Bulleteer is a fictional character and DC Comics superheroine , a member of the Seven Soldiers . She debuted in Seven Soldiers: The Bulleteer #1 (November 2005), and was created by Grant Morrison and Yanick Paquette . The character is based in part on the Fawcett Comics character Bulletgirl .
109-446: 27-year-old Alix Harrower is married to Lance, a research scientist who has developed a thin metal skin that can bond with collagen , turning tissue indestructibly hard. When this "smartskin" is applied to a living being, such as Lance's initial test subject, a mouse named "Metal Mickey", the subject becomes endowed with superhuman strength. Though the potential military applications are obvious, Lance dreams of using it on himself, modeling
218-417: A bioink for 3D bioprinting and biofabrication of 3D tissue models. The collagen protein is composed of a triple helix, which generally consists of two identical chains (α1) and an additional chain that differs slightly in its chemical composition (α2). The amino acid composition of collagen is atypical for proteins, particularly with respect to its high hydroxyproline content. The most common motifs in
327-404: A collagen helix . The collagen helix is mostly found in connective tissue such as cartilage , bones , tendons , ligaments , and skin . Vitamin C is vital for collagen synthesis, while Vitamin E improves its production. Depending upon the degree of mineralization , collagen tissues may be rigid (bone) or compliant (tendon) or have a gradient from rigid to compliant (cartilage). Collagen
436-463: A 1940s superheroine who is immortal and stuck in the body of a superpowered teenager. After outliving all of her friends and family and being forced to live in an abusive orphanage (since no one believed her true age), Sally Smart met "Vita-Man", a superhuman who manipulates her into a sexual relationship and a role in a pornographic film. Sally is pulled into the seedy underworld of superhuman sex work and drug abuse, and eventually goads Alix' husband into
545-516: A cell. The formation of collagen which results in fibrillary collagen (most common form) is discussed here. Meshwork collagen, which is often involved in the formation of filtration systems, is another common form of collagen. All types of collagens are triple helices, and the differences lie in the make-up of their alpha peptides created in step 2. Collagen has an unusual amino acid composition and sequence: Cortisol stimulates degradation of (skin) collagen into amino acids. Most collagen forms in
654-404: A different secondary structure to the normal collagen polyproline II (PPII) of random coils . This process describes the formation of gelatin , which is used in many foods, including flavored gelatin desserts . Besides food, gelatin has been used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and photography industries. It is also used as a dietary supplement , and has been advertised as a potential remedy against
763-505: A different team, the 5-issue title shortly ran from January 2022 to May 2022 Some pivotal members are Superman of Earth 23 , Flashpoint Batman , Mary Marvel of Earth 5, Captain Carrot of Earth 26, among others, including their own Flash, Green Lantern and Wonder Woman, plus a new character by the name of Doctor Multiverse. With the end of Dark Crisis on Infinite Earths , the Justice League
872-709: A few of them in the process. Editor Julius Schwartz asked writer Gardner Fox to reintroduce the Justice Society of America. Schwartz decided to rename it the "Justice League of America" because he felt "League" would appeal better to young readers, evoking sports organizations such as the National League . The Justice League of America debuted in The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960), and after two further appearances in that title, got its own series, which quickly became one of
981-662: A founding member of the team. In 2011, DC Comics also released a spin-off title called Justice League Dark , which is an ensemble team of prominent magic users of the DC Universe, such as John Constantine , Zatanna , Madame Xanadu , and Swamp Thing . In the New Justice era, the fourth volume of the Justice League begins its run, and continues into the following Infinite Frontier era. A connected new title Justice League: No Justice emerged and ran for 4 issues, taking place shortly after Dark Nights: Metal . Furthering focus on
1090-482: A group of androids invade Washington D.C. After the robots are defeated, Alix attempts to strike up a conversation with Wonder Woman, and nervously tells her that she must not have any idea who she is. Wonder Woman tells Alix that she does indeed know who she is, which makes her day. Bulleteer is later shown aiding the JLA during their mission into Hell, where she helps Donna Troy defeat the demon Lilith. Following this, Alix
1199-796: A lot of resources must be spent in sorting out the legal issues and corporate politics of the two companies, and due to licensing issues, they cannot create spin-off merchandise and media, which all reduce the profitability of such projects. The last crossover between DC Comics and Marvel Comics was JLA/Avengers , which they jointly published in 2003. Now that Marvel Comics and DC Comics are part of major multimedia corporations (Disney and Warner Brothers, respectively), those aforementioned hurdles are even more complicated, which makes another project like JLA/Avengers much less likely. In 2017, Dan Didio remarked that DC Comics and Marvel are very competitive toward each other and only did crossovers when their sales were low. However, DC Comics did go on to feature
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#17328799406181308-445: A lower Young's modulus compared to fibrils. When studying the mechanical properties of collagen, tendon is often chosen as the ideal material because it is close to a pure and aligned collagen structure. However, at the macro, tissue scale, the vast number of structures that collagen fibers and fibrils can be arranged into results in highly variable properties. For example, tendon has primarily parallel fibers, whereas skin consists of
1417-442: A moving display of blood and muscle, enabling methods of cardiac imaging technology to arrive at ratios essentially stating blood in ( cardiac input ) and blood out ( cardiac output ). Pathology of the collagen underpinning of the heart is understood within the category of connective tissue disease . As the skeleton forms the structure of the body, it is vital that it maintains its strength, even after breaks and injuries. Collagen
