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48-493: Pimpinella saxifraga , known as burnet-saxifrage , solidstem burnet saxifrage , lesser burnet is a plant species in the family Apiaceae , a native of the British Isles and temperate Europe and Western Asia . It is neither a burnet , which its leaves resemble, nor a saxifrage although it has a similar herbal effect as a diuretic . The plant makes up a large part of the turf in some of southern England's chalk downs . It

96-588: A compound umbel . The family was one of the first to be recognized as a distinct group in Jacques Daleschamps' 1586 Historia generalis plantarum . With Robert Morison's 1672 Plantarum umbelliferarum distribution nova it became the first group of plants for which a systematic study was published. The family is solidly placed within the Apiales order in the APG III system . It is closely related to Araliaceae and

144-532: A hypanthodium, which bears numerous flowers on the inside of a convex or involuted compound receptacle. The genus Euphorbia has cyathia (sing. cyathium ), usually organised in umbels. Some species have inflorescences reduced to composite flowers or pseudanthia , in which case it is difficult to differentiate between inflorescences and single flowers. Genes that shape inflorescence development have been studied at great length in Arabidopsis . LEAFY (LFY)

192-420: A panicle. The family Asteraceae is characterised by a highly specialised head technically called a calathid (but usually referred to as 'capitulum' or 'head'). The family Poaceae has a peculiar inflorescence of small spikes ( spikelets ) organised in panicles or spikes that are usually simply and improperly referred to as spike and panicle . The genus Ficus ( Moraceae ) has an inflorescence called

240-448: A peduncle. Any flower in an inflorescence may be referred to as a floret , especially when the individual flowers are particularly small and borne in a tight cluster, such as in a pseudanthium . The fruiting stage of an inflorescence is known as an infructescence . Inflorescences may be simple (single) or complex ( panicle ). The rachis may be one of several types, including single, composite, umbel, spike or raceme . In some species

288-464: A plant that bears a cluster of flowers in a specific pattern. Inflorescences are described by many different characteristics including how the flowers are arranged on the peduncle, the blooming order of the flowers, and how different clusters of flowers are grouped within it. These terms are general representations as plants in nature can have a combination of types. Because flowers facilitate plant reproduction , inflorescence characteristics are largely

336-416: A plant whose exact identity is unclear and may be extinct. The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of phototoxic species, such as giant hogweed , and a smaller number of highly poisonous species, such as poison hemlock , water hemlock , spotted cowbane , fool's parsley , and various species of water dropwort . Most Apiaceae are annual , biennial or perennial herbs (frequently with

384-825: A result are flavourful aromatic herbs. Examples are parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ), coriander ( Coriandrum sativum ), culantro , and dill ( Anethum graveolens ). The seeds may be used in cuisine, as with coriander ( Coriandrum sativum ), fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare ), cumin ( Cuminum cyminum ), and caraway ( Carum carvi ). Other notable cultivated Apiaceae include chervil ( Anthriscus cerefolium ), angelica ( Angelica spp.), celery ( Apium graveolens ), arracacha ( Arracacia xanthorrhiza ), sea holly ( Eryngium spp.), asafoetida ( Ferula asafoetida ), galbanum ( Ferula gummosa ), cicely ( Myrrhis odorata ), anise ( Pimpinella anisum ), lovage ( Levisticum officinale ), and hacquetia ( Sanicula epipactis ). Generally, all members of this family are best cultivated in

432-413: A result of natural selection . The stem holding the whole inflorescence is called a peduncle . The main axis (also referred to as major stem) above the peduncle bearing the flowers or secondary branches is called the rachis . The stalk of each flower in the inflorescence is called a pedicel . A flower that is not part of an inflorescence is called a solitary flower and its stalk is also referred to as

480-578: A single or a cluster of flower(s) is located at the axil of a bract, the location of the bract in relation to the stem holding the flower(s) is indicated by the use of different terms and may be a useful diagnostic indicator. Typical placement of bracts include: Metatopic placement of bracts include: There is no general consensus in defining the different inflorescences. The following is based on Focko Weberling 's Morphologie der Blüten und der Blütenstände (Stuttgart, 1981). The main groups of inflorescences are distinguished by branching. Within these groups,

528-475: A single seed. The fruits of many species are dispersed by wind but others such as those of Daucus spp., are covered in bristles, which may be hooked in sanicle Sanicula europaea and thus catch in the fur of animals. The seeds have an oily endosperm and often contain essential oils, containing aromatic compounds that are responsible for the flavour of commercially important umbelliferous seed such as anise , cumin and coriander . The shape and details of

