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34-441: Hornbostel-Sachs classification number 232.11-92 The buhay consists of a conical barrel (sometimes a wooden bucket). At one end a sheep membrane is stretched with a hole in this skin's center. Through this hole a tuft of horse hair with a knot at one end is passed. Usually two performers are needed to operate the instrument, one to hold the instrument, the other to pull the horsehair with moistened fingers. In recent times versions of

68-511: A frame or hoop. The lamellae are tied to a board or cut out from a board like the teeth of a comb. Idiophones which are rubbed, for example the nail violin , a bowed instrument with solid pieces of metal or wood rather than strings. Sets of Friction idiophones (134) Blown idiophones are idiophones set in vibration by the movement of air, for example the Aeolsklavier , an instrument consisting of several pieces of wood which vibrate when air

102-710: A group in his own classification system, which is closer to Mahillon than Sachs–Hornbostel. For example, in Galpin's 1937 book A Textbook of European Musical Instruments , he lists electrophones with three second-level divisions for sound generation ("by oscillation", "electro-magnetic", and "electro-static"), as well as third-level and fourth-level categories based on the control method. Sachs himself proposed subcategories 51, 52, and 53, on pages 447–467 of his 1940 book The History of Musical Instruments . Present-day ethnomusicologists, such as Margaret Kartomi and Ellingson (PhD dissertation, 1979, p. 544), suggest that, in keeping with

136-656: A lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion. The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion. The fifth top-level group, the electrophones category, was added by Sachs in 1940, to describe instruments involving electricity. Sachs broke down his 5th category into 3 subcategories: 51=electrically actuated acoustic instruments; 52=electrically amplified acoustic instruments; 53= instruments which make sound primarily by way of electrically driven oscillators, such as theremins or synthesizers , which he called radioelectric instruments. Francis William Galpin provided such

170-452: A leading instrument in the "Boogaj Boogie" song by Ukrainian neofolk rock ethnofussion gospel band "Voanerges". Hornbostel-Sachs Hornbostel–Sachs or Sachs–Hornbostel is a system of musical instrument classification devised by Erich Moritz von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs , and first published in the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie in 1914. An English translation was published in

204-403: A role in southeast African Music . They were reported as early as the 16th century, but there is no doubt they have a much longer history. The Caribbean marímbula is also of this family. The marímbula can be seen as a bass variant of the mbira and is sometimes used in hip hop music . In most cases the tongues are divided in two playing halves with the lowest notes in the centre; from there to

238-465: A sharp edge, or a sharp edge is moved through the air. In either case, according to more recent views, a periodic displacement of air occurs to the alternate flanks of the edge. Examples are the swordblade or the whip. The air-stream is interrupted periodically. The sound is caused by a single compression and release of air. Examples include the botija , the gharha , the ghatam , and the udu . Mixed sets of free aerophones (414) The vibrating air

272-619: A similar tradition and Yuri Landman has made 12-TET bass kalimbas and metal tongue drums . Schaeffner's musical instrument classification scheme has a post-prominent place for the linguaphones (lamellophones) at the second highest level of classification. In 1932, Andre Schaeffner developed a new classification scheme that was "exhaustive, potentially covering all real and conceivable instruments" [Kartomi, p. 176]. Schaeffner's system has only two top-level categories denoted by Roman numerals (Schaeffner, A.: Origine des instruments de musique , pp. 371–377.): The lamellae vibrate within

306-415: A vibrating membrane. Instruments in which the membrane is vibrated by an unbroken column of wind, without a chamber Instruments in which the membrane is placed in a box, tube or other container Chordophones primarily produce their sounds by means of the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points. This group includes all instruments generally called string instruments in

340-430: Is a lamellophone with an alternate tine configuration. It is electrified by the addition of a 2-channel stereo piezo cable pickup system. A special solid-body Array mbira exists. Ernst Zacharias created a series of electric lamellophones created in the 1960s for Hohner . These instruments were based on the reeds made by Hohner (already employed in accordions, concertinas, melodicas and harmonicas). These instruments were

374-417: Is blown onto them by a set of bellows . The piano chanteur features plaques. Mixed sets of blown idiophones (143) Membranophones primarily produce their sounds by means of the vibration of a tightly stretched membrane. This group includes all drums and kazoos . Struck drums are instruments which have a struck membrane. This includes most types of drums, such as the timpani , or kettle drum , and