1526-526: A multi-hero, worldwide attempt to take down the insane Black Adam . She appeared in Birds of Prey #100 as one of Oracle 's potential recruits for the team. Despite this, she made no further appearances in the series, indicating that she ultimately did not join the team. She is later seen in Final Crisis #2 and #5, as part of a resistance group of heroes battling Darkseid 's invading forces. Alix appears in
1635-568: A mutation in type 1 collagen , dominant autosomal disorder, results in weak bones and irregular connective tissue, some cases can be mild while others can be lethal. Mild cases have lowered levels of collagen type 1 while severe cases have structural defects in collagen. Chondrodysplasias – Skeletal disorder believed to be caused by a mutation in type 2 collagen , further research is being conducted to confirm this. Ehlers–Danlos syndrome – Thirteen different types of this disorder, which lead to deformities in connective tissue, are known. Some of
1744-413: A net of wavy fibers, resulting in a much higher strength and lower ductility in tendon compared to skin. The mechanical properties of collagen at multiple hierarchical levels is given. Collagen is known to be a viscoelastic solid. When the collagen fiber is modeled as two Kelvin-Voigt models in series, each consisting of a spring and a dashpot in parallel, the strain in the fiber can be modeled according to
1853-572: A new Justice League series Justice League Unlimited will debut, written by Mark Waid and illustrated by Dan Mora. Headquartered in a new Watchtower, this team will comprise Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Flash, Atom (Ryan Choi), Black Lightning, Captain Atom, Star Sapphire, and many others. The Justice League has on a few occasions appeared in crossover stories with superhero characters from rival publishers such as Marvel Comics and Dark Horse Comics . In general, such inter-company crossovers are rare because
1962-475: A parallel, staggered array. 40 nm gaps between the ends of the tropocollagen subunits (approximately equal to the gap region) probably serve as nucleation sites for the deposition of long, hard, fine crystals of the mineral component, which is hydroxylapatite (approximately) Ca 10 (OH) 2 (PO 4 ) 6 . Type I collagen gives bone its tensile strength . Collagen-related diseases most commonly arise from genetic defects or nutritional deficiencies that affect
2071-428: A regular structure at the molecular level was presented in the mid-1930s. Research then concentrated on the conformation of the collagen monomer , producing several competing models, although correctly dealing with the conformation of each individual peptide chain. The triple-helical "Madras" model, proposed by G. N. Ramachandran in 1955, provided an accurate model of quaternary structure in collagen. This model
2180-759: A satellite. In the Super Friends cartoons which ran from 1973 to 1985, they operated out of the Hall of Justice located in Washington, D.C. During the brief "Justice League Detroit" era, they were headquartered in a repurposed bomb shelter in Detroit. In the JLA comic book which ran from 1997 to 2006, their headquarters was on the Moon and called "the Watchtower". The centerpiece of the headquarters
2289-424: A similar manner, but the following process is typical for type I: A single collagen molecule, tropocollagen, is used to make up larger collagen aggregates, such as fibrils. It is approximately 300 nm long and 1.5 nm in diameter, and it is made up of three polypeptide strands (called alpha peptides, see step 2), each of which has the conformation of a left-handed helix – this should not be confused with
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#17328799406182398-418: A similar team from DC Comics from the 1940s which had been pulled out of print due to a decline in sales. The Justice League is an all-star ensemble cast of established superhero characters from DC Comics' portfolio. Diegetically, these superheroes usually operate independently but occasionally assemble as a team to tackle especially formidable villains. This is in contrast to certain other superhero teams such as
2507-533: A superhero career after the WWII superheroes Bulletman and Bulletgirl , but after testing it on himself, he begins to suffocate. When he touches Alix, the smartskin bonds to her. Rushed to the hospital, she is saved thanks to medics gaining access to bare skin covered by her wedding ring. Lance was not wearing his, and dies of asphyxiation . Alix spirals into depression as her new appearance forces her to quit her job teaching autistic children. Another emotional blow comes at
2616-608: A title run during the Infinite Frontier era, the team from Justice League Dark would continue to appear as a backup feature in the mainline Justice League series during the Dark Crisis story arc, from issue #59 in May 2021 to issue #71 in March 2022, with guest appearances throughout issues #72 to 74. Also sharing a tie to Dark Crises is Justice League Incarnate . Consisting of
2725-508: Is interdigitated with its neighboring microfibrils to a degree that might suggest they are individually unstable, although within collagen fibrils, they are so well ordered as to be crystalline. A distinctive feature of collagen is the regular arrangement of amino acids in each of the three chains of these collagen subunits. The sequence often follows the pattern Gly - Pro -X or Gly-X- Hyp , where X may be any of various other amino acid residues. Proline or hydroxyproline constitute about 1/6 of
2834-539: Is a conference table around which the Justice League discusses menaces to deal with. The satellite and Moon base headquarters are equipped with teleporters for those members who cannot fly to it. The Legion of Doom was created for the Challenge of the Superfriends animated TV series as a villainous counterpart to the Justice League. In that original incarnation, it consisted of established villains associated with each of
2943-421: Is a part containing five molecules in cross-section, called the "overlap", and a part containing only four molecules, called the "gap". These overlap and gap regions are retained as microfibrils assemble into fibrils, and are thus viewable using electron microscopy. The triple helical tropocollagens in the microfibrils are arranged in a quasihexagonal packing pattern. There is some covalent crosslinking within