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576-402: A spicate (spike-like) inflorescence that is commonly called a spike . Simple inflorescences are the basis for compound inflorescences or synflorescences . The single flowers are there replaced by a simple inflorescence, which can be both a racemose or a cymose one. Compound inflorescences are composed of branched stems and can involve complicated arrangements that are difficult to trace back to

624-536: A terminal flower is formed and where flowering starts within the inflorescence. Indeterminate and determinate inflorescences are sometimes referred to as open and closed inflorescences respectively. The indeterminate patterning of flowers is derived from determinate flowers. It is suggested that indeterminate flowers have a common mechanism that prevents terminal flower growth. Based on phylogenetic analyses, this mechanism arose independently multiple times in different species. In an indeterminate inflorescence there

672-400: Is a capital wound herb for all sorts of wounds, both of the head and body, either inward or outward, used either in juice or decoction of the herb, or by the powder of the herb or root..." This Apiaceae article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Apiaceae Umbelliferae Apiaceae ( / eɪ p iː ˈ eɪ s i ˌ aɪ , - s iː ˌ iː / ) or Umbelliferae

720-407: Is a definite inflorescence that is increasingly more strongly and irregularly branched from the top to the bottom and where each branching has a terminal flower. The so-called cymose corymb is similar to a racemose corymb but has a panicle-like structure. Another type of panicle is the anthela . An anthela is a cymose corymb with the lateral flowers higher than the central ones. A raceme in which

768-566: Is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium , and commonly known as the celery , carrot or parsley family , or simply as umbellifers . It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera , including such well-known, and economically important plants as ajwain , angelica , anise , asafoetida , caraway , carrot , celery , chervil , coriander , cumin , dill , fennel , lovage , cow parsley , parsley , parsnip and sea holly , as well as silphium ,

816-534: Is a gene that promotes floral meristem identity, regulating inflorescence development in Arabidopsis. Any alterations in timing of LFY expression can cause formation of different inflorescences in the plant. Genes similar in function to LFY include APETALA1 (AP1). Mutations in LFY, AP1, and similar promoting genes can cause conversion of flowers into shoots. In contrast to LEAFY, genes like terminal flower (TFL) support

864-481: Is highly nutritious for sheep and cattle, and in the past was cultivated on calcareous soils for fodder. John Gerard 's Herball (1597) commends the plant's properties, and states that it is: "A speciall helpe to defend the heart from noysome vapours and from the infection of the Plague or Pestilence, and all other contagious diseases for which purpose it is of great effect, the juice thereof being taken in some drink...it

912-434: Is no true terminal flower and the stem usually has a rudimentary end. In many cases the last true flower formed by the terminal bud ( subterminal flower) straightens up, appearing to be a terminal flower. Often a vestige of the terminal bud may be noticed higher on the stem. In determinate inflorescences the terminal flower is usually the first to mature (precursive development), while the others tend to mature starting from

960-499: Is normally called simply 'umbel'. Another kind of definite simple inflorescence is the raceme-like cyme or botryoid ; that is as a raceme with a terminal flower and is usually improperly called 'raceme'. A reduced raceme or cyme that grows in the axil of a bract is called a fascicle . A verticillaster is a fascicle with the structure of a dichasium; it is common among the Lamiaceae . Many verticillasters with reduced bracts can form

1008-405: Is often called a panicle . This definition is very different from that given by Weberling . Compound umbels are umbels in which the single flowers are replaced by many smaller umbels called umbellets . The stem attaching the side umbellets to the main stem is called a ray . The most common kind of definite compound inflorescence is the panicle (of Webeling, or 'panicle-like cyme'). A panicle

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1056-408: Is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed on the axis of a plant. The modifications can involve the length and the nature of the internodes and the phyllotaxis , as well as variations in the proportions, compressions, swellings, adnations , connations and reduction of main and secondary axes. One can also define an inflorescence as the reproductive portion of

1104-529: Is usually dissected, ternate , or pinnatifid , but simple, and entire in some genera, e.g. Bupleurum . Commonly, their leaves emit a marked smell when crushed, aromatic to fetid, but absent in some species. The defining characteristic of this family is the inflorescence , the flowers nearly always aggregated in terminal umbels , that may be simple or more commonly compound, often umbelliform cymes . The flowers are usually perfect ( hermaphroditic ), and actinomorphic , but there may be zygomorphic flowers at

1152-543: The World Online (PoWO) accepted 444 genera, while GRIN Taxonomy accepted 462. The PoWO genera are not a subset of those in GRIN; for example, Haloselinum is accepted by PoWO but not by GRIN, while Halosciastrum is accepted by GRIN but not by PoWO, which treats it as a synonym of Angelica . The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website had an "approximate list" of 446 genera. The black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes , uses

