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81-778: The first stele of the Licchavi king Amshuverma was found in Bungamati and dated to 605. It contains the earliest mention of the Kailashkut Bhawan palace. During the Licchavi Kingdom, the town was called Bugayumigrama. The word 'Bugayumi' is a Kiratian dialect so it is proof that the settlement had come into existence since the Kirati period before the Christian Era. During the Malla period, it

162-417: A Maharaja ("great king"), who was aided by a prime minister, in charge of the military and of other ministers. Nobles known as samanta influenced the court whilst simultaneously managing their own landholdings and militia. At one point, between approximately 605 and 641, a prime minister called Amshuverma assumed the throne. The population provided land taxes and conscript labour ( vishti ) to support

243-724: A United States Geological Survey mechanism of a near-horizontal fault as well as the location of aftershocks showed that the fault had an 11° dip towards the north, striking at 295°, was 50 km (31 mi) wide, 150 km (93 mi) long, and had a dip slip of 3 m (9.8 ft). The USGS says the aftershock registered at a shallow depth of 10 km (6.2 mi). As of 24 May 2016, 459 aftershocks had occurred with different epicenters and magnitudes equal to or above 4 M w (out of which 51 aftershocks are equal to or above 5 M w and 5 aftershocks above 6 M w ) and more than 20,000 aftershocks less than 4 M w . A second major earthquake occurred on 12 May 2015 at 12:50 NST with

324-463: A moment magnitude (M w ) of 7.3M w 18 km (11 mi) southeast of Kodari . The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital city of Kathmandu and Mount Everest . It struck at a depth of 18.5 km (11.5 miles). This earthquake occurred along the same fault as the original magnitude 7.8 earthquake of 25 April but further to the east. As such, it is considered an aftershock of

405-458: A Bodhisattva. This Bhairav also has a red face like that of Bungadya which has three eyes - which is 'laughing' even though it looks like it is drowning in anger. This temple also has a quadrangular design like other Bhairav temples in Nepal Mandal, the eastern part of which is covered with the structure of Chaura Guthi.  According to Eastern philosophy, the quadrilateral is the name given to

486-581: A collapsed wall while a teacher died of a heart attack during the earthquake. This earthquake caused avalanches on Mount Everest . At least 19 died, with at least 120 others injured or missing. In the Langtang valley located in Langtang National Park , 329 people were reported missing after an avalanche hit the village of Ghodatabela and the village of Langtang . The avalanche was estimated to have been two to three kilometres wide. Ghodatabela

567-470: A conversation he had with a government official in the 1990s who said, "We don't have to worry about earthquakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake." The previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934 . In fact, the 600-km-long Central Himalayan Gap hadn't ruptured since 1505 . Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffuse collisional boundary where the Indian plate underthrusts

648-513: A fast and cost effective manner. Digital mappers, through the Kathmandu Living Labs , were already charting the densely populated Kathmandu Valley, and then focused on earthquake relief. "They were doing an inventory in the poorer communities where they didn't have a very good sense of the quality of buildings," says Cowan, whose students helped add Kathmandu's buildings and roads to OpenStreetMap. First responders, from Nepalese citizens to

729-505: A goddess seated on a lion, with the legend " Li-ccha-va-yah " ( [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 𑁊 , "the Lichchhavis"). The earliest known physical record of the kingdom is an inscription of Mānadeva , which dates from 464. It mentions three preceding rulers, suggesting that the Licchavi dynasty began in the late 4th century. The Licchavi were ruled by

810-602: A government survey, malnutrition in children has worsened considerably some 3 months after the quake, with the most undernourished being Tamang and Chepang peoples. Before the quake, 41 percent of children under five were stunted, 29 percent were underweight and 11 percent were emaciated, according to the World Food Programme. Though a feared mass cholera outbreak failed to materialize (there were sporadic reports), other outbreaks were reported. At least 13 people died of scrub typhus while 240 people were taken ill since

