Bulgarian Millet ( Turkish : Bulgar Milleti ) was an ethno-religious and linguistic community within the Ottoman Empire from the mid-19th to early 20th century.
43-760: The semi-official term Bulgarian Millet , was used by the Sultan for the first time in 1847, and was his tacit consent to a more ethno-linguistic definition of the Bulgarians as a nation. This resulted in the rise of a Bulgarian St. Stephen Church in the Ottoman capital Constantinople in 1851. Officially as a separate Millet in 1860 were recognized the Bulgarian Uniates , and then in 1870 the Bulgarian Orthodox Christians ( Eksarhhâne-i Millet i Bulgar ). At that time
86-553: A celebratory Mass was held at the church in honor of its patron saint. Attending were the Vratsa Metropolitan Kalinik, bishop Naum, Chief Secretary of the Bulgarian Holy Synod, and representatives of the "St. Stephen Church" Foundation. Honoring the celebration the dome of the church was gold-plated using funds donated by the Bulgarians of Plovdiv . The church building underwent a renovation, which started under
129-518: Is a three-domed cross-shaped basilica . The altar faces the Golden Horn and a 40 m-high belfry, the six bells of which were cast in Yaroslavl , rises above the narthex . Initially, a small wooden church was erected on the shore of the Golden Horn between Balat and Fener squares (near Eyüp District), where the current church is located. A house was donated by the statesman Stefan Bogoridi , and it
172-820: Is famous for being made of prefabricated cast iron elements in the Neo-Byzantine style . The church belongs to the Bulgarian Christian minority in the city. The Bulgarian Orthodox Christians of the Ottoman Empire used to pray at the churches of the Phanar Orthodox Patriarchate , as they were part of the Rum Millet —that is, the Orthodox Christian community of the Ottoman Empire—but
215-715: Is now Bulgaria. Subsequently, the Ottoman Empire lost virtually all of its possessions in the Balkans, which put a de facto end to the community of the Bulgarian Millet. Bulgarian St. Stephen Church The Bulgarian St. Stephen Church ( Bulgarian : Църква "Свети Стефан" ; Turkish : Sveti Stefan Kilisesi ), also known as the Bulgarian Iron Church , is a Bulgarian Orthodox church in Balat , Istanbul , Turkey . It
258-632: Is traditionally divided into three periods, the first from the 18th until the beginning of the 19th century ( Bulgarian National Awakening ), the second from the Ottoman reforms of the 1820s to the 1850s until the Crimean War , and the third from the Crimean War until the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878. The beginning of the Bulgarian National Revival has been a topic of intensified discussion in
301-647: The April Uprising of 1876 , a significant event of armed opposition to Ottoman rule, which ultimately led to the Russo-Turkish Liberation War of 1877–1878 . The significant changes in the Bulgarian society, the freedom of economic initiative and religious choice led to the formation of the Bulgarian nation in its ethnic borders and common territory embracing the lands of Moesia (including Dobruja ), Thrace and Macedonia . The Bulgarian National Revival
344-600: The Balkan Wars the Bulgarian millet was limited finally to the boundaries of the Bulgarian state, despite the nominally much larger previous territory of the Bulgarian Exarchate. All Orthodox Christians, including Bulgarians, in the Ottoman Empire were subordinated to the Patriarchate of Constantinople , which was dominated by Greek Phanariotes by the end of the 19th century. The Orthodox Christians were included into
387-616: The Bulgarian National Revival , was a period of socio-economic development and national integration among Bulgarian people under Ottoman rule. It is commonly accepted to have started with the historical book, Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya , written in 1762 by Paisius , a Bulgarian monk of the Hilandar monastery at Mount Athos , leading to the National awakening of Bulgaria and the modern Bulgarian nationalism , and lasting until
430-655: The Bulgarian nationalist movement of the 19th century advocated the creation of a separate Bulgarian ecclesiastical organization for Bulgarian Orthodox Christians, as they considered the Phanar Patriarchate a predominantly Greek Orthodox institution. These efforts culminated in the recognition of the Bulgarian Exarchate through a firman issued by the Ottoman sultan Abdülaziz in 1870. The richly ornamented church
473-527: The Danube and the Black Sea . After one-and-a-half years, the church was completed in 1898 and inaugurated by Exarch Joseph on 8 September that year. The main skeleton of the church was made of steel and covered by metal boards. All the pieces were attached together with nuts, bolts, rivets or welding . In terms of architectural style, the church combines Neo-Byzantine and Neo-Baroque influences. St. Stephen
