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53-425: The town's sights include: Germany's most northerly hill castle , a local history museum in the castle, a historic town centre and an exhibition by Marie Hager, the well-known German artist. The castle is first mentioned in 1170, as Stargart — meaning "old castle,"old city/town" in the now-extinct West Slavic language Polabian , Pomeranian and the only surviving cousin of Polabian, Kashubian language . The name

106-728: A crime against humanity . On the Eastern Front , death marches were amongst the forms of German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war . During the NKVD prisoner massacres in 1941, NKVD personnel led prisoners on death marches to various locations in Eastern Europe ; upon arriving to pre-designated execution sites, the survivors were summarily executed . After the Battle of Stalingrad in February 1943, numerous German prisoners of war in

159-452: A danger zone such as an advancing front line, to a place that may be considered more secure. It is not required to evacuate prisoners who are too unwell or injured to move. In times of war, such evacuations can be difficult to carry out. Death marches usually feature harsh physical labor and abuse, neglect of prisoner injury and illness, deliberate starvation and dehydration , humiliation , torture , and execution of those unable to keep up

212-466: A foundation of erratic boulders. In its lower parts, the walls are more than 4 m thick and have a circumference of 27 m. The entry is 9 m above ground and was accessed via a roofed wooden stairway (today a simple one out of metal). The dungeon is 13 m below the entry, i.e. also below the courtyard level. Above the dungeon, there were formerly three tower rooms. The keep burnt out due to a stroke of lightning in 1647. Grand Duke George entrusted F. W. Buttel,

265-518: A hotel and restaurant in 1999. 53°29′33″N 13°18′18″E  /  53.4925°N 13.3050°E  / 53.4925; 13.3050 Death march A death march is a forced march of prisoners of war or other captives or deportees in which individuals are left to die along the way. It is distinguished from simple prisoner transport via foot march. Article 19 of the Geneva Convention requires that prisoners must be moved away from

318-505: A process in which most were killed along the way from thirst, starvation, and massacres by the militia escorting them, with only a few thousand surviving. The Armenian genocide resulted in the death of up to 1,500,000 people from 1915 to 1918. Under the cover of World War I , the Young Turks sought to cleanse Turkey of its Armenian population. As a result, much of the Armenian population

371-695: A seat of ducal administration. The town suffered during the general decline of the region in the aftermath of the Thirty Years' War. In 1758 a major fire largely destroyed the town; emblematic of the town's fading fortunes, losing its local importance. In the wake of the German Revolution , a 1920 Amtsordnung redefined political borders in the area, with an Amt of Stargard based in Neubrandenburg and an Amt of Strelitz, based in Neustrelitz . In 1929,

424-487: A student of the Prussian classicist architect Schinkel , with restoring and remodeling it into a viewing tower from 1821 to 1823. The tower is 38 m in height, including its 9 m tall cap. Under favourable conditions, it offers views up to 30 km all around, even as far as the windmills of Woldegk . The tower was restored in 1966. The large building complex ( German : Krummes Haus ) in the inner bailey traditionally housed

477-407: A youth hostel till 1990. After the reunification , the whole complex was thoroughly restored. A museum was established, maintained by a Christian welfare work organisation. Today, it is also used for cultural events and for weddings in the restored castle chapel. Stargard Castle consists of an outer and an inner bailey with eleven buildings in total. Both the inner one, roughly oval-shaped, and

530-485: Is a combination of stari ( old ) and gard ( town/city/castle ). Allegedly, the Bishopric of Havelberg presented the castle to Broda Abbey on its foundation, but the relevant document is a forgery; the place is attested as Staregart in a later document, however, probably dating to the year 1244. Supposedly to avoid confusion with other cities named Stargard , the town has been known as Burg Stargard since 1929. From

583-641: Is now the most northerly high castle in Germany and the oldest secular building in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. In 1259, Brandenburg awarded Stargard with town privileges . At the 1292 marriage of Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg , the Lordship was given as dowry by the Ascanians to the princes, who later became dukes of Mecklenburg . Stargard became the residence of the rulers of Mecklenburg-Stargard , an offshoot of

