the Hornet's Nest, and Grant's Last Line
4576-504: The South, despite having been born in the North into a family of abolitionist Quakers. As a divisional commander he managed to evade capture at the Battle of Fort Donelson , but was wounded at the Battle of Shiloh . He served under Robert E. Lee throughout the 10-month Siege of Petersburg , and surrendered with him at Appomattox. Johnson was born in Belmont County, Ohio . He was raised as
4680-399: The Sunken Road were protected by hickory and oak trees. Some Union troops at this location had modern (for 1862) weapons and fences for shelter, while some of the Confederate attacks were across open ground. These factors combined to make frontal assaults difficult for the Confederate attackers. One attack was led by Confederate division commander Benjamin F. Cheatham , and his Second Brigade
4784-495: The Tennessee before it could be reinforced and resupplied. Although it made considerable gains with a surprise attack on the first day of the battle, Johnston was mortally wounded and Grant's army was not eliminated. Overnight, Grant's Army of the Tennessee was reinforced by one of its divisions stationed farther north, and was also joined by portions of the Army of the Ohio , under the command of Major General Don Carlos Buell . The Union forces conducted an unexpected counterattack in
4888-502: The Tennessee. Grant had a differing opinion, believing that by 6:00 pm the Confederate army was worn out. When Beauregard called off all attacks, it was near sunset and he assumed Grant's army could be eliminated on the next day. He had received a telegram saying Buell's army was in Alabama , and did not know Grant was already being reinforced. The Confederate army was badly disorganized, and it had just finished taking prisoners from
4992-525: The Union advance toward Petersburg at Swift Creek on May 9. Beauregard defeated the larger Union offensive, and Johnson was promoted to major general on May 21. During the Siege of Petersburg , the section of the defenses held by Johnson's division was attacked in the Battle of the Crater on July 30. The mine was set off under part of Elliott's South Carolina Brigade, which rallied and captured three stands of colors and 130 prisoners that day. When Beauregard
5096-445: The Union army, some Union leaders were not convinced that they were under attack. Sherman was not convinced until he was slightly wounded, and one of his orderlies shot dead, after a 7:00 am ride to investigate the commotion near Rea Field. After Johnston's 5:30 order for a general attack, it took an hour before all Confederate troops were ready. Another hour was lost skirmishing at Seay Field (close to Fraley Field). This reduced
5200-413: The Union camps. Around 5:00 am (April 6), Confederate pickets fired at Powell's men before returning to the battalion. When Powell advanced within 200 yards (180 m) of Hardcastle's main force, the Confederates opened fire. The battle began with these two small forces fighting for over an hour. Around 5:30 am, Confederate leaders heard the commotion at Fraley Field, and Johnston ordered
5304-445: The Union campsites. His mid-March mission had been to damage a railroad. While on this railroad raid, his men learned that a large Confederate force was nearby. Because of this Confederate force, Wallace's division remained near Crump's Landing. Grant was further north at his headquarters in Savannah. Nelson's division from Buell's army had reached Savannah, but Buell's other divisions were still marching. The Shiloh camps did not form
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#17330943034245408-483: The Union left. Sherman and Prentiss were the commanders of the first two Union divisions attacked, and those happened to be the most inexperienced of Grant's six divisions. Sherman, who had been negligent in preparing for an attack, performed with "coolness and courage" while he inspired his raw troops. Facing artillery fire and a frontal attack from the corps of Hardee, Bragg, and Polk, Sherman's men performed reasonably well—if they fought. The inexperienced colonel of
5512-569: The abandonment, the consolidation of troops further south was a wise choice, because the Union forces on the Tennessee River could cut off Confederate retreats from posts in Kentucky and major portions of Tennessee. Confederate leadership decided to consolidate forces in Corinth, Mississippi, which is just south of the Tennessee–Mississippi border. The town of Corinth had strategic value because it