3052-532: Is again shown to be capable of flying. After events have calmed down, she approaches Green Lantern Simon Baz and asks if he has seen her friend, Night Pilot. Bulleteer reveals that she and Night Pilot sometimes work together in New York, and that Night Pilot didn't show up for a recent fight with the villain Snowflame. She appears to be good friends with Night Pilot, despite neither knowing the other's secret identity; she
3161-403: Is also abundant in corneas , blood vessels , the gut , intervertebral discs , and the dentin in teeth. In muscle tissue , it serves as a major component of the endomysium . Collagen constitutes 1% to 2% of muscle tissue and accounts for 6% of the weight to skeletal muscle . The fibroblast is the most common cell creating collagen in a body. Gelatin , which is used in food and industry,
3270-497: Is an independent group, although it usually accepts some constraints from the U.S. government or the United Nations so as to receive their sanction. Particularly in the early decades of publication, DC Comics was keen for its superheroes to be perceived as law-abiding because children were the main audience. The cast is rarely more than a dozen people in size so as to give a reasonable and equal time for each character. While sometimes
3379-661: Is an interactive dark ride at seven Six Flags parks across the United States and Mexico. In the ride, Lex Luthor and the Joker have captured Supergirl, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, and Flash, and it is up to the combined forces of the remaining members of the Justice League and the Justice League Reserve Team to save them from their capture at LexCorp. Guests board motion-enhanced and stun blaster-equipped vehicles designed by A.R.G.U.S. as they ride through Metropolis and join
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3488-400: Is aware of Night Pilot's multiple dates with a Green Lantern and that Night Pilot had a date with another, unknown, individual before disappearing. She requests Baz's help with finding her. Alix Harrower was originally a normal human with no superhuman abilities. After bonding with "Smartskin" created by her husband, Alix's body became coated in a virtually indestructible metal shell, though it
3597-474: Is collagen that was irreversibly hydrolyzed using heat, basic solutions, or weak acids. The name collagen comes from the Greek κόλλα ( kólla ), meaning " glue ", and suffix -γέν, -gen , denoting "producing". Over 90% of the collagen in the human body is type I & III collagen . However, as of 2011, 28 types of human collagen have been identified, described, and divided into several groups according to
3706-402: Is effective. There's minimal evidence supporting collagen's benefits for hair and nails. Overall, the effectiveness of oral collagen supplements is not well-proven, and focusing on a healthy lifestyle and proven skincare methods like sun protection is recommended. The molecular and packing structures of collagen eluded scientists over decades of research. The first evidence that it possesses
3815-437: Is fibrillar strain, and ε T is total strain. Collagen has a wide variety of applications, from food to medical. In the medical industry, it is used in cosmetic surgery and burn surgery . In the food sector, one use example is in casings for sausages . If collagen is subject to sufficient denaturation , such as by heating, the three tropocollagen strands separate partially or completely into globular domains, containing
3924-572: Is later seen in the two-page line up of the heroes of the DCU. She appears to be flying. She appears in 52 #24, as a member of an interim JLA , also featuring Firestorm , Firehawk , Super-Chief , and Ambush Bug . This goes badly, as their first major villain, Skeets , kills Super-Chief and many innocent civilians. She then reappeared in issue four of the World War III event. That and her appearance in 52 issue #50 both involve her efforts as part of
4033-437: Is layered in variable densities with smooth muscle mass. The mass, distribution, age, and density of collagen all contribute to the compliance required to move blood back and forth. Individual cardiac valvular leaflets are folded into shape by specialized collagen under variable pressure . Gradual calcium deposition within collagen occurs as a natural function of aging. Calcified points within collagen matrices show contrast in
4142-475: Is made available to the wound bed, closure can occur. Wound deterioration, followed sometimes by procedures such as amputation, can thus be avoided. Collagen is a natural product and is thus used as a natural wound dressing and has properties that artificial wound dressings do not have. It is resistant against bacteria, which is of vital importance in a wound dressing. It helps to keep the wound sterile, because of its natural ability to fight infection. When collagen
4251-462: Is not even sure that Saunders is real, she rejects him and the entire superhero role. In Seven Soldiers of Victory #1, Alix tries to drive Sally to the hospital when the Sheeda launch the invasion on Manhattan. Sally wakes up and tries to kill Alix yet again, until the car collides with the fallen Sheeda queen, Gloriana Tenebrae, and bursts into flames. Alix survives, but Sally and Gloriana do not. It
4360-405: Is one of the long, fibrous structural proteins whose functions are quite different from those of globular proteins , such as enzymes . Tough bundles of collagen called collagen fibers are a major component of the extracellular matrix that supports most tissues and gives cells structure from the outside, but collagen is also found inside certain cells. Collagen has great tensile strength , and
4469-458: Is recruited by Congorilla as part of an emergency Justice League hastily assembled to repel Eclipso 's invasion of the Emerald City on the moon. Alongside her teammates, Alix is quickly defeated and brought under Eclipso's mental control. The reserve JLA members are all freed after Eclipso is defeated. Post-Rebirth, Bulleteer helps with search and rescue when a tropical storm floods a town. She