891-458: A long drawn out chain of events , in that one disaster feeds into another for years or even decades on end. The aftereffects of the earthquake had subsequent effects on a myriad of things: human trafficking , labour cost and availability, rental and property cost burdens, urbanization , private and public debt burdens, mental health, politics, tourism , disease, and damage to the healthcare system. A survey some 30 months later found only 12% of

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972-616: A number of discourses, most notably the Licchavi Sutta, the popular Ratana Sutta and the fourth chapter of the Petavatthu . The Mahayana Vimalakirti Sutra also spoke of the city of Vaishali as where the lay Licchavi bodhisattva Vimalakirti was residing. In the 4th century CE, during the reign of the Gupta emperor Samudragupta , the "Nepalas" are mentioned among the tribes subjugated by him: ( Samudragupta , whose) formidable rule

1053-530: A report by the Inter-party Women's Alliance (IPWA). The report also found that violence and rapes against women and minors have increased after the earthquake. Additionally, the earthquake has significantly affected certain groups of people. Tibeto-Burman peoples were hardest hit as they tend to inhabit the higher slopes of mountains as opposed to the central valleys and are less educated and connected. All of these factors make them harder to access. According to

1134-454: A week after the earthquake. As of 1 May international aid agencies like Médecins Sans Frontières and the Red Cross were able to start medically evacuating the critically wounded by helicopter from outlying areas, initially cut-off from the capital city, Kathmandu, and treating others in mobile and makeshift facilities. There was concern about epidemics due to the shortage of clean water,

1215-555: A winter of little shelter residents moved back into damaged buildings. Former VDCs: Licchavi (kingdom) The Licchavis of Nepal ( Nepali : लिच्छवि , also Lichchhavi , Lichavi ) was a kingdom which existed in the Kathmandu Valley , Nepal from approximately 450 CE to 750 CE. The Licchavi clan originated from a branch of the Licchavis of Vaishali who ruled in the territory of modern-day Bihar and who later conquered

1296-450: Is a tradition of worshiping in this temple first on special festivals and rituals of Bungamati.  Immersion of good deeds like brat-adhisthan etc. should also be done by coming to this temple.  The priests of this temple are called 'Delaju Khala:'. Bungamati is also abode of Goddess Manakamana. People believe that Manakamana is in Gorkha district, but the fact is the original Manakamana

1377-517: Is also a famous picnic spot. The temple is built in a small size in the tiered style, which was renovated during the reign of King Mahendra. After the April 2015 Nepal earthquake , the city saw a massive destruction as most of its houses were made up of traditional mud and brick elements. Almost three years after the earthquake residents in Bungamati have yet to see any restoration work. Both residential homes and historic monuments remain in ruins. Faced with

1458-662: Is believed that a branch of the Licchavi clan, having lost their political fortune and military power in Vaishali ( Bihar ), came to Kathmandu and married with the ruling Queen, Mandeva Shree Vogini of the Nagvanshi clan beginning their rule in Nepal. Source . They also battled with local militias in Chyasal to gain control of Nepal. In the Buddhist Pali canon , the Licchavi are mentioned in

1539-664: Is clearly identified by its morphological, geological, and tectonic features. The convergence rate between the plates in central Nepal is about 45 mm (1.8 in) per year. The location, magnitude, and focal mechanism of the earthquake suggest that it was caused by a slip along the Main Frontal Thrust. The earthquake's effects were amplified in Kathmandu as it sits on the Kathmandu Basin, which contains up to 600 m (2,000 ft) of sedimentary rocks , representing

1620-402: Is in Bungamati. It is said that upper part of the body of Goddess above navel is in Bungamati and lower part of the body below navel is in Gorkha. Bungamati observes Manakamana Jatra as the main festival of Bungamati which usually occurs in the month of October during Navami, Dashami and Ekadashami of Dashain festival. During those three days the temple at Gorkha is shut down and the priest sends