5616-419: The absence of Colonel T. Kilby Smith , made several stands east of Bell Field against two of Bragg's brigades. Fortunately for the Union army, Bragg's hungry men exhausted their ammunition and pillaged food from the Union camps instead of continuing the attack. Around 2:15 pm, Smith ordered Stuart's brigade to withdraw, and by 2:30 pm Stuart's brigade was done fighting for the day. While Stuart
5720-478: The army without a command until the surrender at Appomattox Court House , when he was paroled. Johnson returned to teaching to become a professor and co-chancellor (1870) of the University of Nashville with former Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith . His health failing, he retired in 1875 to a farm near Brighton, Illinois , where he died in 1880. He was originally buried in Miles Station, near Brighton, but
5824-407: The attackers were from Breckinridge's Third Brigade, commanded by Colonel Walter S. Statham. As the Union troops fell back, they would pause to shoot at the oncoming Confederates. Artillery was also used to slow the attackers. General Albert Sidney Johnston rode as much as 40 paces in front of Breckinridge's line. His uniform was torn from bullets in several places, and the heel of one of his boots
5928-501: The battle. The forces at the battle were: Most of the Confederate troops did not have combat experience, and regiments were smaller than normal. Bragg's Second Corps was the largest of four corps, although it was smaller than the normal size. One of the reasons for the four small corps (instead of fewer corps that were larger) was size deception, as a typical corps had about 20,000 men. Small arms included flintlocks , shotguns , squirrel rifles, and percussion muskets. A few thousand of
6032-403: The battlefield. The battle was the costliest engagement of the Civil War up to that point, and its nearly 24,000 casualties made it one of the bloodiest battles of the entire war. During February 1862, a Union army led by Ulysses S. Grant won two battles that were the most significant Union victories, at that time, of the American Civil War . The battles were the Battle of Fort Henry and
6136-406: The command of Don Carlos Buell were moving from Nashville to join the force on the river. Union leadership realized that its troops were too spread out, so it was decided to concentrate troops at Pittsburg Landing . Pittsburg Landing is nine miles (14 km) upriver (south) of Savannah, and it had a road that led to Corinth, Mississippi . About three miles (4.8 km) inland from the landing
6240-556: The distant sounds of artillery fire. He was on crutches as he recovered from a fall from his horse, and he was waiting for more of Buell's army to arrive in Savannah. Grant ordered Bull Nelson to march his division along the east side of the river to a point opposite Pittsburg Landing, where it could be ferried over to the battlefield. Grant then took his steamboat, Tigress , south to Crump's Landing, where he told Lew Wallace to get his division ready to move. Grant proceeded to Pittsburg Landing, arriving around 9:00 am. The landing
6344-476: The exhaustion and disorganization of the Confederate force, Sherman and McClernand fell back about 200 yards (180 m) north of the crossroads. Sherman's separated First Brigade (McDowell) linked with McClernand around 11:30 am. The Sunken Road was an old wagon track called "an abandoned road" in the only time it was mentioned in the Official Records . From west to east, it ran from Duncan Field to
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#17330943034246448-505: The face) that most of the men fell back, and the brigade was not engaged for the rest of the day. Among the Union soldiers killed was Major James Powell, who led the early morning patrol that discovered the Confederate army at Fraley Field. While Prentiss was defending against Gibson, Sweeny repelled Confederate attacks near Duncan Field. The Union left, even more so than the right, was pushed back. Stuart's two remaining Union regiments, temporarily commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Malmborg in
6552-479: The highly accurate Enfield rifles had been distributed to Johnston's men before the battle; the supply of these increased as they were seized from Union troops in combat. Only one-third of the cavalry possessed any weapons at the start of the battle. Confederate cavalry was much more effective than their Union counterpart, and enabled Johnston to know the positions of both Union armies. Early Sunday morning on April 6, five of Grant's six divisions were camped between
