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70-530: Bukowina may refer to the geographical region of Bukovina , now divided between Romania and Ukraine and known in German and Polish as Bukowina . Bukowina may also refer to any of the following places in Poland: Bukovina Bukovina is a historical region at the crossroads of Central and Eastern Europe . The region is located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and

140-403: A balance between the various ethnic groups." In the 1880 census, there were 239,690 Ruthenians and Hutzuls , or roughly 41.5% of the regions population, while Romanians were second with 190,005 people or 33%, a ratio that remained more or less the same until World War I . The percentage of Romanians fell from 85.3% in 1774 to 34.1% in 1910. Ruthenians is an archaic name for Ukrainians , while

210-614: A campaign in Moldavia, whose result was an alliance between Khmelnytsky and its hospodar Vasile Lupu . Other prominent Ukrainian leaders fighting against the Turks in Moldovia were Severyn Nalyvaiko and Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny . For short periods of time (during wars), the Polish Kingdom (to which Moldavians were hostile) again occupied parts of northern Moldavia. However, the old border

280-555: A core part of the old Principality of Moldavia, and of great significance to its history . It contained many prominent historical Moldavian monuments, art and architecture and remained a strong cultural anchor for Moldavians in particular. During the Habsburg period, the Ukrainian population increased in the north of the region, while in the south the ethnic Romanian population remained the majority population. The Austrians "managed to keep

350-584: A definite article, sometimes optional, is used before the name: the Bukovina , increasingly an archaism in English , which, however, is found in older literature. In Ukraine, the name Буковина ( Bukovyna ) is unofficial, but is common when referring to the Chernivtsi Oblast , as over two-thirds of the oblast is the northern part of Bukovina. In Romania, the term Northern Bukovina is sometimes synonymous with

420-792: A group of scholars surrounding the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand were planning to turn Austria-Hungary into a federation . These plans included creating a majority-Romanian state of Transylvania within the federation which would have included Bukovina, including Czernowitz. After they acquired Bukovina, the Austrians opened only one elementary school in Chernivsti, which taught exclusively in Romanian. They later did open German schools, but no Ukrainian ones. Ukrainian language would appear in Chernivsti's schools as late as 1851, but only as

490-467: A mere county seat for the last 20 years, became again a (regional) capital. Also, Bukovinian regionalism continued under the new brand. During its first months of existence, Ținutul Suceava suffered far right ( Iron Guard ) uproars, to which the regional governor Gheorghe Alexianu (the future governor of the Transnistria Governorate ) reacted with nationalist and anti-Semitic measures. Alexianu

560-478: A renewed programme of Romanianization aiming its assimilationist policies at the Ukrainian population of the region. In addition to the suppression of the Ukrainian people, their language and culture, Ukrainian surnames were Rumanized, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church was persecuted. In the 1930s an underground nationalist movement, which was led by Orest Zybachynsky and Denys Kvitkovsky, emerged in

630-539: A subject, at the local university (in spite of this, the city attracted students from other parts of Bukovina and Galicia, who would study in the German language of instruction). Lukjan Kobylytsia , a Ukrainian Bukovinian farmer and activist, died of torture-related causes after attempting to ask for more rights for the Bukovinian Ukrainians to the Austrians. He died of the consequence of torture in 1851 in Romania. At

700-789: Is known in Polish popular culture as "the battle when the Knights have perished". The region had been under Polish nominal suzerainty from its foundation (1387) to the time of this battle (1497). Shortly thereafter, it became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire (1514). In this period, the patronage of Stephen the Great and his successors on the throne of Moldavia saw the construction of the famous painted monasteries of Moldovița , Sucevița , Putna , Humor , Voroneț , Dragomirna , Arbore and others. With their renowned exterior frescoes , these monasteries remain some of

770-607: Is the linguistic composition, and Jews were not recorded as a separate group). According to Romanian historiography, popular enthusiasm swept the whole region, and a large number of people gathered in the city to wait for the resolution of the Congress. The council was quickly summoned by the Romanians upon their occupation of Bukovina. The Congress elected the Romanian Bukovinian politician Iancu Flondor as chairman, and voted for