1701-546: Is sufficient accumulated energy [in the Main Frontal Thrust ], now to produce an 8-magnitude earthquake. I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait longer to produce a much larger one." According to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organization devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some government officials had expressed confidence that such an earthquake would not occur again. Tucker recounted

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1782-466: Is the living goddess, Kumari . Generally, people only know three Kumaris (in Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur), but there is also one in Bungamati. Hayangriva is chief Bhairav among all the ancient Bhairavs of Kathmandu Valley. The protector and ancestor god of Bungamati is Hayangriva Bhairav. There is no written record of when this temple was established, but the Salivanjika tundal in the temple before

1863-509: The Dharahara tower, built in 1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people, Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, previously damaged in an earlier quake, tilted several inches further. The northern side of Janaki Mandir in Janakpur was reported to have been damaged. Several temples, including Kasthamandap , Panchtale temple, the top levels of the nine-story Basantapur Durbar,

1944-698: The Eurasian plate , occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc, nearly one-third of the 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long Himalayas. Geologically, the Nepal Himalayas are subdivided into five tectonic zones from north to south, east to west, and almost parallel to sub-parallel. These five distinct morpho-geotectonic zones are: (1) Terai Plain; (2) Sub Himalaya ( Shivalik Range ); (3) Lesser Himalaya (Mahabharat Range and mid valleys); (4) Higher Himalaya; and (5) Inner Himalaya (Tibetan Tethys). Each of these zones

2025-439: The Eurasian plate , carrying much of Europe and Asia. Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (74 miles) wide and 60 km (37 miles) long, rapidly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to the south in a matter of just 30 seconds. The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur, The Hindu quoted him as saying, "Calculations show that there

2106-488: The Gorkha earthquake ) killed 8,962 people and injured 21,952 across the Nepal, India, China and Bangladesh. It occurred at 11:56 Nepal Standard Time on Saturday 25 April 2015, with a magnitude of 7.8 M w or 8.1 M s and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of X ( Extreme ). Its epicenter was east of Gorkha District at Barpak, Gorkha, roughly 85 km (53 mi) northwest of central Kathmandu , and its hypocenter

2187-805: The Kathmandu Durbar Square , the Patan Durbar Square , the Bhaktapur Durbar Square , the Changu Narayan Temple, the Boudhanath stupa , and the Swayambhunath stupa. Geophysicists and other experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a deadly earthquake, particularly because of its geology, urbanization, and architecture. Dharahara , also called Bhimsen Tower, a nine-storey 61.88-metre (203.0 ft) tall tower,

2268-547: The Nepalese Army were sent to the stricken areas in the aftermath of the earthquake under Operation Sankat Mochan , with volunteers mobilized from other parts of the country. Rainfall and aftershocks were factors complicating the rescue efforts, with potential secondary effects like additional landslides and further building collapses being concerns. Impassable roads and damaged communications infrastructure posed substantial challenges to rescue efforts. Survivors were found up to

2349-519: The Tibet Autonomous Region to Chengdu , which is 1,900 km (1,200 mi) away from the epicenter. Tremors were felt in Pakistan and Bhutan . A series of aftershocks began immediately after the mainshock, at intervals of 15–30 minutes, with one aftershock reaching 6.6M w within 34 minutes of the initial quake. A major aftershock of magnitude 6.9 M w occurred on 26 April 2015 in

2430-556: The 25 April quake. Tremors were also felt in northern parts of India including Bihar , Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal and other North-Indian States. At least 153 people died in Nepal as a result of the aftershock and about 2,500 were injured. 62 others died in India, two in Bangladesh, and one in China. Disastrous events in very poor and politically paralyzed nations such as Nepal often become

2511-718: The Char Narayan Mandir, the statue of Yog Narendra Malla, a pati inside Patan Durbar Square, the Taleju Temple, the Hari Shankar, Uma Maheshwar Temple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungamati were destroyed. In Tripureshwar, the Kal Mochan Ghat, a temple inspired by Mughal architecture, was completely destroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suffered significant damage. In Bhaktapur, several monuments, including