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4578-515: Is revealed that Alix is The Spear that Was Never Thrown, the ultimate downfall of the Sheeda race. This Spear is thrown by Aurakles , the world's first superhero from 42,000 years ago, and Alix's ancestor. Aurakles appears as an imprisoned demi-god in the pages of Mister Miracle . Alix appears in Infinite Crisis #7 as one of the heroes fighting against the rampaging villains in Metropolis and
4687-411: Is the main component of fascia , cartilage , ligaments , tendons , bone and skin. Along with elastin and soft keratin , it is responsible for skin strength and elasticity, and its degradation leads to wrinkles that accompany aging . It strengthens blood vessels and plays a role in tissue development. It is present in the cornea and lens of the eye in crystalline form. It may be one of
4796-632: Is then modified by the addition of hydroxyl groups to the amino acids proline and lysine . This step is important for later glycosylation and the formation of a triple helix structure to collagen. Because the hydroxylase enzymes performing these reactions require vitamin C as a cofactor , a long-term deficiency in this vitamin results in impaired collagen synthesis and scurvy . These hydroxylation reactions are catalyzed by two different enzymes: prolyl 4-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase . The reaction consumes one ascorbate molecule per hydroxylation. The synthesis of collagen occurs inside and outside of
4905-402: Is used as a burn dressing, healthy granulation tissue is able to form very quickly over the burn, helping it to heal rapidly. Throughout the four phases of wound healing, collagen performs the following functions: Collagen is used in laboratory studies for cell culture , studying cell behavior and cellular interactions with the extracellular environment . Collagen is also widely used as
5014-821: Is used in bone grafting as it has a triple helical structure, making it a very strong molecule. It is ideal for use in bones, as it does not compromise the structural integrity of the skeleton. The triple helical structure of collagen prevents it from being broken down by enzymes, it enables adhesiveness of cells and it is important for the proper assembly of the extracellular matrix. Collagen scaffolds are used in tissue regeneration, whether in sponges, thin sheets, gels, or fibers. Collagen has favorable properties for tissue regeneration, such as pore structure, permeability, hydrophilicity, and stability in vivo. Collagen scaffolds also support deposition of cells, such as osteoblasts and fibroblasts , and once inserted, facilitate growth to proceed normally. Collagens are widely employed in
5123-612: Is widely used in dermal fillers for aesthetic correction of wrinkles and skin aging. Collagen cremes are also widely sold even though collagen cannot penetrate the skin because its fibers are too large. Collagen is a vital protein in skin , hair , nails , and other tissues. Its production decreases with age and factors like sun damage and smoking . Collagen supplements, derived from sources like fish and cattle , are marketed to improve skin, hair, and nails. Studies show some skin benefits, but these supplements often contain other beneficial ingredients, making it unclear if collagen alone
5232-685: The DC Universe , which had been absorbed from the portfolios of other publishers that DC Comics had purchased. These included Captain Atom and the Blue Beetle , which were created for Charlton Comics in the 1960s. In 1983, DC Comics purchased Charlton Comics and, a few years later, integrated the Blue Beetle and Captain Atom into the DC Universe. Captain Marvel , originally from the Fawcett Comics universe,
5341-587: The Flash , Green Lantern , the Martian Manhunter , and Wonder Woman . Fox also created a new, non-superhero character called Snapper Carr that was intended to represent DC's teenage readership and joined the League as an Honorary member in their debut story. While Superman and Batman were included in the Justice League's initial lineup, they were largely absent from the League's early stories, playing only minor roles as
5450-681: The Justice League going on hiatus as a team, the Titans step forward to become the DC universe's premier superhero team, with Nightwing being the leader. The Titans are now located in Blüdhaven with their new Titans Tower being rebuilt over an old prison, which was destroyed following a prison breakout, led by the villain Heartless. Following the end of "Absolute Power" and the start of DC's initiative DC All-In,
5559-446: The X-Men , whose characters were created specifically to be part of the team, with the team being central to their identity. The cast of the Justice League usually features a few highly popular characters who have their own solo books, such as Superman , Batman , and Wonder Woman , alongside several lesser-known characters who benefit from exposure. The Justice League was created to boost
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#17328799406185668-492: The Young's modulus of collagen at the molecular level. Only above a certain strain rate is there a strong relationship between elastic modulus and strain rate, possibly due to the large number of atoms in a collagen molecule. The length of the molecule is also important, where longer molecules have lower tensile strengths than shorter ones due to short molecules having a large proportion of hydrogen bonds being broken and reformed. On
5777-399: The extracellular spaces of tissues. Additional assembly of fibrils is guided by fibroblasts, which deposit fully formed fibrils from fibripositors. In the fibrillar collagens, molecules are staggered to adjacent molecules by about 67 nm (a unit that is referred to as 'D' and changes depending upon the hydration state of the aggregate). In each D-period repeat of the microfibril, there
5886-442: The fibrillar scale, collagen has a lower modulus compared to the molecular scale, and varies depending on geometry, scale of observation, deformation state, and hydration level. By increasing the crosslink density from zero to 3 per molecule, the maximum stress the fibril can support increases from 0.5 GPa to 6 GPa. Limited tests have been done on the tensile strength of the collagen fiber, but generally it has been shown to have