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636-484: Is the northernmost extant hill castle in Germany . The 13th century castle, standing on a 90 m hill, and the eponymous small town in the valley below lie several kilometers southeast of Neubrandenburg , in the northeastern German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . The complex consists of an outer and an inner bailey with eleven buildings preserved. The imposing castle keep serves as the city's landmark. The castle hill

689-470: The Ascanian Margraves of Brandenburg , John I and Otto III , by the treaty of Kremmen . Under their orders, most of the present castle was being built between 1240 and 1270, to protect their northernmost territories. The hamlet of Stargard received its town privileges from Margrave Otto III in 1259. In 1292, by marriage of Margrave Albert 's daughter Beatrix with Prince Henry II of Mecklenburg,

742-609: The Trail of Tears . An estimated 4,000 men, women, and children died during relocation. When the Round Valley Indian Reservation was established, the Yuki people (as they came to be called) of Round Valley were forced into a difficult and unusual situation. Their traditional homeland was not completely taken over by settlers as in other parts of California. Instead, a small part of it was reserved especially for their use as well as

795-456: The retired Emperor Huizong , as well as many members of the imperial family and officials of the Song imperial court. According to The Accounts of Jingkang , Jin troops looted the imperial library and palace. Jin troops also abducted all the female servants and imperial musicians. The imperial family was abducted and their residences were looted. Facing the prospect of captivity and enslavement by

848-639: The 1952 reorganization of local government within the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ). During World War II , Jewish women from Poland, the Soviet Union and France were held in the "Nemerower Holz", an outpost of the Ravensbrück concentration camp , where parts were manufactured for the V-1 flying bomb , with between 1200 and 2000 women enduring forced labour here. In April 1945, camp Waldbau

901-624: The British refused to accept their surrender and directed them to surrender to Yugoslav forces, who subjected them to death marches back to Yugoslavia, resulting in the death of 70–80,000 people. In the Pacific theatre , the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces conducted death marches of Allied POWs, including the 1942 Bataan Death March and the 1945 Sandakan Death Marches . The former forcibly transferred 60–80,000 POWs to Balanga, resulting in

954-520: The East African slave trade: We passed a slave woman shot or stabbed through the body and lying on the path. [Onlookers] said an Arab who passed early that morning had done it in anger at losing the price he had given for her, because she was unable to walk any longer. As part of Native American removal in the United States, approximately 6,000 Choctaw were forced to leave Mississippi and move to

1007-559: The Jurchens, numerous palace women chose to take their own lives. The remaining captives, over 14,000 people, were forced to march alongside the seized assets towards the Jin capital. Their entourage – almost all the ministers and generals of the Northern Song dynasty – suffered from illness, dehydration, and exhaustion, and many never made it. Upon arrival, each person had to go through a ritual where

1060-479: The Lordship of Stargard was ceded to Mecklenburg as a dower and has remained part of that region ever since. After one of the many partitions of Mecklenburg, Stargard Castle became the residence of Duke John I of Mecklenburg-Stargard in 1352. After the Stargard line became extinct in 1471, their duchy was reunited with the rest of country again. The reign of Albert VII saw the significant modification and expansion of

1113-661: The Mecklenburg dynasty, between 1352 and 1471. According to the Sächsischer Lehnsabhängigkeit , Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor granted Reichsunmittelbarkeit to the territory on 16 October 1347, subsequently granting the territory as a fief of the Mecklenburg princes. During the Thirty Years' War , the castle served as headquarters for Johann t'Serclaes, Count of Tilly , general of the Imperial forces, later becoming