6656-438: The line and diluted the effectiveness of the two attacking corps. It became impossible to control the intermingled units, so the corps commanders decided to divide the battlefield, and each commander led their battlefield portion instead of their own corps. The attack went forward as a frontal assault . Johnston and Beauregard did not put more strength on the east side, which meant they did not focus on their objective of turning
6760-542: The line, and McClernand took the center. On the left were the remnants of W.H.L. Wallace's division (commanded by Tuttle), plus Hurlbut's division. At the landing were 10,000 to 15,000 stragglers and noncombatants. The line included the artillery assembled by Colonel Webster, and the two gunboats were close by. Grant and Webster rode up and down the line, urging the men to keep firing at their enemy. The advance of Buell's army, from Nelson's division, had begun arriving around 5:00 pm. Its 36th Indiana Infantry Regiment
6864-458: The locations of two new river-defenses, Fort Donelson on the west bank of the Cumberland River in Tennessee and Fort Henry on the low and flood-prone east bank of the Tennessee River, just 12 miles west of Fort Donelson and also located in Tennessee. Johnson was promoted to brigadier general on January 24, 1862. Fort Henry would turn out to be a disastrous location on swampy ground, often flooded, and easily captured by U.S. Grant. In approving
6968-464: The morning, range from eight to fourteen. An estimated 10,000 Confederate soldiers were involved. At 3:30 pm, the Confederate army began moving all available artillery pieces into positions around the Hornet's Nest. Soon they had, at the time, the largest concentration of field artillery (over 50 pieces) ever on the North American continent. This concentration, known as "Ruggles's Battery"
7072-486: The morning, which reversed the Confederate gains of the previous day. The exhausted Confederate army withdrew further south, and a modest Union pursuit started and ended on the next day. Though victorious, the Union army had more casualties than the Confederates. After the surprise and lengthy Union casualty list became known, Grant was heavily criticized; in fact, decisions made by both the Federal and Confederate high command were afterward questioned by individuals on and off
7176-526: The proposed site for Fort Henry, Johnson overruled vigorous objections to the proposed site from the two members of the Confederate survey team, Adna Anderson, a civil engineer, and Maj. William Foster of the Tennessee 1st Infantry. Just days before the Battle of Fort Donelson he was placed in command of the fort but served in that capacity only briefly as the higher ranking Brig. Gen. Gideon J. Pillow arrived only hours after Johnson assumed command. He commanded
7280-469: The rear. Sometime in the late afternoon, Grant assigned Colonel Joseph Dana Webster , a veteran of the Mexican–American War , the task of setting up a defensive position at Pittsburg Landing. Webster used stragglers and noncombatant personnel. He began rounding up artillery pieces, including siege guns and any batteries (or partial batteries) that retreated back to the landing. He eventually assembled about 50 artillery pieces, and they were positioned on
7384-698: The regiments in Buell's army had participated in a major battle, all were well-trained and well-equipped. The divisions in the battle were: The Confederate army at the Battle of Shiloh was the Army of Mississippi , commanded by General Albert Sidney Johnston, with General Pierre G. T. Beauregard as Johnston's second in command. Created by combining the scattered divisions of Johnston's army with troops from Mobile and New Orleans , and later including one regiment that arrived on April 7, Johnston's army had 44,699 men present for duty. The army also had 117 artillery pieces for
7488-494: The remnants of Sherman's division established a new position further north from Shiloh Church. This position was near a crossroads of the Hamburg–Purdy Road with the Pittsburg–Corinth Road. By this time, Sherman's Third Brigade (three Ohio regiments) was eliminated, as its last intact regiment ran away. Colonel Jesse Hildebrand, the brigade commander, remained on the field as a volunteer aide for McClernand's headquarters. Sherman's First Brigade, commanded by Colonel John A. McDowell