5995-568: The interventricular septum and the atrioventricular septum . Collagen contribution to the measure of cardiac performance summarily represents a continuous torsional force opposed to the fluid mechanics of blood pressure emitted from the heart. The collagenous structure that divides the upper chambers of the heart from the lower chambers is an impermeable membrane that excludes both blood and electrical impulses through typical physiological means. With support from collagen, atrial fibrillation never deteriorates to ventricular fibrillation . Collagen
6104-659: The DC Comics catalogue, and readers became engrossed not just in the individual characters but in their web of relationships across the broader setting, thereby building brand loyalty. Marvel Comics copied this idea by creating a number of superhero teams of its own, the closest analogue being the Avengers , so as to promote and develop the Marvel Universe . Some readers focused their attention on just one of these two comic book universes, as they were both large and did not overlap. Thus,
6213-508: The Justice League in crossovers with smaller companies such as Dark Horse Comics , such as a crossover with Black Hammer in 2019. The members of the Justice League are heroes who normally operate independently but who occasionally team up to tackle especially formidable villains. This is in contrast to teams such as the X-Men or the Fantastic Four , who normally operate as a team and for whom
6322-653: The Justice League's members; e.g., Lex Luthor for Superman, Joker for Batman, Gorilla Grodd for the Flash, and the Cheetah for Wonder Woman. The Legion of Doom, or some variant of it, has since appeared in other TV shows and comic books. Most of the characters that appear in DC Comics' books are set in the same fictional universe, known as the DC Universe . They occasionally make guest appearances in each other's solo books, and more regularly in team books such as Justice League . Such crossovers encouraged readers to buy other books in
6431-495: The League is shown to have a designated chairperson or leader, there is otherwise no hierarchy; they are a small band of equals who make major decisions, such as inducting new members, by vote. The Justice League operates out of a headquarters . In the 1960s, their headquarters was secretly in a hollowed-out mountain outside the fictional town of Happy Harbor in Rhode Island . In Justice League of America #78 (1970), they moved to
6540-613: The aftermath is a following title called Justice League Odyssey that established its 25-issue run from 2018 to 2020. Continuing to deal with the concerns of the Source Wall being broken, Cyborg, Starfire , Green Lantern Jessica Cruz , and Azrael find themselves being lured by Darkseid into a newly inhabited area in outer space named the Ghost Sector. The title was created by Scott Snyder , Joshua Williamson, James Tynion IV and Francis Manapul . A second volume of Justice League Dark
6649-409: The ageing process. From the Greek for glue, kolla , the word collagen means " glue producer" and refers to the early process of boiling the skin and sinews of horses and other animals to obtain glue. Collagen adhesive was used by Egyptians about 4,000 years ago, and Native Americans used it in bows about 1,500 years ago. The oldest glue in the world, carbon-dated as more than 8,000 years old,
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#17328799406186758-434: The amino acid sequence of collagen are glycine - proline -X and glycine-X-hydroxyproline, where X is any amino acid other than glycine, proline or hydroxyproline. The average amino acid composition for fish and mammal skin is given. First, a three-dimensional stranded structure is assembled with amino acids glycine and proline as its principal components. This is not yet collagen but is its precursor: procollagen. Procollagen
6867-438: The apparently undead Spider . Alix also learns more about Sally Sonic from a superhuman porn actress, and discovers that Sally enjoys seducing husbands and breaking up couples. Upon her return home, Alix is crushed with a refrigerator by the indestructible Sally Sonic, who was posing as her boarder. In Seven Soldiers: Bulleteer #4, Sally Sonic beats Alix while ranting about her ruined life. Flashbacks reveal Sally's backstory as
6976-433: The biosynthesis, assembly, posttranslational modification, secretion, or other processes involved in normal collagen production. In addition to the above-mentioned disorders, excessive deposition of collagen occurs in scleroderma . One thousand mutations have been identified in 12 out of more than 20 types of collagen. These mutations can lead to various diseases at the tissue level. Osteogenesis imperfecta – Caused by
7085-609: The bulk of Justice League fiction. In its inception, the Justice League was a revival of the Justice Society of America , created by editor Sheldon Mayer and writer Gardner Fox in 1940. After World War II, superheroes fell out of popularity, which led to the cancellation of many characters, including the Justice Society, which last appeared in All-Star Comics #57 (March 1951). A few years later, sales rose again, and DC Comics revived some of these retired characters, reinventing
7194-741: The childhood or adolescent years. Knobloch syndrome – Caused by a mutation in the COL18A1 gene that codes for the production of collagen XVIII. Patients present with protrusion of the brain tissue and degeneration of the retina; an individual who has family members with the disorder is at an increased risk of developing it themselves since there is a hereditary link. When not synthesized, collagen can be harvested from animal skin. This has led to deforestation as has occurred in Paraguay where large collagen producers buy large amounts of cattle hides from regions that have been clear-cut for cattle grazing. Collagen
7303-659: The collagen fibers within the molecule, facilitating hydrogen bonding and the formation of intermolecular cross-links. This kind of regular repetition and high glycine content is found in only a few other fibrous proteins, such as silk fibroin . Collagen is not only a structural protein. Due to its key role in the determination of cell phenotype, cell adhesion, tissue regulation, and infrastructure, many sections of its non-proline-rich regions have cell or matrix association/regulation roles. The relatively high content of proline and hydroxyproline rings, with their geometrically constrained carboxyl and (secondary) amino groups, along with