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840-719: The Austrian Empire as the Austro-Hungarian Empire , it became part of the Cisleithanian or Austrian territories of Austria-Hungary and remained so until 1918. The 1871 and 1904 celebrations held at Putna Monastery , near the tomb of Stephen the Great , constituted tremendous moments for Romanian national identity in Bukovina. Since gaining its independence, the Kingdom of Romania had had designs on incorporating this province into its new Kingdom. Romanians considered it to be

910-508: The First Partition of Poland in 1772, the Austrians claimed that they needed it for a road between Galicia and Transylvania . Bukovina was formally annexed in January 1775. On 2 July 1776, at Palamutka, Austrians and Ottomans signed a border convention, Austria giving back 59 of the previously occupied villages, retaining 278 villages. Bukovina was a closed military district (1775–1786), then

980-451: The Habsburg monarchy , the Austrian Empire , and Austria-Hungary . The first census that recorded ethnicity was made in 1851 and shows a population of 184,718 or 48.5% Romanians, 144,982 or 38.1% Ukrainians and 51,126 or 13.4% others, with a total population of 380,826 people. By 1910, Romanians and Ukrainians were almost in equal numbers with the Romanians concentrated mainly in the south and

1050-822: The Hutsuls are a regional Ukrainian subgroup. Ukrainian national sentiment re-ignited in the 1840s. Officially started in 1848, the nationalist movement gained strength in 1869, when the Ruska Besida Society was founded in Chernivtsi . By the 1890s, Ukrainians were represented in the regional diet and Vienna parliament, being led by Stepan Smal-Stotsky . Beside Stotsky, other important Bukovinian leaders were Yerotei Pihuliak , Omelian Popovych , Mykola Vasylko , Orest Zybachynsky  [ uk ] , Denys Kvitkovsky  [ uk ] , Sylvester Nikorovych, Ivan and Petro Hryhorovych, and Lubomyr Husar. The first periodical in

1120-569: The Siret river . The name Bukovina came into official use in 1775 with the region's annexation from the Principality of Moldavia to the possessions of the Habsburg monarchy , which became the Austrian Empire in 1804, and Austria-Hungary in 1867. The official German name of the province under Austrian rule (1775–1918), die Bukowina , was derived from the Polish form Bukowina , which in turn

1190-641: The Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand created a plan (that never came to pass) of United States of Greater Austria . The specific proposal was published in Aurel C. Popovici's book "Die Vereinigten Staaten von Groß-Österreich" [The United States of Greater Austria], Leipzig, 1906. According to it, most of Bukovina (including Czernowitz) would form, with Transylvania , a Romanian state, while the north-western portion (Zastavna, Kozman, Waschkoutz, Wiznitz, Gura Putilei, and Seletin districts) would form with

1260-480: The Great . The rest was incorporated into the Principality of Terebovlia in 1084. When Kievan Rus' was partitioned at the end of the 11th century, Bukovina became part of the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia . After the fragmentation of Kievan Rus', Bukovina passed to the Principality of Galicia ( Principality of Galicia-Volhynia ) in 1124. The Church in Bukovina was initially administered from Kiev . In 1302, it

1330-737: The Kingdom of Hungary. In 1497 a battle took place at the Cosmin Forest (the hilly forests separating Chernivtsi and Siret valleys), at which Stephen III of Moldavia (Stephen the Great), managed to defeat the much-stronger but demoralized army of King John I Albert of Poland . The battle is known in Polish popular culture as "the battle when the Knights have perished". The territory of what became known as Bukovina was, from 1774 (officially May 7, 1775 Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji ) to 1919 ( Peace Treaty of Paris St Germain en Laye ), an administrative division of

1400-564: The Moldavian territory. Notably, Ivan Pidkova , best known as the subject of Ukraine's bard Taras Shevchenko 's Ivan Pidkova (1840), led military campaigns in the 1570s. Many Bukovinians joined the Cossacks during the Khmelnytsky uprising . As part of the peasant armies, they formed their own regiment, which participated to the 1648 siege of Lviv. Ukrainian Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky himself led