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2592-768: The Dasa Avtar temple and two shrines located behind the Shiva Parvati temple were demolished by the quake. Some other monuments including the Taleju Bhawani Temple partially collapsed. The top of the Jaya Bageshwari Temple in Gaushala and some parts of the Pashupatinath Temple , Swyambhunath , Boudhanath Stupa, Ratna Mandir , inside Rani Pokhari, and Durbar High School have been destroyed. In Patan,

2673-549: The Kathmandu 2015 earthquake had been derived and the intensities of shaking had been mapped, a line source model for losses could be constructed with energy being radiated along the entire rupture. The fatalities estimated in this way by QLARM agree with those reported in the end. The figure shows reports of fatalities as a function of time. News reports significantly underestimated the actual numbers of fatalities for several days. The Himalayan Times reported that as many as 20,000 foreign nationals may have been visiting Nepal at

2754-575: The Kathmandu Valley. The Licchavis were ruled by a maharaja , aided by a prime minister and other royal officials, but in practice local communities were controlled by caste councils . The ruling period of this dynasty was called the Golden Period of Nepal. A table of the evolution of certain Gupta characters used in Licchavi inscriptions prepared by Gautamavajra Vajrācārya can be found online. It

2835-561: The Licchavi princess Kumaradevi . Gold coins bearing portraits of Chandragupta and Kumaradevi have been discovered at Mathura , Ayodhya , Lucknow , Sitapur , Tanda , Ghazipur , and Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh ; Bayana in Rajasthan ; and Hajipur in Bihar . The obverse of these coins depicts portraits of Chandragupta and Kumaradevi, with their names in the Gupta script . The reverse shows

2916-609: The National Capital Region around New Delhi and as far south as Karnataka . Damage was extensive in northern Bihar and minor damage was also reported from parts of Odisha. Shaking was felt in high-rise buildings as far as Kochi in the southern state of Kerala . The intensity in Patna was V ( Moderate ). The intensity was IV ( Light ) in Dhaka, Bangladesh . The earthquake was also experienced across southwest China , ranging from

2997-1297: The Phasi Deva temple, the Chardham temple and the 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple were fully or partially destroyed. Outside the Valley, the Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, the Gorkha Durbar, the Palanchok Bhagwati, in Kabhrepalanchok District , the Rani Mahal in Palpa District , the Churiyamai in Makwanpur District , the Dolakha Bhimsensthan in Dolakha District , and the Nuwakot Durbar suffered varying degrees of damage. Historian Prushottam Lochan Shrestha stated, "We have lost most of

3078-609: The West China region through the 2020s. According to the USGS website, the maximum intensity was VIII ( Severe ), however certain reports state an intensity of X ( Extreme ) or higher. In most of Kathmandu the intensity was VIII-IX, as evidenced by the numerous undamaged water towers installed on top of undamaged multi story buildings. Tremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states of Bihar , Uttar Pradesh , Assam , West Bengal , Odisha , Sikkim , Jharkhand , Uttarakhand , Gujarat , in

3159-436: The airport opened all boarding-lounge exit doors onto the tarmac, allowing people who were waiting post security and immigration to flee to the open spaces of the runway tarmac. Many remained outside as planes were delayed and the airport swelled to capacity. The airport facilities suffered damage and there was no running water or operating toilets in the airport lounges. Few airport workers were at their posts; most were killed in

3240-476: The benevolent Aryavalokiteshvara. Machhindranath is also known by the name “Karunamaya” meaning an embodiment of love and kindness like a mother figure. While Bungamati Newa people refer to Machhindranath as Bungadeya, Newas from other parts of the valley use the name Karunamaya to refer to Machhindranath. The gods of Bungamati and Patan are also identified as Raktapadmapani Lokeshvara and Aryavalokiteshvara. Another important part of historical importance in Bungamati