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#1733084738643516-568: The Great Powers . The ideas of Bulgarian nationalism grew up in significance, following the Congress of Berlin which took back the regions of Macedonia and Southern Thrace, returning them under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Also an autonomous Ottoman province, called Eastern Rumelia was created in Northern Thrace . As a consequence, the Bulgarian nationalist movement proclaimed as its aim
559-554: The Greeks . They considered the Greek Patriarchal clergy to be the main oppressor. forced Bulgarians to educate their children in Greek schools and imposed Church services exclusively in Greek in order to Hellenize the Bulgarian population. During the early nineteenth century, national elites used ethno-linguistic principles to differentiate between "Bulgarian" and "Greek" identity into
602-614: The Rum Millet . Belonging to this Orthodox community grew more important to the common people than their ethnic origins and the Balkan Orthodox people identified themselves simply as Christians. Nevertheless, ethnonymes never disappeared and some form of ethnic identification was preserved as evident from a Sultan's Firman from 1680, which lists the ethnic groups in the Balkan lands as follows: Greeks (Rum), Albanians (Arnaut), Serbs (Sirf), Vlachs (Eflak or Ullah) and Bulgarians (Bulgar). During
645-696: The Thracian Bulgarians in the unsuccessful Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottomans in Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet . That was followed by series of conflicts between Greeks and Bulgarians into both regions. The tension were result of the different concepts of nationality. The Slavic villages became divided into followers of the Bulgarian national movement and so called grecomans and serbomans . The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 restored
688-577: The rule of the Phanarites . The prevailing opinion in contemporary historiography is that the Bulgarian National Revival's beginning is marked by the first clear processes of decomposition in the Ottoman Empire. The April Uprising led to the liberation and the end of the Revival. It is universally accepted that the Bulgarian National Revival ended with the Liberation of Bulgaria. This is meant only to include
731-672: The 1870s: the Internal Revolutionary Organization and the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee . Their armed struggle reached its peak with the April Uprising which broke out in 1876. It resulted in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, and led to the foundation of the third Bulgarian state after the Treaty of San Stefano . The treaty set up a Principality Bulgaria which territory included
774-877: The Adianople Vilayet according to the 1906/7 Ottoman census, in thousands, adjusted to round numbers. Ethnoconfessional groups in the Adrianople Vilayet as per the 1906-07 Ottoman Census During the early 1890s, two pro-Bulgarian revolutionary organizations active in Macedonia and Southern Thrace were founded: the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees and the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee . The Macedonian Slavs then, were regarded and self-identified predominantly as Macedonian Bulgarians . In 1903 they participated together with
817-555: The Bulgarian Exarchate reduced their number with some 75%. The Bulgarian "Church Struggle" was resolved finally with a Sultan decree in 1870, which established the Bulgarian Exarchate. The act also instituted the Bulgarian Orthodox Millet – an entity combining the modern notion for a nation with the Ottoman principle of Millet. It also turned the Bulgarian Exarch into both a religious leader and an administrative head of
860-632: The Bulgarian St. Stephen Church in Constantinople, which had been closed by the Ecumenical Patriarch's order, the Bulgarian hierarchs, celebrated a liturgy, whereafter the autocephaly of the Bulgarian Church was declared. The decision on the unilateral declaration of autocephaly by the Bulgarian Church was not accepted by the Patriarchate of Constantinople . In this way, the term phyletism
903-881: The Bulgarian-Turkish cooperation in 2011 and cost more than ₺ 15 million. On January 8, 2018, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov were present at the inauguration of the renovated St. Stephen's Orthodox Church in Istanbul, on the occasion of its 120th anniversary. In addition to the St. Stephen Church, there is another Bulgarian Orthodox church in Istanbul, St. Demetrius Church, in Feriköy . Bulgarian National Revival The Bulgarian Revival ( Bulgarian : Българско възраждане , Balgarsko vazrazhdane or simply: Възраждане, Vazrazhdane , and Turkish : Bulgar ulus canlanması ), sometimes called