7592-508: The remnants of their divisions. The situation at the Union center was much better. Prentiss repelled multiple attacks by the brigade commanded by Colonel Randall L. Gibson . Captain Andrew Hickenlooper 's 5th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery used shrapnel and canister to stop the first charge, and Confederate losses were considerable. After a third try, Gibson's brigade suffered enough casualties (including one colonel hit in
7696-484: The role of army commander. The Confederate attack on its right (Union left) stalled after Johnston's death, and many exhausted Confederate soldiers drank from what became known as the "Bloody Pond" located between the Peach Orchard and Wicker Field. The lull was caused more by the exhaustion and disorganized condition of the Confederate army than mourning for Johnston or Beauregard's lack of action. Beauregard sent Brigadier General Daniel Ruggles to coordinate an attack on
7800-557: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Bushrod . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bushrod&oldid=1100352551 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
7904-496: The soldier who wrote in his diary that the road was about three feet deep was in a regiment that was not close enough to the road to see it. When the fighting later became heated in this area—Duncan Field, the Sunken Road, and the woods on the north side of the road—the Confederates began calling it the Hornets Nest. At the beginning of the day, Prentiss had 7,545 men present for duty. By the time he moved back to Barnes Field near
8008-586: The south near the Eastern Corinth Road. It was not until 4:30 pm that all Confederate artillery batteries were engaged, and at least one historian believes their effectiveness has been exaggerated. Shortly after 4:00 pm, Hurlbut was gone from the east side of the Hornet's Nest, and McClernand had fallen back about a half mile (0.8 km) from the west side. Realizing that they were going to be surrounded, Brigadier General W.H.L. Wallace began leading his division north. Around 4:15 pm, he
8112-416: The surrounding area. The Confederate army facing Sherman and McClernand was reorganizing, and some of the units were shifted to the Hornet's Nest. After another attack at 4:00 pm, Sherman and McClernand fell back further around 5:00 pm. On the Union left, Bragg tried to pursue the retreating Union soldiers, but was harassed by Union gunboats firing with increasing accuracy. The Tennessee River
8216-402: The three regiments from McDowell's First Brigade had reunited with Sherman and McClernand, and three additional regiments arrived for reinforcement. McClernand's troops began a counterattack with the assistance of McDowell's brigade. The Confederates were pushed back beyond McClernand's morning headquarters, and both sides had numerous casualties. With reinforcements, the Confederate forces began
8320-401: The victor in the Battle of Fort Henry and the Battle of Fort Donelson. For the Battle of Shiloh, Grant's army had 48,894 men in six divisions. Two new divisions (4th and 5th) were added to Grant's three in early March. A 6th Division was created from reinforcement units at the beginning of April. The divisions (and gunboats) were as follows: The other Union army at the Battle of Shiloh was
8424-522: The wounded. Johnston died about 100 yards (91 m) south of the Bell Farm at 2:30 pm. He was the highest-ranking soldier killed in combat in the American Civil War. With the death of Johnston, Beauregard officially became the Confederate army's commander. Some historians argue that since Beauregard was directing the army from the rear while Johnston was at the front, Beauregard already had
8528-432: Was a log church named Shiloh (a Hebrew word meaning "place of peace"), and it is from this church that the battle gets its name. The battle has also been called the Battle of Pittsburg Landing . The area that would become the Shiloh battlefield was somewhat shaped like a triangle, with the sides formed by various creeks and the Tennessee River. The land was mostly wooded, with scattered cotton fields, peach orchards, and
8632-408: Was adjacent to Duncan Field at the Sunken Road. After a failed attack and the addition of more men, the Confederates attacked Sherman and McClernand again at 11:00 am. This Confederate attacking force consisted of portions of seven brigades. The Union losses in this attack included Colonel Raith, who was mortally wounded, and Behr's battery which fled to the rear after Behr was shot dead. On