1200-565: The activity of an inhibitor that prevents flowers from growing on the inflorescence apex (flower primordium initiation), maintaining inflorescence meristem identity. Both types of genes help shape flower development in accordance with the ABC model of flower development . Studies have been recently conducted or are ongoing for homologs of these genes in other flower species. Inflorescence-feeding insect herbivores shape inflorescences by reducing lifetime fitness (how much flowering occurs), seed production by

1248-421: The base of the stem. This pattern is called acropetal maturation. When flowers start to mature from the top of the stem, maturation is basipetal , whereas when the central mature first, maturation is divergent . As with leaves , flowers can be arranged on the stem according to many different patterns. See ' Phyllotaxis ' for in-depth descriptions. Similarly arrangement of leaf in bud is called Ptyxis. When

1296-475: The boundaries between these families remain unclear. Traditionally groups within the family have been delimited largely based on fruit morphology , and the results from this have not been congruent with the more recent molecular phylogenetic analyses. The subfamilial and tribal classification for the family is currently in a state of flux, with many of the groups being found to be grossly paraphyletic or polyphyletic . Prior to molecular phylogenetic studies,

1344-409: The cool-season garden; they may not grow at all if the soils are too warm. Almost every widely cultivated plant of this group is a considered useful as a companion plant . One reason is that the tiny flowers, clustered into umbels, are well suited for ladybugs , parasitic wasps , and predatory flies , which drink nectar when not reproducing. They then prey upon insect pests on nearby plants. Some of

1392-498: The corolla can be white, yellow, pink or purple. The flowers are nearly perfectly pentamerous , with five petals and five stamens . There is often variation in the functionality of the stamens even within a single inflorescence. Some flowers are functionally staminate (where a pistil may be present but has no ovules capable of being fertilized) while others are functionally pistillate (where stamens are present but their anthers do not produce viable pollen). Pollination of one flower by

1440-590: The different axes. Some passage forms between the obvious ones are commonly admitted. Determinate simple inflorescences are generally called cymose . The main kind of cymose inflorescence is the cyme (pronounced / s aɪ m / ), from the Latin cyma in the sense 'cabbage sprout', from Greek kuma 'anything swollen'). Cymes are further divided according to this scheme: A cyme can also be so compressed that it looks like an umbel. Strictly speaking this kind of inflorescence could be called umbelliform cyme , although it

1488-456: The edge of the umbel, as in carrot ( Daucus carota ) and coriander , with petals of unequal size, the ones pointing outward from the umbel larger than the ones pointing inward. Some are andromonoecious, polygamomonoecious, or even dioecious (as in Acronema ), with a distinct calyx , and corolla , but the calyx is often highly reduced, to the point of being undetectable in many species, while

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1536-456: The family Apiaceae for food and host plants for oviposition . The 22-spot ladybird is also commonly found eating mildew on these plants. Many members of this family are cultivated for various purposes. Parsnip ( Pastinaca sativa ), carrot ( Daucus carota ) and Hamburg parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) produce tap roots that are large enough to be useful as food. Many species produce essential oils in their leaves or fruits and as

1584-433: The family Apiaceae produce phototoxic substances (called furanocoumarins ) that sensitize human skin to sunlight. Contact with plant parts that contain furanocoumarins, followed by exposure to sunlight, may cause phytophotodermatitis , a serious skin inflammation. Phototoxic species include Ammi majus , Notobubon galbanum , the parsnip ( Pastinaca sativa ) and numerous species of the genus Heracleum , especially

1632-420: The family was subdivided primarily based on fruit characteristics. Molecular phylogenetic analyses from the mid-1990s onwards have shown that fruit characters evolved in parallel many times, so that using them in classification resulted in units that were not monophyletic . In 2004, it was proposed that Apiaceae should be divided into four subfamilies: Apioideae is by far the largest subfamily with about 90% of

1680-622: The flowers develop directly from the main stem or woody trunk, rather than from the plant's main shoot. This is called cauliflory and is found across a number of plant families. An extreme version of this is flagelliflory where long, whip-like branches grow from the main trunk to the ground and even below it. Inflorescences form directly on these branches. Plant organs can grow according to two different schemes, namely monopodial or racemose and sympodial or cymose . In inflorescences these two different growth patterns are called indeterminate and determinate respectively, and indicate whether

1728-561: The four subfamilies. It was suggested that they could be accommodated in subfamilies of their own. Phlyctidocarpa was formerly placed in the subfamily Apioideae, but if kept there makes Apioideae paraphyletic . It could be placed in an enlarged Saniculoideae, or restored to Apioideae if the latter were expanded to include Saniculoideae. The subfamilies can be further divided into tribes and clades, with many clades falling outside formally recognized tribes. The number of genera accepted by sources varies. As of December 2022 , Plants of