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1166-674: The Sacramento Valley and through to the Coastal Range. 461 Native Americans started the trek, 277 finished. They reached Round Valley on 18 September 1863. After the Yavapai Wars , 375 Yavapai perished during deportations out of 1,400 remaining Yavapai. King Leopold II sanctioned the creation of "child colonies" in his Congo Free State which had orphaned Congolese kidnapped and sent to schools operated by Catholic missionaries in which they would learn to work or be soldiers; these were

1219-667: The Soviet Red Army advanced on German-occupied Poland. Nine days before the Red Army arrived at the Auschwitz concentration camp , the Schutzstaffel marched nearly 60,000 prisoners out of the camp towards Wodzisław Śląski , where they were put on freight trains to other camps. Approximately 15,000 prisoners died on the way. The death marches were judged during the Nuremberg trials to be

1272-547: The Soviet Union during the 1940s; however Steven Rosefield and Norman Naimark put overall deaths closer to some 1 to 1.5 million perishing as a result of the deportations — of those deaths, the deportation of Crimean Tatars and the deportation of Chechens were recognized as genocides by Ukraine and the European Parliament respectively. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , 50,000-70,000 Palestinian Arabs from

1325-583: The Soviet Union refers to the forced transfer of various groups from the 1930s up to the 1950s ordered by Joseph Stalin and may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of "anti-Soviet" categories of population (often classified as "enemies of workers"), deportations of entire nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill the ethnically cleansed territories. Soviet archives documented 390,000 deaths during kulak forced resettlement and up to 400,000 deaths of persons deported to forced settlements in

1378-497: The Soviet Union were subject to death marches; after enduring a period of captivity near Stalingrad, they were sent by the Soviet authorities on a "death march across the frozen steppe" to labor camps elsewhere in the Soviet Union. The Brno death march during the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia occurred in May 1945. The Bleiburg repatriations also occurred in May 1945 (during

1431-666: The Tien-Shan mountains, thousands died in mountain passes over 3,000 meters high. During World War II , death marches of POWs occurred in both German-occupied Europe and the Japanese colonial empire . Death marches of those held in Nazi concentration camps were common in the later stages of the Holocaust as Allied forces closed in on the camps. One infamous death march occurred in January 1945, as

1484-412: The castle in 1520, e.g. the gatehouse was remodeled into a chapel. During the Thirty Years' War , Stargard served as headquarters of General Tilly during the siege and capture of the nearby city of Neubrandenburg , but was heavily damaged itself during this time. In 1646, the keep was struck by lightning and burnt out. Even after becoming part of the newly created duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in 1701,

1537-540: The castle remained the seat of the local magistrate, as it had been for centuries. The last witch-hunt in Mecklenburg, if not the last in Northern Germany, took place here in 1726. A significant part of the complex, the Crooked House , which housed the magistrate's offices, burnt down in 1919. After surviving World War II without destruction, the castle's premises were used for educational purposes until 1963, then as

1590-666: The cities of Ramle and Lod (also spelled Lydda) were forcibly expelled by Israeli forces. Lydda's residents had to walk 10-15 miles to meet up with the lines of the Arab Legion, while most Ramla residents were moved by bus. The event has come to be known as the Lydda death march . During the Korean War , in the winter of 1951, 200,000 South Korean National Defense Corps soldiers were forcibly marched by their commanders, and 50,000 to 90,000 soldiers starved to death or died of disease during

1643-693: The deaths of 2,500–10,000 Filipino and 100–650 American POWs, while the latter caused the deaths of 2,345 Australian and British POWs, of which only 6 survived. Lieutenant-General Masaharu Homma was charged with failure to control his troops in 1945 in connection with the Bataan Death March. Both the Bataan and Sandakan death marches were judged by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East to be war crimes . Population transfer in

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1696-456: The early 13th century, merchants and artisans started settling around the base of the castle, betraying the increasing colonization of formerly Slavic areas and being of early importance as a centre of the Lordship of Stargard , named for the castle, with a Bergfried being erected in 1250. No archaeological evidence can be found for earlier Slavic settlements in the location, however. The castle