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408-461: Is common to Ukraine, Romania (called buhai ), Moldova , Hungary , Lithuania , and Poland (with various regional names: burczybas , "grumbling bass", brzãczadło, brzãczëdło, brzãczk, mrëczk, bąk, bùk, brantop, brumtop, brumbas ). The buhay has been used as a leading instrument in the title track on the album "Vidlik" by the Ukrainian electronic experimental music band ONUKA . It is also used as

442-405: Is contained within the instrument. This group includes most of the instruments called wind instruments in the west, such as the flute or French horn , as well as many other kinds of instruments such as conch shells . The player makes a ribbon-shaped flow of air with their lips (421.1), or their breath is directed through a duct against an edge (421.2). The player's breath is directed against

476-406: Is equipped for this kind of percussion. The player themself does not go through the movement of striking; percussion results indirectly through some other movement by the player. Plucked idiophones, or lamellaphones , are idiophones set in vibration by being plucked; examples include the jaw harp or mbira . This group is sub-divided in the following two categories: The lamellae vibrate within

510-519: Is modeled on the Dewey Decimal Classification for libraries. It has five top-level classifications, with several levels below those, adding up to over 300 basic categories in all. Idiophones primarily produce their sounds by means of the actual body of the instrument vibrating, rather than a string, membrane, or column of air. In essence, this group includes all percussion instruments apart from drums , and some other instruments. In

544-559: The Galpin Society Journal in 1961. It is the most widely used system for classifying musical instruments by ethnomusicologists and organologists (people who study musical instruments). The system was updated in 2011 as part of the work of the Musical Instrument Museums Online (MIMO) Project. Hornbostel and Sachs based their ideas on a system devised in the late 19th century by Victor-Charles Mahillon ,

578-703: The Hornbostel–Sachs system for classifying musical instruments, plucked idiophones . There are two main categories of plucked idiophones, those that are in the form of a frame (121) and those that are in the form of a comb (122). According to Sachs , The most usual [of plucked idiophones] is a flexible lamella or tongue attached to a frame, plucked by a finger and resonated by a small box. A large number of lamellophones originate in Africa , where they are known under different names including mbira , kisanji , likembe , kalimba , kongoma , and sanza . They play

612-895: The Pianet (plucked by a foam pad), the Cembalet (plucked by a rubber pad) and the Guitaret (plucked by fingers). The idea of a struck reed tongue had been pioneered by the Alexandre brothers in their "Orgues expressifs" ( harmoniums ) in the 19th century, where they were called percussion stops. The Space Harp , or Frankiphone (designed, built and played by Phil Cohran ), is a famous instance of an electric lamellophone. A range of other mbiras and kalimbas have been created by contemporary instrument makers. The African band Konono No.1 uses custom-built electric kalimbas with electro-magnetic pickups. Neptune 's Jason Sanford makes electric thumb pianos from scrap in

646-402: The indigenous peoples of Siberia play wooden and metallic lamellophones with a single tongue. Lamellophones may be made with or without resonators . There are also electric lamellophones with an additional pickup . Electric lamellophones have been electrified with an electro-magnetic pickup (like on electric guitars) or contact piezo pickup . There is a distinct difference between

680-418: The koto , and musical bows . The string bearer is bar-shaped. The string bearer is a vaulted surface. The string bearer is composed of canes tied together in the manner of a raft. The string bearer is a board. The strings are stretched across the mouth of a trough. The strings are stretched across an open frame. Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of

714-497: The snare drum . Instruments in which the membrane is struck directly, such as through bare hands, beaters or keyboards. Instruments which are shaken, the membrane being vibrated by objects inside the drum ( rattle drums ). Instruments with a string attached to the membrane, so that when the string is plucked, the membrane vibrates (plucked drums). Some commentators believe that instruments in this class ought instead to be regarded as chordophones (see below). Instruments in which

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748-420: The xylophone , the marimba , the glockenspiel , and the glass harmonica . These idiophones are set in vibration by being struck, for example cymbals or xylophones . The player executes the movement of striking; whether by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling ropes, etc. It is definitive that the player can apply clear, exact, individual strokes, and that the instrument itself