1470-688: The Mukha rebellion, led by the Ukrainian hero Petro Mukha , took place in Galicia. This event pitted the Moldavians against the oppressive rule of the Polish magnates. A rebel army composed of Moldavian peasants took the fortified towns of Sniatyn, Kolomyia, and Halych, killing many Polish noblemen and burghers, before being halted by the Polish Royal Army in alliance with a Galician levée en masse and Prussian mercenaries while marching to Lviv. Many rebels died in

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1540-581: The Neolithic. It was then settled by now extinct tribes ( Dacians / Getae , Thracian / Scythian tribes). Meanwhile, many nomads crossed the region (3rd to 9th century A.D). By the 4th century, the Goths appeared in the region. And later by the 5th and 6th century Slavic people appeared in the region. They were part of the tribal alliance of the Antes . In the 9th century Tivertsi and White Croatians and Cowari composed

1610-616: The Old Romans (i.e. Byzantines ) and the New Romans (i.e. Vlachs ) to fight the Tatars . During the same event, it writes that Dragoș was one of the New Romans. Eventually, Dragoș dismounted Moldavia named from a river ( Moldova River ) flowing in Bukovina. During a Vlach revolt in Bukovina against Balc, Dragoș's grandson, Bogdan the Founder joined the revolt and deposed Balc, securing independence from

1680-625: The Old Romans and the New Romans to fight the Tatars, by that they will earn a sit in Maramureș. During the same event, it writes that Dragoș was one of the Romans . In the year 1359 Dragoș dismounted Moldavia and took with him many Vlachs and German colonists from Maramureș to Moldavia. First traces of human occupation date back to the Paleolithic. The area was first settled by Trypillian culture tribes, in

1750-466: The Paleolithic, Germanic culture and language emerged in the region in the 4th century by the time of the Goths, archeological research has also indicated that the Romans had a presence in the region. Later, Slavic culture spread, and by the 10th century the region was part of Turkic, Slavic and Romance people like Pechenegs, Cumans, Ruthinians and Vlachs. Among the first references of the Vlachs (Romanians) in

1820-604: The Principality of Moldavia and the Polish Kingdom . Pokuttya was inhabited by Ruthenians (the predecessors of modern Ukrainians together with the Rus' , and of the Rusyns ). In 1497 a battle took place at the Cosmin Forest (the hilly forests separating Chernivtsi and Siret valleys), at which Stephen III of Moldavia (Stephen the Great), managed to defeat the much-stronger but demoralized army of King John I Albert of Poland . The battle

1890-570: The Rohatyn Battle, with Mukha and the survivors fleeing back to Moldavia. Mukha returned to Galicia to re-ignite the rebellion, but was killed in 1492. In May 1600 Mihai Viteazul (Michael the Brave) , became the ruler the two Danubian principalities and Transylvania. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Ukrainian warriors ( Cossacks ) were involved in many conflicts against the Turkish and Tatar invaders of

1960-556: The USSR on 28 June 1940. The withdrawal of the Romanian Army, authorities, and civilians was disastrous. Mobs attacked retreating soldiers and civilians, whereas a retreating unit massacred Jewish soldiers and civilians in the town of Dorohoi . The Red Army occupied Cernăuți and Storojineț counties, as well as parts of Rădăuți and Dorohoi counties (the latter belonged to Ținutul Suceava, but not to Bukovina). The new Soviet-Romanian border

2030-611: The Ukrainian language, Bukovyna (published from 1885 until 1918) was published by the populists since the 1880s. The Ukrainian populists fought for their ethnocultural rights against the Austrians. Peasant revolts broke out in Hutsul areas in the 1840s, with the peasants demanding more rights, socially and politically. Likewise, nationalist sentiment spread among the Romanians. As a result, more rights were given to Ukrainians and Romanians, with five Ukrainians (including notably Lukian Kobylytsia ), two Romanians and one German elected to represent