3321-409: The chaos that resulted from the aftermath of the earthquake. The most affected were women from poor communities who lost their homes. In response to the unsafe conditions of the temporary campsites, international organizations implemented Safety Committees which were provided cash grants for necessities like additional toilets and bathrooms. Single women had very little access to relief, according to

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3402-470: The country, with entire villages flattened, especially those near the epicenter. The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the earthquake, but was re-opened later in the day for relief operations and, later, for some commercial flights. It subsequently shut down operations sporadically due to aftershocks, and on 3 May was closed temporarily to the largest planes for fear of runway damage. During strong aftershocks,

3483-421: The damage and the effect on Nepal's GDP", according to Hun Kim, an Asian Development Bank (ADB) official. The ADB said on the 28th that it would provide a US$ 3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief efforts, and up to US$ 200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation. Rajiv Biswas, an economist at a Colorado -based consultancy, said that rebuilding the economy will need international effort over

3564-409: The deadliest incident on the mountain on record. The earthquake triggered another huge avalanche in the Langtang valley, where 250 people were reported missing. Hundreds of thousands of Nepalese were made homeless with entire villages flattened across many districts of the country. Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Kathmandu Valley , including some at

3645-585: The demolition indicates the existence of this temple since ancient times, as it shows pre-medieval art.  The copperplate and stone tablets of the Malla period mentioned in the context of repair and restoration have been found. In Kirati settlements, the concept of ancestor god is found. The scenario of  arrival of Bundya Karunamay: Led by Hayangriva Bhairav of Bungamati, Svet Bhairav of Lubhu, Krodh Bhairav of Harisiddhi, Sanhar (Tika) Bhairav of Lele and Chandra Bhairav of Patan-Ikhalakhu to Nepalmandal proves that Hayangriva Bhairav existed when  Machhindranath

3726-409: The devotees to Bungamati Bungamati is the birthplace of Shristikanta Lokeshvara, the god attributed to the creation (shristi) of overall living entities of the world. There is ample of evidences that shows Bungamati as the foremost settlement of Kathmandu Valley, and one of the reason is it is the abode of Shristikanta Lokeshvara who created existence of Nepa Valley. Karyabinayak Temple was built on

3807-523: The disease was first diagnosed in the country in August 2015 until September 2016. The mental and emotional impact of an earthquake is the other invisible disaster. Medical Doctors from India, Ramachandra Kamath, Edmond Fernandes and Prakash Narayan stated that elderly care in disaster was more important than women and child focused one for Nepal earthquake and absence of military support for medical aid providers impacted relief work. About 90% of soldiers from

3888-468: The earth's surface. Over 38 aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 M w   or greater occurred in the day following the initial earthquake, including one of 6.8 M w  . According to the USGS, the earthquake was caused by a sudden thrust, a short sharp thrust that caught many unsuspected and dies to this thrust only, along the major fault line where the Indian plate , carrying India, is slowly diving underneath

3969-420: The earthquake or had to deal with its aftereffects. Flights resumed from Pokhara, to the west of the epicentre, on 27 April. Several of the churches in the Kathmandu valley were destroyed. As Saturday is the principal day of Christian worship in Nepal, 500 people were reported to have died in the collapses. Several temples on Kathmandu Durbar Square , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , collapsed, as did

4050-400: The entire valley during the Licchavi period. Further settlement extended east toward Banepa , west toward Tistung Deurali , and northwest toward present-day Gorkha . The following list was adapted from The Licchavi Kings, by Tamot & Alsop, and is approximate only, especially with respect to dates. April 2015 Nepal earthquake The April 2015 Nepal earthquake (also known as

4131-402: The epicentre of the earthquake was in a rural setting, so the worst hit districts had low population densities and most of the population was outside when the earthquake hit. Had the earthquake occurred at night or during the working week, when many more people were inside vulnerable buildings, the death toll would have likely been much closer to the modelled estimate. After the rupture area of