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#1733084738643946-476: The Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878 as a result of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 . The period is remarkable for its characteristic architecture which can still be observed in old Bulgarian towns such as Tryavna , Koprivshtitsa and Veliko Tarnovo , the rich literary heritage of authors like Ivan Vazov and Hristo Botev that inspired the Bulgarian struggle for independence and an autonomous church, and
989-450: The Millet. The new entity enjoyed internal cultural and administrative autonomy. However, it excluded non-Orthodox Bulgarians and, thus, failed to embrace all representatives of the Bulgarian ethnos. Scholars argue that the millet system was instrumental to transforming the Bulgarian Exarchate into an entity that promoted ethnoreligious nationalism amongst Orthodox Bulgarians. On 11 May 1872 in
1032-743: The Ottoman Parliament, which had been suspended by the Sultan in 1878. After the Revolution armed factions laid down their arms and joined the legal struggle. The Bulgarians founded the Peoples' Federative Party (Bulgarian Section) and the Union of the Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs and participated in Ottoman elections. Soon, the Young Turks turned increasingly Ottomanist and sought to suppress
1075-518: The Ottoman authorities as allies in their confrontations with the Patriarchists. The Sultan Firman of 1847 was the first official document was issued, in which the name Bulgarian millet was mentioned. In 1849 the Sultan granted the Bulgarian millet the right to construct its own church in Istanbul , The church subsequently hosted the Easter Sunday of 1860 when the autocephalous Bulgarian Exarchate
1118-539: The Patriarchate could only be obtained through the establishment of a separate millet or nation . The coordinated actions aimed at the recognition of a separate millet constitute the so-called "Church Struggle". The actions were carried out by Bulgarian national leaders and supported by the majority of the Slavic population in modern-day Bulgaria, Eastern Serbia, North Macedonia and Northern Greece. Bulgarians often relied on
1161-610: The Rum millet. Bulgarians wanted to create their own schools in a common modern literary standard. In the Balkans, Bulgarian education stimulated nationalist sentiments in the middle of the 19th century. Most wealthy Bulgarian merchants sent their children for a secular education, turning some of them into Bulgarian national activists. At that time secular Bulgarian schools were spreading throughout Moesia , Thrace and Macedonia, aided by modern classroom methods. This expanding set of Bulgarian schools began to come into contact with Greek schools setting
1204-463: The classical Ottoman Millet -system began to degrade with the continuous identification of the religious creed with ethnic identity and the term millet was used as a synonym of nation . The establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate in 1870, meant in practice official recognition of a separate Bulgarian nationality, and in this case the religious affiliation became a consequence of national allegiance. The founding of an independent church, along with
1247-413: The inclusion of most of Macedonia and Thrace under Greater Bulgaria . At the eve of the 20th century a series of conflicts arose into Ottoman regions outside the Bulgarian principality between Greeks and Serbs from one side and Bulgarian Exarchists from another. The local Slavic villages became divided into followers of the Bulgarian national movement and the so-called grecomans and serbomans . After
1290-480: The inclusion of most of Macedonia and Thrace under Greater Bulgaria. Eastern Rumelia was annexed to Bulgaria in 1885 through bloodless revolution. The Christian population of the kazas currently falling within the borders of North Macedonia for example, were divided into the following ethnoreligious communities in the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82 : Population of various ethnoconfessonal communities in
1333-575: The late 18th century, the Enlightenment in Western Europe provided influence for the initiation of the National awakening of the Bulgarian people . The awakening process met opposition with the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century. According to the proponents of Bulgarian national awakening, Bulgarians were oppressed as an ethnic community not only by the Turks, but also by
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1376-470: The national aspirations of the various minorities in Macedonia and Thrace. The effect of the Balkan Wars in 1912–1913 was the partition of Ottoman empire territories in Europe, which was followed by an anti-Bulgarian campaign in areas of Macedonia and Thrace, that came under Serbian and Greek administration. The Bulgarian churchmen were expelled, the Bulgarian schools were closed and the Bulgarian language