7412-470: The company's best-selling titles. This led DC Comics to create a bunch of other superhero teams, such as the Teen Titans . Marvel Comics , a rival comic book publisher, noticed the Justice League's success and created the Avengers and the Fantastic Four . The initial Justice League lineup included seven of DC Comics' superheroes who were regularly published at that time: Superman , Batman , Aquaman ,
7521-467: The construction of artificial skin substitutes used in the management of severe burns and wounds. These collagens may be derived from bovine, equine, porcine, or even human sources; and are sometimes used in combination with silicones , glycosaminoglycans , fibroblasts, growth factors and other substances. Collagen is one of the body's key natural resources and a component of skin tissue that can benefit all stages of wound healing . When collagen
7630-403: The convoluted continuities of the classic characters by using lesser-known and new characters, thus giving the writers more flexibility to write character-driven stories; and to give the team a more youthful, hipper feel similar to that of the Teen Titans and the X-Men , which were selling better. The cast was multicultural: Gypsy was Romani , Vibe was Latino, Vixen was Black. However,
7739-528: The costumed hero Vigilante ), for information on the Nebula Man and the deaths of the six other soldiers as seen in Seven Soldiers of Victory #0. In Seven Soldiers: Bulleteer #3, Alix works as a bodyguard to a mermaid movie star at a convention for C-list superheroes, interacts with various secondary Soldiers characters (including the original Bulletgirl), and eventually survives an assassination attempt by
7848-435: The discovery that her deceased husband's superhero dreams stemmed from a fixation on superhero-based pornography and an online affair with "Super Sally Sonic", an immortal superhuman porn star. Distraught, Alix attempted suicide. While trying to find a structure hard enough to kill her on impact, she comes across a train wreck, and saves the people still inside. After those she saved call her a superhero, she decides to live up to
7957-407: The experiment that killed him and transformed Alix. Her motivation for this act is revealed to be jealousy: Sally loathed Alix for having the life Sally could never have. Alix refuses to let Sally take her grief out on her and manages to knock Sally out with a car engine, despite a broken arm. Afterwards, a ghostly Greg Saunders approaches Alix and attempts to recruit her to 'save the world'. Though she
8066-493: The final issue of Justice League: Cry for Justice , where she and Mr. Scarlet rescue Freddy Freeman after he is tied up and has his mouth sewn shut by Prometheus . When asked by Ray Palmer how she was able to contact the JLA Watchtower , Alix explains that she kept the communicator given to her by Firestorm during her brief tenure with his League. She later appears as part of Wonder Woman 's all-female strikeforce when
8175-484: The first crossover story in which the Justice League meets and teams up with the Justice Society of America. In doing so, DC Comics brought back a number of legacy characters such as Doctor Fate and the Black Canary. The issue was a hit with readers and such crossovers became a recurring event. Justice League of America (vol. 1) was published from 1960 to 1987. From the Justice League's inception in 1960 up until 1984,
8284-499: The first four years, and they gave the book an epic feel by making the Justice League an allegory for a pantheon of gods, and in their stories they regularly fought villains who threatened the entire world or even the entire cosmos. The ongoing series began its monthly run in January 1997, and concluded in April 2006 after 126 issues. This series utilized a "back-to-basics" approach by shifting
8393-565: The focus back on the team's original and most famous seven members (or their successors): Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Aquaman, the Flash ( Wally West ), Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ), and the Martian Manhunter. Additionally, the team received a new headquarters, the " Watchtower ", based on the Moon . JLA quickly became DC's best-selling title, a position it enjoyed on and off for several years. The Justice League books more or less continued
8502-530: The following equation: d ϵ D d ϵ T = α + ( β − α ) e x p [ − γ ϵ T ϵ T ˙ ] {\displaystyle {\frac {d\epsilon _{D}}{d\epsilon _{T}}}=\alpha +(\beta -\alpha )exp[-\gamma {\frac {\epsilon _{T}}{\dot {\epsilon _{T}}}}]} where α, β, and γ are defined materials properties, ε D
8611-700: The formation of a new Justice League. The new team was dubbed the "Justice League," then "Justice League International" (JLI) and was given a mandate with less of an American focus. The Justice League International was recognized by the United Nations as a political entity and established "embassies" all over the world. The new series was character-driven and had a quirky, humorous tone which proved popular with readers. Numerous spin-off teams such as Justice League Europe , Extreme Justice , and Justice League Task Force were created. In 1996, these series were cancelled due to low sales. The Justice League International featured characters that had previously not been part of
8720-555: The interior (axis) of the helix, where there is no space for a larger side group than glycine's single hydrogen atom. For the same reason, the rings of the Pro and Hyp must point outward. These two amino acids help stabilize the triple helix – Hyp even more so than Pro; a lower concentration of them is required in animals such as fish, whose body temperatures are lower than most warm-blooded animals. Lower proline and hydroxyproline contents are characteristic of cold-water, but not warm-water fish;
8829-514: The late 1980s and early 1990s with books such as Justice League International , which deliberately featured a cast of lesser-known characters. The advantage of this was that lesser-known characters are not burdened by convoluted continuities, which gave writers more creative flexibility to write character-driven stories. This was done to emulate the model of Marvel Comics' X-Men comic books, whose stories were more character-driven and which favored more obscure or new characters. The Justice League
8938-517: The latter tend to have similar proline and hydroxyproline contents to mammals. The lower proline and hydroxyproline contents of cold-water fish and other poikilotherm animals leads to their collagen having a lower thermal stability than mammalian collagen. This lower thermal stability means that gelatin derived from fish collagen is not suitable for many food and industrial applications. The tropocollagen subunits spontaneously self-assemble , with regularly staggered ends, into even larger arrays in