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4212-412: The expected numbers of fatalities due to a hypothetical scenario earthquake near Kathmandu for M8.1 was published. The fatalities at that time were estimated between 21,000 and 42,000. The M7.8 earthquake of 25 April 2015 killed about 8,800 people because it occurred on a Saturday and so many buildings that collapsed, such as schools and municipal buildings, were empty, reducing the death toll. In addition,

4293-720: The fourth Thursday of the month of Chait in Nepal Samvat 781 (1661 AD) under the leadership of leader Purna Singh of Bungamati.  At this time the reign of Shri Niwas Malla had just begun in Patan. Inside this temple, worship is done on a naturally formed stone in the shape of Ganesha.  But now, a statue of Ganesha covered with artistic silver is also kept. Karyabinayak is one of the four famous Vinayakas of Kathmandu Valley.  Other Vinayakas are Jal Binayak of Chobhar, Surya Binayak of Bhaktapur and Ashok Binayak of Kathmandu.Before starting any work, devotees come to Karyabinayak to wish for

4374-451: The government. Most local administration was performed by village heads or leading families. Many kings ruled but the popular ones were Manadeva , Amshuverma etc. The economy was agricultural, relying on rice and other grains as staples. Villages ( grama ) were grouped into dranga for administration. Lands were owned by the royal family and nobles. Trade was also very important, with many trading settlements. Settlements already filled

4455-681: The ground and collaborated with international crisis mapping and humanitarian organizations. Public volunteers from around the world participated in crowdmapping and added details into online maps. Information was mapped from data input from social media, satellite pictures and drones of passable roads, collapsed houses, stranded, shelterless and starving people, who needed help, and from messages and contact details of people willing to help. On-site volunteers verified these mapping details wherever they could to reduce errors. The technologies used by Kathmandu Living Labs were built on top of existing open source solutions which allowed them to work in

4536-663: The ground), with its epicentre approximately 34 km (21 mi) southeast of Lamjung , Nepal , lasting approximately 50 seconds. The earthquake was initially reported as 7.5 M w   by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) before it was quickly upgraded to 7.8 M w  . The China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) reported the earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 M s  . The India Meteorological Department (IMD) said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.8 M w   and its epicenter

4617-464: The houses in the three counties collapsed. Four people were killed and 18 districts were affected by the earthquake in Bangladesh. A six-story building partially collapsed and two garment factories tilted in Dhaka . A 22-year-old man died when trying to flee the Dhaka Medical College in a panic. In Tangail , a woman died trying to escape a building. Another woman was crushed to death by

4698-560: The infilling of a lake. Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main Frontal Thrust, on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal region. A study from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup, the 1934 earthquake and the 2015 quake are connected, following a historic earthquake pattern. A 2016 study on historical great (M ≥ 8) earthquake pairs and cycles found that associated great earthquakes are likely to occur in

4779-596: The makeshift nature of living conditions and the lack of toilets. Emergency workers were able to identify four men who had been trapped in rubble, and rescue them, using advanced heartbeat detection. The four men were trapped in up to ten feet of rubble in the village of Chautara, north of Kathmandu. An international team of rescuers from several countries using FINDER devices found two sets of men under two different collapsed buildings. Volunteers used crisis mapping to help plan emergency aid work. Local organization Kathmandu Living Labs helped coordinate local knowledge on

4860-454: The monuments that had been designated as World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu , Bhaktapur and Lalitpur District, Nepal . They cannot be restored to their original states." The northeastern parts of India also received major damage. Heavy shocks were felt in the states of Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and others. Huge damage was caused to the property and the lives of the people. Concern

4941-400: The next few years as it could "easily exceed" US$ 5 billion. More recent studies estimate the damage from the earthquake to be closer to US$ 10 billion (which would be around 50% of Nepals GDP at the time). It was reported that the survivors were preyed upon by human traffickers involved in the supply of girls and women to the brothels of South Asia. These traffickers took advantage of