2100-692: The Ukrainians mainly in the north. In 1940, the northern half of Bukovina was annexed by the Soviet Union in violation of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The region was temporarily recovered by Romania as an ally of Nazi Germany after the latter invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, but retaken by the Soviet army in 1944. Bukovina's population

2170-611: The [Carpathian] mountains to the [ Black Sea ] shore" or "Prince of Moldavia, from the Carpathian Mountains to the Sea." The important fortress of Cetatea Albă also came under Moldavian rule during this period. Like the previous Moldavian rulers, he paid homage to the Polish king Władysław II Jagiełło . However, in 1393 he supported Fyodor Koriatovych , the prince of Podolia , in the war against Władysław II and Lithuanian grand duke Vytautas . After their defeat at Braclaw , Roman

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2240-502: The adjoining plains, today divided between Romania and Ukraine . Inhabited by many cultures and peoples, settled by both Ukrainians ( Ruthenians ) and Romanians ( Moldavians ), it became part of the Kievan Rus' and Pechenegs ' territory early on during the 10th century and an integral part of the Principality of Moldavia in the 14th century where the capital of Moldavia, Suceava, was founded, eventually expanding its territory all

2310-568: The beginning, Bukovina joined the fledging West Ukrainian National Republic (November 1918), but it was occupied by the Romanian army immediately thereafter. A Constituent Assembly on 14/27 October 1918 formed an executive committee, to whom the Austrian governor of the province handed power. After an official request by Iancu Flondor , Romanian troops swiftly moved in to take over the territory, against Ukrainian protest. Although local Ukrainians attempted to incorporate parts of Northern Bukovina into

2380-553: The bigger part of Galicia a Ukrainian state, both in a federation with 13 other states under the Austrian crown. In World War I , several battles were fought in Bukovina between the Austro-Hungarian , German , and Russian armies, which resulted in the Russian army invading Chernivtsi for three times (30 August to 21 October 1914, 26 November 1914 to 18 February 1915 and 18 June 1916 to 2 August 1917). The regime that had occupied

2450-417: The church hierarchy and the Romanians, complaining that Old Church Slavonic was favored to Romanian , and that family names were being slavicized . In spite of Romanian-Slavic speaking frictions over the influence in the local church hierarchy, there was no Romanian-Ukrainian inter-ethnic tension, and both cultures developed in educational and public life. After the rise of Ukrainian nationalism in 1848 and

2520-535: The city pursued a policy of persecution of "nationally conscious Ukrainians". The situation was not improved until the February Revolution of 1917 . The Russian were driven out in 1917. Bukovina suffered great losses during the war. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, both the local Romanian National Council and the Ukrainian National Council based in Galicia claimed the region. In

2590-548: The division. However, the Romanian conservatives, led by Iancu Flondor , rejected the idea. In spite of Ukrainian resistance, the Romanian army occupied the Northern Bukovina, including Chernivtsi, on 11 November. Under the protection of Romanian troops, the Romanian Council summoned a General Congress of Bukovina for 15/28 November 1918, where 74 Romanians, 13 Ruthenians, 7 Germans, and 6 Poles were represented (this

2660-526: The end of the 19th century, the development of Ukrainian culture in Bukovina surpassed Galicia and the rest of Ukraine with a network of Ukrainian educational facilities, while Dalmatia formed an archbishopric, later raised to the rank of Metropolitanate . In 1873, the Eastern Orthodox Bishop of Czernowitz (who was since 1783 under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Metropolitan of Karlovci)

2730-459: The entire Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine, while Southern Bukovina refers to the Suceava County of Romania (although 30% of the present-day Suceava County covers territory outside of the historical Bukovina). The territory of Bukovina had been part of Kievan Rus' since the 10th century. It then became part of the Principality of Galicia , and then part of Moldavia in the 14th century. It

2800-454: The fact that the university was one of only five in Romania, and was considered prestigious. In the decade following 1928, as Romania tried to improve its relations with the Soviet Union , Ukrainian culture was given some limited means to redevelop, though these gains were sharply reversed in 1938. According to the 1930 Romanian census, Romanians made up 44.5% of the total population of Bukovina, and Ukrainians (including Hutsuls) 29.1%. In