8736-424: Was advised that Prentiss was in trouble. Hurlbut brought his remaining two brigades south on the Hamburg-Savannah Road near Wicker Field, and he encountered a large number of panic-stricken men from Prentiss's division who were fleeing north. Unable to stop the retreat, he settled his brigades further south near a peach orchard. Grant was in Savannah having breakfast at his Cherry Mansion headquarters when he heard
8840-426: Was at the intersection of two railroads, including one that was part of the rail network used to move Confederate supplies and troops between Tennessee and Virginia. By the end of March, over 40,000 Confederate troops were concentrated at Corinth. The Union plan was to combine Grant's and Buell's armies and continue its southward offensive. If the combined armies could move south and capture Corinth, they would have
8944-404: Was attacked by two Confederate brigades, and Peabody was wounded four times before being killed. By 8:30 am, the remnants of Peabody's brigade were pushed north, and the Confederate army occupied his camp. Further east, Prentiss's other brigade was attacked by brigades commanded by Brigadier General Adley H. Gladden and Brigadier General James R. Chalmers . Around 8:45 am, Gladden
9048-487: Was attacked. An additional messenger from Grant found him at 11:30 am, and Wallace did not get his division moving until noon. Another messenger found Wallace at 2:00 pm, and notified Wallace that he was on the wrong road. Wallace believed he was to reinforce Sherman and McClernand at their original camps—he was unaware that those divisions had been pushed back toward Pittsburg Landing. By noon, Sherman and McClernand had been pushed back to Jones Field. However,
9152-481: Was beginning to accumulate men who had fled their posts, and Grant ordered a colonel to halt all stragglers. He then rode inland and confirmed that the Confederates had launched a full-scale attack instead of a probing action. He sent a message to Crump's Landing, ordering Lew Wallace to bring his division to the battlefield. After the beginning of the battle, Brigadier General W.H.L. Wallace sent his Second Brigade, commanded by Brigadier General John McArthur , to fill
9256-408: Was critical of Prentiss for not making a timely withdrawal. However, the Hornet's Nest stand by Prentiss and W.H.L. Wallace (who was there longer and had more men under his command) allowed Grant more time to prepare his Last Line. By the time the Hornet's Nest fell, Grant's men had a defensive line from Pittsburg Landing to the Hamburg-Savannah Road and further north. Sherman commanded the right of
9360-415: Was fighting, the adjacent position in the Union line was occupied by McArthur's partial brigade. McArthur's force was attacked around 2:00 pm by one of Breckinridge's brigades. Despite reinforcements, McArthur fell back about 300 yards north of the Peach Orchard where he stabilized his line 20 minutes later. On McArthur's right, Hurlbut's division was also under attack, causing it to fall back. Most of
9464-493: Was gone. After sending an order to Colonel Statham, an object could be heard striking Johnston. Although blood could be seen dripping from his leg, the general did not show concern. Shortly afterwards, he was slumping in his saddle. Asked if he was wounded, Johnston replied "Yes, and I fear seriously." Johnston bled to death from a torn popliteal artery in his right leg. Although a tourniquet might have saved Johnston's life, his personal physician had been sent elsewhere to treat
9568-424: Was led by Brigadier General Ruggles. In his report, Ruggles claimed responsibility for assembling the batteries, but multiple people may have been involved—including Major Francis A. Shoup (Hardee's artillery chief) and Brigadier General James Trudeau. By 4:00 pm, the Confederate artillery was firing on Wallace and Prentiss in the Hornet's Nest. Confederate artillery was concentrated near Duncan Field and to
9672-498: Was mortally wounded as a portion of his division escaped encirclement. A ravine north of the Sunken Road near Cloud Field became known as "Hell's Hollow", and over 1,000 Union soldiers were captured there. By 4:45 pm, most of Wallace's division was removed from the battlefield, and Prentiss was left with about 2,000 men. Around 5:30 pm, various Union regiments began surrendering (including Prentiss), and approximately 2,200 Union soldiers were captured. In his memoirs, Grant
9776-417: Was mortally wounded from cannon fire. The Confederate troops suffered considerable casualties, especially from artillery fire. However, the Confederate troops pushed on, and captured the remaining 6th Division camp sometime near 9:00 am. The Confederate soldiers had seen many of the Union soldiers running away from the front line, and now possessed the Union camps of Sherman and Prentiss. Looting became