9047-477: The most abundant proteins in the fossil record, given that it appears to fossilize frequently, even in bones from the Mesozoic and Paleozoic . Collagen is a complex hierarchical material with mechanical properties that vary significantly across different scales. On the molecular scale, atomistic and course-grained modeling simulations, as well as numerous experimental methods, have led to several estimates of
9156-537: The pair were already starring together in DC's World's Finest Comics and Fox was worried the two more famous heroes would detract attention from their less popular teammates. As the series went on however, Superman and Batman became more and more present as readers increasingly demanded to see more of them in the League's stories. The team roster would quickly expand with the Green Arrow , the Atom and Hawkman being added to
9265-437: The power of flight. Collagen Collagen ( / ˈ k ɒ l ə dʒ ə n / ) is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of a body's various connective tissues . As the main component of connective tissue, it is the most abundant protein in mammals. 25% to 35% of a mammalian body's protein content is collagen. Amino acids are bound together to form a triple helix of elongated fibril known as
9374-488: The profiles and sales of said characters through cross-promotion and helped develop the DC Universe as a shared universe, as it is through teams like the Justice League that the setting's characters regularly interact with each other. Beyond comic books, the Justice League has been adapted to television shows, films, and video games. Since 1960, the Justice League has appeared in comic books published by DC Comics (periodicals and graphic novels). These comic books constitute
9483-480: The rarer types can be lethal, leading to the rupture of arteries. Each syndrome is caused by a different mutation. For example, the vascular type (vEDS) of this disorder is caused by a mutation in collagen type 3 . Alport syndrome – Can be passed on genetically, usually as X-linked dominant, but also as both an autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive disorder, those with the condition have problems with their kidneys and eyes, loss of hearing can also develop during
9592-413: The rich abundance of glycine, accounts for the tendency of the individual polypeptide strands to form left-handed helices spontaneously, without any intrachain hydrogen bonding. Because glycine is the smallest amino acid with no side chain, it plays a unique role in fibrous structural proteins. In collagen, Gly is required at every third position because the assembly of the triple helix puts this residue at
9701-414: The right-handed alpha helix . These three left-handed helices are twisted together into a right-handed triple helix or "super helix", a cooperative quaternary structure stabilized by many hydrogen bonds . With type I collagen and possibly all fibrillar collagens, if not all collagens, each triple-helix associates into a right-handed super-super-coil referred to as the collagen microfibril. Each microfibril
9810-491: The series, "Artist Preferred on Justice League of America ," that was won by Murphy Anderson . Justice League: Alien Invasion is an interactive dark ride at Warner Bros. Movie World on the Gold Coast , Australia . In the ride, guests board vehicles equipped with blasters as they join the Justice League in the fight against Starro , who has mind-controlled the citizens of Metropolis. Justice League: Battle for Metropolis
9919-523: The showdown with the main villain. In the 1940s, most comic books were anthologies, and All-Star Comics was in practice not a major deviation from that. By contrast, the Justice League worked together more closely in their stories, thereby having a stronger identity as a team. In another change from the Justice Society stories of the 1940s, Batman and Superman were regular members of the cast, not mere "honorary members" who made occasional cameos. Justice League of America (vol. 1) #21 (August 1963) featured
10028-409: The structure they form. All of the types contain at least one triple helix . The number of types shows collagen's diverse functionality. The five most common types are: The collagenous cardiac skeleton which includes the four heart valve rings, is histologically, elastically and uniquely bound to cardiac muscle. The cardiac skeleton also includes the separating septa of the heart chambers –
10137-460: The superhero fandom developed sub-communities of DC devotees and Marvel devotees. The original Justice League of America series won two 1961 Alley Awards in the categories "Best Comic Book" and "Best Adventure-Hero Group." In 1963, the series won "Favorite Novel" ("Crisis on Earth-One/Crisis on Earth-Two" in Justice League of America #21–22 by Gardner Fox and Mike Sekowsky ) and "Strip that Should Be Improved." There also an award specific to
10246-434: The team is central to their identity. Most versions of the Justice League feature a select cast of highly popular characters from the DC Comics portfolio, such as Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman, to attract readers with their star power; and they often co-feature a few lesser-known characters who benefit from exposure, such as Cyborg or Black Canary. DC Comics has in several periods deviated from this formula, most notably in
10355-465: The team over the next four years. In the Justice Society stories from the 1940s (in All-Star Comics ), the Justice Society was used more as a framing device for its members' solo adventures. The stories tended to have the following structure: the Justice Society meets to discuss some new menace, they split up to undertake individual missions that somehow connect to said menace, and finally regroup for
10464-446: The team's roster always included a number of A-list characters to draw in readers, such as Wonder Woman and Superman . But in Justice League of America Annual #2 (October 1984), the Justice League was revised to entirely comprise more obscure characters such as Vixen , Vibe , and the Martian Manhunter . The original A-list members would not be brought back into the cast until 1996. The motives behind this change were to dispense with