2870-429: The following rise of Romanian nationalism, Habsburg authorities reportedly awarded additional rights to Ukrainians in an attempt to temper Romanian ambitions of independence. On the other hand, the Ukrainians had to struggle against the Austrians, with the Austrians rejecting both nationalist claims, favoring neither Romanians nor Ukrainians, while attempting to "keep a balance between the various ethnic groups." Indeed,

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2940-529: The greatest cultural treasures of Romania; some of them are World Heritage Sites , part of the painted churches of northern Moldavia . The most famous monasteries are in the area of Suceava , which today is part of Romania. Also part of Romania is the monastery of John the New  [ ro ; uk ] , an Orthodox saint and martyr, who was killed by the Tatars in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi . From 1490 to 1492,

3010-671: The lands of Moldavia [Bukovina, vassal of the Turks] from our Polish lands by the river Dniester." Strikingly similar sentences were used in other sayings and folkloristic anecdotes, such as the phrase reportedly exclaimed by a member of the Aragonese Cortes in 1684. In the course of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 , the Ottoman armies were defeated by the Russian Empire , which occupied

3080-511: The largest district, Bukovina District (first known as the Czernowitz District), of the Austrian constituent Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1787–1849). On 4 March 1849, Bukovina became a separate Austrian Kronland 'crown land' under a Landespräsident (not a Statthalter , as in other crown lands) and was declared the Duchy of Bukovina Herzogtum Bukowina (a nominal duchy, as part of

3150-427: The local population. United by Prince Oleg in the 870s, Kievan Rus' was a loose federation of speakers of East Slavic and Uralic languages from the late 9th to the mid-13th century, under the reign of the Rurik dynasty , founded by the Varangian prince Rurik . Bukovina gradually became part of Kievan Rus' from the late 10th century and Pechenegs. Parts of Bukovina were first conquered in 981 by Vladimir

3220-413: The migration of the Romanians from Maramureș and Transylvania . The Moldavian state was formed by the mid-14th century, eventually expanding its territory all the way to the Black Sea . Upon its foundation, the Moldovan state recognized the supremacy of Poland, keeping on recognizing it from 1387 to 1497. Later (1514) it was vassalized by the Ottoman Empire. Bukovina and neighboring regions became

3290-407: The northern part of the region, however, Romanians made up only 32.6% of the population, with Ukrainians significantly outnumbering Romanians. On 14 August 1938 Bukovina officially disappeared from the map, becoming a part of Ținutul Suceava , one of ten new administrative regions . At the same time, Cernăuți, the third most populous town in Romania (after Bucharest and Chișinău ), which had been

3360-425: The nucleus of the Moldavian Principality, with the city of Iași as its capital from 1564 (after Baia , Siret and Suceava ). The name of Moldavia ( Romanian : Moldova ) is derived from a river ( Moldova River ) flowing in Bukovina. Petru II moved the seat of Moldova from Siret to Suceava in 1388. In the 15th century, Pokuttya , the region immediately to the north, became the subject of disputes between

3430-401: The official full style of the Austrian Emperors). In 1860 it was again amalgamated with Galicia but reinstated as a separate province once again on 26 February 1861, a status that would last until 1918. In 1849 Bukovina got a representative assembly, the Landtag ( diet ). The Moldavian nobility had traditionally formed the ruling class in that territory. In 1867, with the re-organization of

3500-433: The province was recognized internationally in the Treaty of St. Germain in 1919. Bukovina's autonomy was undone during Romanian occupation, the region being reduced to an ordinary Romanian province. It was subject to martial law from 1918 to 1928, and again from 1937 to 1940. The Ukrainian language was suppressed, "educational and cultural institutions, newspapers and magazines were closed." Romanian authorities oversaw