782-507: The Hornbostel–Sachs classification, idiophones are first categorized according to the method used to play the instrument. The result is four main categories: struck idiophones (11), plucked idiophones (12), friction idiophones (13) and blown idiophones (14). These groups are subsequently divided through various criteria. In many cases these sub-categories are split in singular specimens and sets of instruments. The class of idiophones includes

816-520: The buhay have been made which are held in position by the players feet allowing one player to play the instrument. These instruments can be played successfully by one player without assistance. Five to six different sounds can be obtained from the instrument, depending on the skill of the player. The buhay plays an important part in New Years and Christmas rituals. It is used in works by the Ukrainian folk instruments orchestra. The buhay and local variants

850-412: The chordophones category, etc. Lamellaphone A lamellophone (also lamellaphone or linguaphone ) is a member of the family of musical instruments that makes its sound by a thin vibrating plate called a lamella or tongue, which is fixed at one end and has the other end free. When the musician depresses the free end of a plate with a finger or fingernail, and then allows the finger to slip off,

884-399: The curator of musical instruments at Brussels Conservatory . Mahillon divided instruments into four broad categories according to the nature of the sound-producing material: an air column; string; membrane; and body of the instrument. From this basis, Hornbostel and Sachs expanded Mahillon's system to make it possible to classify any instrument from any culture. Formally, the Hornbostel–Sachs

918-408: The instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones. This includes most western string instruments, including lute -type instruments such as violins and guitars , and harps . The plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator's surface. The plane of the strings lies perpendicular to the resonator's surface. The plane of the strings lies at right angles to the sound-table; a line joining

952-617: The left and to the right each tongue is tuned higher than the previous one. The tongues may also be arranged in a linear arrangement in the manner of a piano . Tongues may be made small enough to play with individual fingers, hence the colloquial name "thumb piano". (Although some instruments, like the Mbira , have an additional rows of tongues, in which case not just the thumbs are used for plucking.) Some conjecture that African lamellophones were derived from xylophones and marimbas . However, similar instruments have been found elsewhere; for example,

986-405: The lower ends of the strings would be perpendicular to the neck. These have notched bridges. Aerophones primarily produce their sounds by means of vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes. Instruments in which the vibrating air is not contained within the instrument, for example, acme sirens or the bullroarer . The air-stream meets

1020-451: The membrane vibrates as a result of friction. These are drums which are rubbed, rather than being struck. Instruments in which the membrane is vibrated from a stick that is rubbed or used to rub the membrane Instruments in which a cord, attached to the membrane, is rubbed. Instruments in which the membrane is rubbed by hand This group includes kazoos , instruments which do not produce sound of their own, but modify other sounds by way of

1054-489: The piezo and the electro-magnetic pickup. Most electric lamellophones feature piezo pickups. The piezo sound contains more treble and has more problems with feedback when amplified ( distorted ) heavily. Lucinda Ellison produces a wide range of her Embiras, which are solid body electric mbiras with piezo pickups — a design first conceived in 1981 and finalised in 1996. David Bellinger has been making ekalimbas - kalimbas with piezo pickups - for 20 years. The Array Mbira

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1088-609: The released plate vibrates. An instrument may have a single tongue (such as a Jew's harp ) or a series of multiple tongues (such as a mbira thumb piano). Linguaphone comes from the Latin root lingua meaning "tongue", (i.e., a long thin plate that is fixed only at one end). lamellophone comes from the Latin word lamella for "small metal plate", and the Greek word φωνή phonē for "sound, voice". The lamellophones constitute category 12 in

1122-427: The spirit of the original Hornbostel–Sachs classification scheme, of categorization by what first produces the initial sound in the instrument, that only subcategory 53 should remain in the electrophones category. Thus it has been more recently proposed that, for example, the pipe organ (even if it uses electric key action to control solenoid valves) remain in the aerophones category, and that the electric guitar remain in

1156-432: The west, as well as many (but not all) keyboard instruments , such as pianos and harpsichords . Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer. These instruments may have a resonator box, but removing it should not render the instrument unplayable, though it may result in quite a different sound being produced. They include the piano therefore, as well as other kinds of zithers such as

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