9880-471: Was near high tide, and the Union gunboat leaders had discovered that by elevating their guns and using lower charges, they could hit targets close to the river. The Tyler had some direct hits on Chalmers's Brigade beginning at 5:35 pm. The Confederate army spent a considerable amount of time and resources assaulting the Hornet's Nest instead of bypassing it. Historians' estimates of the number of separate infantry charges, including those from earlier in
9984-434: Was not present at Shiloh. The combined armies present for the battle totaled to 66,812 men. They had 119 artillery pieces available for the battle. The majority of the Union soldiers were armed with either a .69 caliber model 1841 rifled musket or a .69 caliber model 1842 smoothbore musket, although a few regiments had more modern weapons such as the .58 caliber Springfield Model 1855 . A few regiments, or sometimes
10088-521: Was placed on the east side of Grant's Last Line in time to help defend against an attack. The two navy gunboats helped defend, and the Lexington fired 32 rounds into the attacking Confederate force in only 10 minutes. The Confederate attack was repelled, and shortly after 6:00 pm Beauregard called off all attacks. Buell and his army, and some in Grant's army, believed they had saved Grant's Army of
10192-405: Was reinterred in 1975 to Old City Cemetery, Nashville, Tennessee , to be next to the grave of his wife, Mary. Battle of Shiloh The Battle of Shiloh , also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing , was a major battle in the American Civil War fought on April 6–7, 1862. The fighting took place in southwestern Tennessee , which was part of the war's Western Theater . The battlefield
10296-629: Was rewarded for his success by a promotion to major general , making him senior to all generals in the Western Theater (between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River ) with the exception of Major General Henry Halleck . Continuing their push into Confederate territory, Union troops arrived at the Tennessee River town of Savannah, Tennessee , on March 11. By mid-March, a large number of Union troops were camped there and at landings further south, and additional Union troops under
10400-476: Was thoroughly repelled. Southeast of the Sunken Road, Stuart still held the Union left. The Confederate brigades commanded by brigadier generals James R. Chalmers and John K. Jackson attacked Stuart's three regiments. The intensity of the fight increased around 11:15 am, causing most of the 71st Ohio Infantry Regiment to flee to the rear. Stuart repositioned his remaining two regiments, but eventually they began panicking. Although Stuart restored order, he
10504-490: Was to attack the Union left, pushing it northwest against the swampy land adjacent to Snake and Owl creeks. Confederate troops along the Tennessee River would prevent Union reinforcements and resupply. The two Union armies in the Battle of Shiloh were part of the Department of the Mississippi, which was commanded by Major General Henry Halleck. Although Halleck hoped to lead the two armies in an eventual attack on Corinth, he
10608-455: Was transferred to the western theater in October, Johnson's division was assigned to Anderson's Fourth Corps in the Army of Northern Virginia under Robert E. Lee . Johnson's division spent the next seven months of the siege in the trenches. In late March 1865, Johnson's division was withdrawn from the trench line to meet the Union drive around the Confederate right flank, and fought at Lewis's Farm on March 29. On March 31, Johnson led them in
10712-469: Was west on the Hamburg–Purdy Road and cut off. Colonel Ralph P. Buckland 's Fourth Brigade was fragmented and ammunition was low. Sherman prepared a defense with the men he had left, including Colonel Julius Raith 's Third Brigade from McClernand's division that had reinforced Sherman's left earlier. Sherman also had the 6th Indiana Artillery Battery commanded by Captain Frederick Behr, and part of
10816-415: Was wounded and command temporarily fell to Lieutenant Colonel Oscar Malmborg . Lew Wallace's division had made little progress following Grant's order to move to the battlefield. Early in the morning, his division had been spread as much as five miles (8.0 km) from Crump's Landing. The purpose of this positioning was to protect routes that would be used by reinforcements in case his isolated division
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