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5022-691: The quake contributed to such events is often unknown and unresearched, but it is certainly possible. The earthquake killed at least 8,857 people in Nepal and injured nearly three times as many. The rural death toll may have been minimized by the fact that most villagers were outdoors working when the quake hit. As of 15 May, 6,271 people, including 1,700 from the 12 May aftershock, were still receiving treatment for their injuries. Nearly 3.5 million people were left homeless, causing around 2.6 million internal displacements . The example of this earthquake shows that loss calculations for hypothetical likely future earthquakes can be reasonably reliable. In 2005,

5103-467: The quake, the Asian Development Bank estimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually on infrastructure through to 2020 to attract investment. The U.S. Geological Survey initially estimated economic losses from the tremor at 9 per cent to 50 per cent of gross domestic product, with a best guess of 35 per cent. "It's too hard for now to tell the extent of

5184-424: The reconstruction money had been distributed, and those without land were locked out of financial support, exacerbating the social divide and feeding marginalization. Some disasters that came with the monsoon season were suspected to be related to the earthquake. There was a landslip on 11 June, killing 53 people. Meanwhile, a glacial lake had burst in the particularly hard-hit Solukhumbhu district. Whether or not

5265-506: The same region at 12:54 NST (07:08 UTC), with an epicenter located about 17 km (11 mi) south of Kodari , Nepal. The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in northern India including Kolkata , Siliguri , Jalpaiguri , and Assam . The aftershock caused a landslide on the Koshi Highway , which blocked the section of the road between Bhedetar and Mulghat. A model of GeoGateway, based on

5346-506: The successful completion of that work.  Devotees get crowded on Tuesdays and Saturdays. Most of the priests have come to this temple with the surname 'Tuladhar'.  The association of priests is also called 'Nine Priests Association'.  On the day of Paha Chahre (during the Ghoda Jatra) there is a Karyabinayak deity procession in Bungamati.The people of Bungamati call this place Gale, which means forest.  Therefore, Karyabinayak

5427-467: The temple of Red Machhindranath was constructed. Bungamati is the hometown of the deity Machhindranath , regarded as the patron of the valley and his large shikhara -style temple in the center of the village square is his home for six months of the year; he spends the rest of his time in Patan . The process of moving him back and forth between Patan and Bungamati is one of the most important annual festivals in

5508-645: The time of the earthquake, although reports of foreign deaths were relatively low. A total of 78 deaths were reported in India – including 58 in Bihar, 16 in Uttar Pradesh, 3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. Twenty-seven people were confirmed dead, 383 were injured and 4 were missing, all from the Tibet Autonomous Region . The quake destroyed 2,500 houses and damaged 24,700 others across 19 counties in Tibet , affecting nearly 300,000 people, among whom 47,500 were displaced, while A total of 82 temples were also damaged. The counties of Gyirong , Nyalam and Tingri in Xigazê were worst hit, where nearly 80 percent of

5589-531: The universe which is similar to our father.  Hayangriva is like Bungamati's father or king.  As a local king, there is a popular belief that kings of the Shah's time should not come to Bungamati or they will die. It is said that this idol of Hayangriv Bhairav was uprooted by King Mukundasen of Palpa by attacking Bungamati and taking it to Palpa.  He later apologized for his misdeeds and re-established again in Bungamati.  The tradition of worshiping this forgiveness has been going on till today. There

5670-421: The valley. The Karya Binayak Temple, one of the most important temples in Nepal, is dedicated to Ganesha . The view is spectacular from the temple, which is surrounded by trees and large bamboo and overlooks the Bagmati valley to the foothills. The central ritual focus of Bungamati is the Temple of Machhindranath. To the villagers, Machhindranath is known by the name “Bungadeya”; the name is derived either after