10573-468: The title, taking the name Bulleteer. In Seven Soldiers: Bulleteer #2, it is revealed that Alix was going to be the seventh member of Greg Saunders' ill-fated new Seven Soldiers of Victory , but got cold feet and thus escaped the massacre. She meets Agent Helligan from Seven Soldier: Shining Knight #3 and helps her interrogate Ramon Solomano, alias "the Iron Hand" (an old enemy of Saunders from his days as
10682-427: The total sequence. With glycine accounting for the 1/3 of the sequence, this means approximately half of the collagen sequence is not glycine, proline or hydroxyproline, a fact often missed due to the distraction of the unusual GX 1 X 2 character of collagen alpha-peptides. The high glycine content of collagen is important with respect to stabilization of the collagen helix as this allows the very close association of
10791-443: The trend set by the JLA era: world-shaking threats with epic stakes, with a focus on plot over character development, and strong tie-ins to all the company's crossover events. In 2006, DC began an ongoing comic series titled Justice League of America (vol. 2). In The New 52 era, further changes to the retroactive continuity of the DC Universe were made, such as Cyborg , one of DC's premier African American heroes, becoming
10900-435: The triple helices and a variable amount of covalent crosslinking between tropocollagen helices forming well-organized aggregates (such as fibrils). Larger fibrillar bundles are formed with the aid of several different classes of proteins (including different collagen types), glycoproteins, and proteoglycans to form the different types of mature tissues from alternate combinations of the same key players. Collagen's insolubility
11009-678: The way in which collagen structure affects cell–cell and cell–matrix communication and how tissues are constructed in growth and repair and changed in development and disease. For example, using AFM–based nanoindentation it has been shown that a single collagen fibril is a heterogeneous material along its axial direction with significantly different mechanical properties in its gap and overlap regions, correlating with its different molecular organizations in these two regions. Collagen fibrils/aggregates are arranged in different combinations and concentrations in various tissues to provide varying tissue properties. In bone, entire collagen triple helices lie in
11118-514: The writing of Vibe and Gypsy was criticized for using clichés of their ethnic groups, symptomatic of writers who were well-meaning but out of touch, something for which said writers ( Gerry Conway and Chuck Patton ) later expressed regret. This era of the Justice League, which lasted about two years, is popularly known as "Justice League Detroit" because they were headquartered in Detroit . The 1986 company-wide crossover " Legends " concluded with
11227-466: Was a barrier to the study of monomeric collagen until it was found that tropocollagen from young animals can be extracted because it is not yet fully crosslinked . However, advances in microscopy techniques (i.e. electron microscopy (EM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)) and X-ray diffraction have enabled researchers to obtain increasingly detailed images of collagen structure in situ . These later advances are particularly important to better understanding
11336-492: Was announced, and ran regularly for 29 issues from July 2018 to February 2021. Being led by Wonder Woman , the team members include John Constantine , Zatanna , Swamp Thing , Man-Bat , Detective Chimp , Doctor Fate , and briefly Animal Man . The fourth volume of the definitive Justice League title continues well into the Infinite Frontier era and reaches a conclusion with a total of 75 issues in June 2022. Despite not having
11445-475: Was brought back from the dead. This has now inspired Amanda Waller , now working under The Light , to take action against all metahumans , as she believes that they have become too powerful. Waller tasked Peacemaker , her new right hand, in the goal of getting the Helmet of Hate. While Peacemaker was off on his mission, Waller met up with a group of villains giving them a new task, which is to kill superheroes. With
11554-848: Was found to be collagen – used as a protective lining on rope baskets and embroidered fabrics , to hold utensils together, and in crisscross decorations on human skulls . Collagen normally converts to gelatin, but survived due to dry conditions. Animal glues are thermoplastic , softening again upon reheating, so they are still used in making musical instruments such as fine violins and guitars, which may have to be reopened for repairs – an application incompatible with tough, synthetic plastic adhesives, which are permanent. Animal sinews and skins, including leather, have been used to make useful articles for millennia. Gelatin- resorcinol - formaldehyde glue (and with formaldehyde replaced by less-toxic pentanedial and ethanedial ) has been used to repair experimental incisions in rabbit lungs . Bovine collagen
11663-427: Was implied that her bones and other organs remained mostly unaltered. This metal coating originally granted Alix a degree of superhuman strength and near invulnerability to harm, though an assassin attempted to bypass this invulnerability by shooting her in the ear with a diamond tipped arrow and her arm was broken by the super strong Sally Sonic. In her appearances after Seven Soldiers , Alix also seems to have developed
11772-433: Was similarly integrated. The cancellation of the aforementioned spin-off books prompted DC to revamp the League as a single team in a single title. A new Justice League of America was launched in a September 1996 miniseries Justice League: A Midsummer's Nightmare by Mark Waid and Fabian Nicieza , which returned to the classic cast. In 1997, DC Comics launched a new book titled JLA . Grant Morrison wrote JLA for
11881-476: Was supported by further studies of higher resolution in the late 20th century. Justice League The Justice League , or Justice League of America ( JLA ), is a group of superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The team first appeared in The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960). Writer Gardner Fox conceived the team as a revival of the Justice Society of America ,
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