3570-463: The region (mostly emigrating to North America) between 1891 and 1910, in the aforementioned migrations. Nonetheless, the percentage of Ukrainians has significantly grown since the end of the eighteenth century. In 1783, by an imperial decree of Joseph II , the local Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Bukovina (with its seat in Czernowitz ) was placed under spiritual jurisdiction of the Metropolitanate of Karlovci . Some friction appeared in time between

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3640-459: The region from 15 December 1769 to September 1774, and previously during 14 September–October 1769. Bukovina was the reward the Habsburgs received for aiding the Russians in that war. Prince Grigore III Ghica of Moldavia protested and was prepared to take action to recover the territory, but was assassinated, and a Greek- Phanariot foreigner was put on the throne of Moldavia by the Ottomans. Austria occupied Bukovina in October 1774. Following

3710-429: The region is in the 10th century by Varangian Sagas referring to the Blakumen people i.e. Vlachs in the land of Pechenegs. By late 12th century chronicle of Niketas Choniates , writes that some Vlachs seized the future Byzantine emperor, Andronikos Komnenos , when "he reached the borders of Halych " in 1164. In the Moldo-Russian Chronicle, writes the events of year 1342, that the Hungarian king Vladislav (Ladislaus) asked

3780-444: The region. The Romanian government suppressed it by staging two political trials in 1937. At the same time, Ukrainian enrollment at the Cernăuți University fell from 239 out of 1671, in 1914, to 155 out of 3,247, in 1933, while simultaneously Romanian enrollment there increased several times to 2,117 out of 3,247. In part this was due to attempts to switch to Romanian as the primary language of university instruction, but chiefly to

3850-530: The region. The Ukrainians won representation at the provincial diet as late as 1890, and fought for equality with the Romanians also in the religious sphere. This was partly achieved only as late as on the eve of World War I. However, their achievements were accompanied by friction with Romanians. Overpopulation in the countryside caused migration (especially to North America), also leading to peasant strikes. However, by 1914 Bukovina managed to get "the best Ukrainian schools and cultural-educational institutions of all

3920-460: The regions of Ukraine." Beside Ukrainians, also Bukovina's Germans and Jews, as well as a number of Romanians and Hungarians, emigrated in 19th and 20th century. Under Austrian rule, Bukovina remained ethnically mixed: Romanians were predominant in the south, Ukrainians (commonly referred to as Ruthenians in the Empire) in the north, with small numbers of Hungarian Székelys , Slovak , and Polish peasants, and Germans , Poles and Jews in

3990-432: The short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic , this attempt was defeated by Polish and Romanian troops. The Ukrainian Regional Committee, led by Omelian Popovych, organized a rally in Chernivtsi on 3 November 1918, demanding Bukovina's annexation to Ukraine. The committee took power in the Ukrainian part of Bukovina, including its biggest center Chernivtsi. The Romanian moderates, who were led by Aurel Onciul , accepted

4060-441: The towns. The 1910 census counted 800,198 people, of which: Ruthenians 38.88%, Romanians 34.38%, Germans 21.24% (Jews 12.86% included), Polish people 4.55%, Hungarian people 1.31%, Slovaks 0.08%, Slovenes 0.02%, Italian people 0.02%, and a few Croats , Romani people , Serbs and Turkish people . While reading the statistics it should be mentioned that, due to "adverse economic conditions", some 50,000 Ukrainians left

4130-442: The union with the Kingdom of Romania , with the support of the Romanian, German, and Polish representatives; the Ukrainians did not support this. The reasons stated were that, until its takeover by the Habsburg in 1775, Bukovina was the heart of the Principality of Moldavia , where the gropnițele domnești (voivods' burial sites) are located, and dreptul de liberă hotărâre de sine (right of self-determination). Romanian control of

4200-428: The way to the Black Sea . Consequently, the culture of the Kievan Rus' spread in the region during the early Middle Ages . During the time of the Golden Horde , namely in the 14th century (or in the High Middle Ages ), Bukovina became part of Moldavia under Hungarian suzerainty (i.e. under the medieval Kingdom of Hungary ). According to the Moldo-Russian Chronicle, the Hungarian king Vladislav (Ladislaus) asked