5751-419: The village esd founded at the spot where Bhairav howled “bu” (birthplace) or from the word “Bungaa:” meaning “watering place” or “spring” like the explanation of the name of the village and several residents in Bungamati offer the second derivation. Bungadeya has many important mythological, historical and contemporary ritual associations with water. Bungadeya was a primordial rain god who was later identified with

5832-554: Was an area popular on the Langtang trekking route. The village of Langtang was destroyed by the avalanche. Smaller settlements on the outskirts of Langtang were buried during the earthquake, such as Chyamki, Thangsyap, and Mundu. Twelve locals and two foreigners were believed to have survived. Smaller landslides occurred in the Trishuli River Valley with reports of significant damage at Mailung, Simle, and Archale . On 4 May it

5913-506: Was announced that 52 bodies had been found in the Langtang area, of which seven were of foreigners. According to geological models, the frequency and intensity of future landslides in the Langtang Valley is due to increase in the coming decades. This is attributable directly to the effect of the earthquake, which caused widespread fracturing in the grounds of the Langtang area. Thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of

5994-454: Was at a depth of approximately 8.2 km (5.1 mi). It was the worst natural disaster to strike Nepal since the 1934 Nepal–India earthquake . The ground motion recorded in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, was of low frequency, which, along with its occurrence at an hour when many people in rural areas were working outdoors, decreased the loss of human lives. The earthquake triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest , killing 22 people,

6075-487: Was brought here. There are some meanings of the word Hangreve or Haygreve - even if one is in a state of fearlessness, the real meaning is - Horse-Neck.  The shape of a small horse is on the head of this Bhairav.  Since the compassionate (Bodhisattva) is shown in the symbol of the flying horse as in the story of Simhasarthabahu, Hayagriva Bhairav can be taken as a devotee of that horse.  In Tibetan Nyingmapa, Bajrayani Buddhism also shows this Hanyagriva Bhairav as

6156-431: Was called Bungapattan. Bungamati is also called Amarapur or Amaravatipur. The original settlement of Bungamati was located uphill around the recent 'Chunikhel' area; recent 'Bungamati' being the place of cremation surrounded by huge forest, the original place is still called 'Bugal'. It is said that when Red Machhindranath was brought into the valley, then the settlement was shifted to the present location of Bungamati after

6237-424: Was destroyed. It was a part of the architecture of Kathmandu recognized by UNESCO. Continued aftershocks occurred throughout Nepal at intervals of 15–20 minutes, with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6.7 on 26 April at 12:54:08 NST . The country also had a continued risk of landslides. A major aftershock occurred on 12 May 2015 at 12:50 NST with a moment magnitude (M w ) of 7.3. The epicenter

6318-462: Was expressed that harvests could be reduced or lost this season as people affected by the earthquake would have only a short time to plant crops before the onset of the Monsoon rains. Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product of US$ 19.921 billion (according to a 2012 estimate), is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own. Even before

6399-418: Was identified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest of Kathmandu , the capital of Nepal. Bharatpur was the nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53 km (33 mi) as the crow flies from the epicenter. The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6.6 M w  . It occurred 65 km (40 mi) east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) below

6480-469: Was near the Chinese border between the capital of Kathmandu and Mount Everest. More than 200 people were killed and over 2,500 were injured by this aftershock, and many were left homeless. The earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at 11:56 am NST (06:11:25 UTC) at a depth of approximately 8.2 km (5.1 mi) (which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in

6561-535: Was propitiated with the payment of all tributes, execution of orders and visits (to his court) for obeisance by such frontier rulers as those of Samataṭa , Ḍavāka , Kāmarūpa , Nēpāla , and Kartṛipura , and, by the Mālavas , Ārjunāyanas , Yaudhēyas , Mādrakas , Ābhīras , Prārjunas, Sanakānīkas, Kākas, Kharaparikas and other ( tribes )." Samudragupta was a son of the Gupta Emperor Chandragupta I and

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