1749-685: The hands of the German army, decided to implement the decrees for the German Russians living under his army's control, principally in the Volhynia province. The lands were to be expropriated, and the owners deported to Siberia. The land was to be given to Russian war veterans once the war was over. In July 1915, without prior warning, 150,000 German settlers from Volhynia were arrested and shipped to internal exile in Siberia and Central Asia. (Some sources indicate that

1802-636: The last days of World War II and after), a total of 280,000 Croats , were involved in the Independent State of Croatia evacuation to Austria . Mostly Ustaše and the Croatian Home Guard , but also civilians and refugees, tried to flee the Yugoslav Partisans and the Red Army , and marched northwards through Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia to Allied-occupied Austria . However,

1855-421: The magistrate's offices. It burnt down completely on 18 December 1919, due to arson. It has remained a ruin ever since, although part of it received a tentative roof and floor for hosting cultural events in the 1990s. The Chapel developed as a three-storey gatehouse in the 1240s. The gate was inserted into the inner bailey's walls, but clearly protrudes out of them. After 1280, a chapel was established, at first in

1908-845: The march or in the training camps. This incident is known as the National Defense Corps incident . During the Korean War , prisoners who were held by the North Koreans underwent what became known as the "Tiger Death March". The march occurred while North Korea was being overrun by United Nations forces. As North Korean forces retreated to the Yalu River on the border with China , they evacuated their prisoners with them. On 31 October 1950, some 845 prisoners, including about eighty non-combatants, left Manpo and went upriver, arriving in Chunggang on 8 November 1950. A year later, fewer than 300 of

1961-645: The marching pace. The march may end at a prisoner-of-war camp or internment camp , or it may continue until all those who are forced to march are dead. In 1127, during the Jin–Song Wars , the forces of the Jurchen -led Jin dynasty besieged and sacked the Imperial palaces in Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng ), the capital of the Han -led Song dynasty . The Jin forces captured the Song ruler, Emperor Qinzong , along with his father,

2014-724: The newly forming Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma) in 1831. Only about 4,000 Choctaw arrived in 1832. In 1836, after the Creek War , the United States Army deported 2,500 Muskogee from Alabama in chains as prisoners of war. The rest of the tribe (12,000) followed, deported by the Army. Upon arrival to Indian Territory, 3,500 died of infection. In 1838, the Cherokee nation was forced by order of President Andrew Jackson to march westward towards Indian Territory. This march became known as

2067-585: The number of deportees reached 200,000). Ukrainian peasants took over their lands. While precise figures remain elusive, estimates suggest that the mortality rate associated with these deportations ranged from 30% to 50%, translating to a death toll between 63,000 and 100,000 individuals. In the eastern part of Russian Turkestan, after the suppression of the Urkun uprising against the Russian Empire tens of thousands of surviving Kyrgyz and Kazakhs fled toward China. In

2120-456: The only schools funded by the state. More than 50% of the children sent to the schools died of disease, and thousands more died in the forced marches into the colonies. In one such march, 108 boys were sent over to a mission school and only 62 survived, eight of whom died a week later. During the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) , 700,000 to 800,000 Hui Muslims from Shaanxi were deported to Gansu, in

2173-404: The outer one are surrounded by a moat. The keep is widely known as the town's landmark. All buildings were built out of brick, which is evidence for the castle's great importance in medieval times. The castle and the park can be visited for free. The museum (which also serves as the town museum) and the ascent to the top of the keep's tower are subject to a charge. The keep was built ca. 1245 on

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2226-620: The person had to be naked and wearing only sheep skins. Forced marches were utilized against slaves who were bought or captured by slave traders in Africa . They were shipped to other lands as part of the East African slave trade with Zanzibar and the Atlantic slave trade . Sometimes, the merchants shackled the slaves and provided insufficient food. Slaves who became too weak to walk were frequently killed or left to die. David Livingstone wrote of