1419-713: The new Principality. Thus, in the interplay between the Orthodox and the Uniat doctrine, Bulgaria supported the Orthodox Exarchate. Russia supported Bulgaria. The Greek Patriarchate of Constantinople supported the Greek national idea. France and the Habsburg Empire supported the Uniats. The Ottoman Empire's attitude was depending on how it had to balance its own interests in the game with
1462-548: The past. According to contemporaries of the period, it began in the 1820s. Later Marin Drinov suggested the actual beginning was marked by the writing of Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya by Paisius of Hilendar. According to an even later assumption by Hristo Gandev , the period began in the beginning of the 17th century after the end of the Köprülü era and the beginning of the Tulip period and
1505-440: The revival of Bulgarian language and education, were the crucial factors that strengthened the national consciousness and revolutionary struggle, that led to the creation of a Bulgarian nation-state in 1878 . The ideas of Bulgarian nationalism grew up in significance, following the Congress of Berlin which took back the regions of Macedonia and Thrace under Ottoman control. So the Bulgarian nationalist movement proclaimed as its aim
1548-454: The stage for nationalist conflict. By the middle of the century, Bulgarian activists shifted their attention from language to religion and started debate on the establishment of a separate Bulgarian church. As a consequence, until the 1870s, the focus of the Bulgarian National Revival switched to the struggle for a Bulgarian Church, independent from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Cultural, administrative and even political independence from
1591-425: The weak ground conditions. The construction plans were prepared by the Istanbul-based Ottoman Armenian architect Hovsep Aznavur . An international competition was conducted to produce the prefabricated cast iron parts of the church, won by an Austrian company, R. Ph. Waagner . The prefabricated elements, weighing 500 tons , were produced in Vienna in 1893 to 1896 and transported to Istanbul by ship through
1634-400: The wide area between the Danube and the Balkan Mountains , most of today Eastern Serbia, Northern Thrace, parts of Eastern Thrace and nearly all of Macedonia. At that time the clergy's shifts from the Orthodox to the Catholic Church and vice versa were symptomatic of the foreign powers' game that the clergy got involved after the 1878 Berlin Treaty , that partitioned the stipulated territory of
1677-407: Was coined at the Holy pan-Orthodox Synod that met in Istanbul on 10 August. The Synod issued an official condemnation of ecclesiastical nationalism , and declared on 18 September the Bulgarian Exarchate schismatic . Having achieved religious independence, Bulgarian nationalists focused on gaining political independence as well. Two revolutionary movements started to develop in the beginning of
1720-428: Was first de facto proclaimed. In the meantime, some Bulgarian leaders tried to negotiate the establishment of a Bulgarian Uniate Church. The movement for union with Rome led to the initial recognition of a separate Bulgarian Catholic Millet by the Sultan in 1860. The Sultan issued a special decree ( irade ) for that occasion. Although the movement initially gathered some 60,000 adherents, the subsequent establishment of
1763-402: Was prohibited there. The Slavic population was proclaimed either as " Southern, i.e. Old Serbs " or as " Slavophone Greeks " there. In the Adrianople region, that the Ottomans managed to keep, the whole Thracian Bulgarian population was put to ethnic cleansing . As a consequence many Bulgarians fled from the territories of present-day Greece , North Macedonia and European Turkey to what
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1806-439: Was reorganized as a wooden church. It was inaugurated on 9 October 1849 and became an important site of the Bulgarian National Revival . The Ottoman royal decree of 28 February 1870 establishing the Bulgarian Exarchate was first read in the church. After the original wooden structure suffered from a fire, the larger current building was constructed at its place. An iron frame was preferred to concrete reinforcement because of
1849-502: Was the product of 19th-century experimentation with prefabricated iron churches . The British, who invented the corrugated iron in 1829, manufactured portable iron churches to send to far-flung colonies like Australia . The Eiffel Tower 's creator, French engineer Gustave Eiffel , designed iron churches that were sent as far as the Philippines and Peru . Now, St. Stephen is one of the world's few surviving prefabricated cast iron churches. On December 27, 2010, St. Stephen's feast day ,
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