4270-433: Was derived from the common Slavic form of buk , meaning beech tree (compare Ukrainian бук [buk] ; German Buche ; Hungarian bükkfa ). Another German name for the region, das Buchenland , is mostly used in poetry, and means 'beech land', or 'the land of beech trees'. In Romanian, in literary or poetic contexts, the name Țara Fagilor ('the land of beech trees') is sometimes used. In some languages

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4340-404: Was elevated to the rank of Archbishop, when a new Metropolitanate of Bukovinian and Dalmatia was created. The new archbishop of Czernowitz gained supreme jurisdiction in all Cisleithania , over "Serbian" eparchies of Dalmatia and Kotor , which were also (until then) under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Karlovci . In the early 20th century, a group of scholars surrounding

4410-429: Was first delineated as a separate district of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria in 1775, and was made a nominal duchy within the Austrian Empire in 1849. The region, which is made up of a portion of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the neighbouring plain, was settled by both Vlachs and Ruthenians . After being inhabited by ancient peoples and tribes ( Trypillian , Scythians, Dacians, Getae) starting from

4480-509: Was forced to give up the throne in favour of his son Stephen I . Roman I built the first church and fortifications in the town of Roman , considered to be named in his honour. He was interred in Bogdana Monastery , the princely church of Rădăuţi . His wife was Anastasia. According to some historians she could be sister of Mircea the Elder 's mother. Others consider her the daughter of Lațcu of Moldavia - unlikely as Latcu's daughter would have been his first cousin. This biography of

4550-475: Was historically ethnically diverse. Today, Bukovina's northern half is the Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine, while the southern part is Suceava County of Romania. Bukovina is sometimes known as the 'Switzerland of the East', given its diverse ethnic mosaic and deep forested mountainous landscapes. The name first appears in a document issued by the Voivode of Moldavia Roman I Mușat on 30 March 1392, by which he gives to Ionaș Viteazul three villages, located near

4620-466: Was passed to the Halych metropoly . After the Mongols under Batu invaded Europe, with the region nominally falling into their hands, ties between Galician-Volhynian and Bukovina weakened. As a result of the Mongol invasion, the Shypyntsi land , recognizing the suzerainty of the Mongols, arose in the region. Eventually, this state collapsed, and Bukovina passed to Hungary. King Louis I appointed Dragoș, Voivode of Moldavia as his deputy, facilitating

4690-419: Was re-established each time, as for example on 14 October 1703 the Polish delegate Martin Chometowski said, according to the Polish protocol, "Between us and Wallachia (i.e. the Moldavian region, vassal of the Turks) God himself set Dniester as the border" ( Inter nos et Valachiam ipse Deus flumine Tyras dislimitavit ). According to the Turkish protocol the sentence reads, "God (may He be exalted) has separated

4760-401: Was replaced by Gheorghe Flondor on 1 February 1939. As a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , the USSR demanded not only Bessarabia but also the northern half of Bukovina and Hertsa regions from Romania on 26 June 1940 (Bukovina bordered Eastern Galicia , which the USSR had annexed during the Invasion of Poland ). Initially, the USSR wanted the whole of Bukovina. Nazi Germany , which

4830-444: Was surprised by the Soviet claim to Bukovina, invoked the German ethnics living in the region. As a result, the USSR only demanded the northern, overwhelmingly Ukrainian part, arguing that it was a "reparation for the great loss produced to the Soviet Union and Bassarabia 's population by twenty-two years of Romanian domination of Bassarabia ". Following the Soviet ultimatum, Romania ceded Northern Bukovina, which included Cernăuți, to

4900-410: Was traced less than 20 kilometres (12 miles) north of Putna Monastery . Until 22 September 1940, when Ținutul Suceava was abolished, the spa town Vatra Dornei served as the capital of Ținutul Suceava. Roman I of Moldavia During his reign, Moldova incorporated all the territories between the Carpathians and Dniester , Roman I becoming the first Moldavian ruler to call himself "voivode from

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