2279-857: The reservation where they were "corralled" by high picket fences. Such drives took place in all weathers and seasons, and the elderly and sick often did not survive. During the Long Walk of the Navajo in August 1863, all Konkow Maidu were to be sent to the Bidwell Ranch in Chico and then be taken to the Round Valley Reservation at Covelo in Mendocino County. Any Indians remaining in the area were to be shot. Maidu were rounded up and marched under guard west out of

2332-407: The town had burnt down. Afterwards, it was again used for storage. The building shows a large pointed-arched window (now mostly bricked-up) and two smaller round-arched windows, one on each side, as well as a gable with 18th century framework. Remnants of the gate structure can be seen in the lesenes and the black glazed, round-arched friezes. This gate was originally a brick building with a chapel in

2385-445: The town of Stargard was renamed Burg Stargard , to differentiate it from other namesakes, particularly the nearby Stargard in Pommern , now Stargard in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland but then in the Prussian Province of Pomerania . On 10 January 1934, the two Ämter were merged into Kreis Strelitz district based in Neustrelitz, later to be known as Kreis Stargard . These local government arrangements survived until

2438-404: The upper storey, constructed about 1250. The gate was reinforced in the 16th century and remodeled in the 17th. Since 1755, it is partially destroyed, only the façade remained. The gable is edged by a round arch and once consisted of a staggered group of three windows, that are now walled up. As with the upper gate, there are lesenes and round-arched friezes next to the gateway. The former drawbridge

2491-406: The upper storeys. Finally, in 1520, the drawbridge was dismantled, the gateway and the middle window were connected and then bricked up, and the building was refurnished as a chapel. Sixty years later, it was expanded towards the inner courtyard. In the 17th century, it was used as a garage and barn. Only between 1758 and 1770, it was used again, this time as a temporary municipal church, after most of

2544-420: The use of other Indians, many of whom were enemies of the Yuki. The Yuki had to share their home with strangers who spoke other languages, lived with other beliefs, and used the land and its products differently. Indians came to Round Valley as they did to other reservations– by force. The word "drive", widely used at the time, is descriptive of the practice of "rounding up" Indians and "driving" them like cattle to

2597-401: Was a three-day festival celebrating the 750th anniversary of the town's charter, with a parade showing scenes from the town's history, a rock concert and a fireworks display. Burg Stargard has a multisport club, SV Burg Stargard 09, with around 400 sportsmen playing football , handball , volleyball and athletics. Burg Stargard is twinned with: Stargard Castle Stargard Castle

2650-463: Was emptied and the prisoners were forced on a death march to Malchow , where survivors were liberated by the Red Army . After the reunification of Germany , urban regeneration of the town included renovation of the castle and the historic town centre, though this latter is now falling into decay. The castle is now a tourist attraction in the area, with views from the tower and special events such as an annual knights' tournament. In July 2009, there

2703-414: Was exiled from large parts of Western Armenia and forced to march to the Syrian Desert. Many were raped , tortured, and killed on their way to the 25 concentration camps set up in the Syrian Desert. The most infamous camp was that of Der Zor , where an estimated 150,000 Armenians were killed. Grand Duke Nicolas (who was still commander-in-chief of the Western forces), after suffering serious defeats at

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2756-411: Was replaced by a stone causeway in the 16th century. The building was erected in the 13th century, with one its walls also serving as an outer wall of the inner bailey, including a guards' walkway. It served as the local mint for a long time. After it was used as a restaurant during World War II, it continued as a youth hostel during Socialist times. After comprehensive restoration work, it re-opened as

2809-493: Was settled already before 3000 BC. When Slavic tribes advanced into the area during the Migration Period , they encountered remnants of an ancient fortification or settlement and thus called the place Stari Gard ( Pomeranian : old castle ). Since the 12th century, the area was conquered and colonized by Christian German princes. In 1237, Duke Wartislaw III of Pomerania, ceded the so-called "country of Stargard" ( German : Stargarder Land , Latin : terra stargardiensis ) to

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