1776-401: The genera. Most subsequent studies have supported this division, although leaving some genera unplaced. A 2021 study suggested the relationships shown in the following cladogram. Platysace Mackinlayoideae Klotzschia Azorelloideae Hermas Phlyctidocarpa + Saniculoideae Apioideae The Platysace clade and the genera Klotzschia and Hermas fell outside

1824-636: The giant hogweed ( Heracleum mantegazzianum ). Of all the plant species that have been reported to induce phytophotodermatitis, approximately half belong to the family Apiaceae. The family Apiaceae also includes a smaller number of poisonous species, including poison hemlock , water hemlock , spotted cowbane , fool's parsley , and various species of water dropwort . Some members of the family Apiaceae, including carrot , celery , fennel , parsley and parsnip , contain polyynes , an unusual class of organic compounds that exhibit cytotoxic effects. Inflorescence Morphologically , an inflorescence

1872-432: The inflorescences, and plant density, among other traits. In the absence of these herbivores, inflorescences usually produce more flower heads and seeds. Temperature can also variably shape inflorescence development. High temperatures can impair the proper development of flower buds or delay bud development in certain species, while in others an increase in temperature can hasten inflorescence development. The shift from

1920-403: The leaves aggregated toward the base), though a minority are woody shrubs or small trees such as Bupleurum fruticosum . Their leaves are of variable size, and alternately arranged , or with the upper leaves becoming nearly opposite. The leaves may be petiolate or sessile . There are no stipules but the petioles are frequently sheathing, and the leaves may be perfoliate . The leaf blade

1968-469: The main branch. A kind of compound inflorescence is the double inflorescence , in which the basic structure is repeated in the place of single florets. For example, a double raceme is a raceme in which the single flowers are replaced by other simple racemes; the same structure can be repeated to form triple or more complex structures. Compound raceme inflorescences can either end with a final raceme ( homoeothetic ), or not ( heterothetic ). A compound raceme

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2016-771: The members of this family considered "herbs" produce scents that are believed to mask the odours of nearby plants, thus making them harder for insect pests to find. The poisonous members of the Apiaceae have been used for a variety of purposes globally. The poisonous Oenanthe crocata has been used as an aid in suicides, and arrow poisons have been made from various other family species. Daucus carota has been used as coloring for butter. Dorema ammoniacum , Ferula galbaniflua , and Ferula moschata (sumbul) are sources of incense . The woody Azorella compacta Phil. has been used in South America for fuel. Many species in

2064-592: The most important characteristics are the intersection of the axes and different variations of the model. They may contain many flowers ( pluriflor ) or a few ( pauciflor ). Inflorescences can be simple or compound . Indeterminate simple inflorescences are generally called racemose / ˈ r æ s ɪ m oʊ s / . The main kind of racemose inflorescence is the raceme ( / ˈ r æ s iː m / , from classical Latin racemus , cluster of grapes ). The other kind of racemose inflorescences can all be derived from this one by dilation, compression, swelling or reduction of

2112-449: The ornamentation of the ripe fruits are important for identification to species level. Apiaceae was first described by John Lindley in 1836. The name is derived from the type genus Apium , which was originally used by Pliny the Elder circa 50 AD for a celery -like plant. The alternative name for the family, Umbelliferae, derives from the inflorescence being generally in the form of

2160-406: The plant's flowers are formed. On a larger scale, inflorescence architecture affects quality and quantity of offspring from selfing and outcrossing, as the architecture can influence pollination success. For example, Asclepias inflorescences have been shown to have an upper size limit, shaped by self-pollination levels due to crosses between inflorescences on the same plant or between flowers on

2208-440: The pollen of a different flower of the same plant ( geitonogamy ) is common. The gynoecium consists of two carpels fused into a single, bicarpellate pistil with an inferior ovary . Stylopodia support two styles, and secrete nectar, attracting pollinators like flies, mosquitoes, gnats, beetles, moths, and bees. The fruit is a schizocarp consisting of two fused carpels that separate at maturity into two mericarps, each containing

2256-403: The single flowers are replaced by cymes is called a (indefinite) thyrse . The secondary cymes can be of any of the different types of dichasia and monochasia. A botryoid in which the single flowers are replaced by cymes is a definite thyrse or thyrsoid . Thyrses are often confusingly called panicles . Other combinations are possible. For example, heads or umbels may be arranged in a corymb or

2304-406: The vegetative to reproductive phase of a flower involves the development of an inflorescence meristem that generates floral meristems. Plant inflorescence architecture depends on which meristems becomes flowers and which become shoots. Consequently, genes that regulate floral meristem identity play major roles in determining inflorescence architecture because their expression domain will direct where

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