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110-581: Buffy the Vampire Slayer is an American supernatural drama television series created by writer and director Joss Whedon . The concept is based on the 1992 film , also written by Whedon, although they are separate and unrelated productions. Whedon served as executive producer and showrunner of the series under his production tag Mutant Enemy Productions . It premiered on March 10, 1997, on The WB and concluded on May 20, 2003, on UPN . The series follows Buffy Summers (played by Sarah Michelle Gellar ),

220-451: A Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Leading Actress in a Drama Series. In 1996, she originally auditioned for the role of Cordelia. After watching her audition, Whedon asked her to come back in and audition for the lead role of Buffy. A talent agent spotted David Boreanaz on the sidewalk walking his dog. He immediately contacted casting director Marcia Shulman, saying that he had found Angel. Anthony Stewart Head had already led

330-526: A Romani woman who was sent to maintain Angel's curse. Kendra is murdered by Drusilla. To avert an apocalypse, Buffy is forced to banish Angel to a hell dimension just moments after Willow has restored his soul. The ordeal leaves Buffy emotionally shattered, and she leaves Sunnydale. After attempting to start a new life in Los Angeles, Buffy returns to town in season three . Angel has been mysteriously released from

440-488: A villain-of-the-week conflict revolving around Buffy and her friends as they struggle to balance the fight against supernatural evils with their complicated social lives. A typical episode contains one or more villains , or supernatural phenomena, that are thwarted or defeated by the end of the episode. Though elements and relationships are explored and ongoing subplots are included, the show focuses primarily on Buffy and her role as an archetypal heroine . Gellar described

550-468: A coma. At the end of the season, after the mayor becomes a huge snake-like demon, Buffy, Angel, the Scooby Gang and the entire graduating class destroy him by blowing up Sunnydale High. At the end of the season, Angel and Cordelia leave the series to star in the spin-off series, Angel . Season four sees Buffy and Willow enroll at UC Sunnydale, while Xander joins the workforce and begins dating Anya ,

660-432: A deeper meaning or metaphor . Whedon explained, "We think very carefully about what we're trying to say emotionally, politically, and even philosophically while we're writing it... it really is, apart from being a pop-culture phenomenon, something that is deeply layered textually episode by episode." Academics Wilcox and Lavery provide examples of episodes dealing with real life issues portrayed as supernatural metaphors: In

770-575: A fast-food job to support herself and Dawn and develops a secret, mutually abusive sexual relationship with Spike. Dawn suffers from kleptomania and feelings of alienation, Xander leaves Anya at the altar (after which she once again becomes a vengeance demon), and Willow becomes addicted to magic, causing Tara to temporarily leave her. They also begin to deal with the Trio , a group of nerds led by Warren Mears who use their proficiency in technology and magic to attempt to kill Buffy and take over Sunnydale. Warren

880-464: A former vengeance demon. Spike returns as a series regular and is abducted by The Initiative, a top-secret military installation based beneath the UC Sunnydale campus. They implant a microchip in his head that prevents him from harming humans. Every time he tries to harm a human, he suffers excruciating pain. Upon learning that he can still harm other demons, he joins in with the Scooby Gang, purely for

990-565: A military demon-hunting operation. Spike, still implanted with his chip from The Initiative, realizes he is in love with Buffy and increasingly helps the Scoobies in their fight. Buffy's mother Joyce dies of a brain aneurysm , while at the end of the season, Xander proposes to Anya. Glory finally discovers that Dawn is the key and kidnaps her, using Dawn's blood to open a portal to the Hell dimension. To save Dawn, Buffy sacrifices her own life by diving into

1100-462: A mix of original , indie , rock, and pop music. The composers spent around seven days scoring between fourteen and thirty minutes of music for each episode. Christophe Beck revealed that the Buffy composers used computers and synthesizers and were limited to recording one or two "real" samples. Despite this, their goal was to produce "dramatic" orchestration that would stand up to film scores. Alongside

1210-420: A more fleshed-out story. A whiteboard marked their progress by mapping brief descriptions of each scene. Once breaking was complete, the credited author wrote an outline for the episode, which was checked by Whedon or Noxon. The writer then wrote a full script, which went through a series of drafts, and finally a quick rewrite from the showrunner. The final article was used as the shooting script. Buffy features

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1320-470: A normal life. He goes on to make amends for his sins and to search for redemption in his own spin-off television series, Angel . He makes several guest appearances in the remaining seasons, and is present in Buffy ' s final episode. At Sunnydale High, Buffy meets several other students besides Willow and Xander willing to join her fight for good, an informal group eventually tagged the "Scooby Gang" or "Scoobies". Cordelia Chase ( Charisma Carpenter ),

1430-404: A parent discovering her child is gay, including denial, suggesting that she tries "not being a Slayer", before ultimately kicking Buffy out of the house. Katie Holmes and Selma Blair were in the running for the role of Buffy in 1996. Natasha Lyonne was also offered the role but declined it due to not wanting to commit to a series at the age of 16. Other actresses who originally auditioned for

1540-687: A previous Slayer, Nikki Wood . Nikki's son, Robin Wood ( D. B. Woodside ), joins the group in the final season. Tara Maclay ( Amber Benson ) is a fellow member of Willow's Wicca group during season four, and their friendship evolves into a romantic relationship. Buffy becomes involved personally and professionally with Riley Finn ( Marc Blucas ), a military operative in "the Initiative", which hunts demons using science and technology. The final season sees geeky wannabe-villain Andrew Wells ( Tom Lenk ) side with

1650-601: A prolific acting and singing career but remained best known in the United States for a series of twelve coffee commercials with Sharon Maughan for Taster's Choice instant coffee . He accepted the role of Rupert Giles . Nicholas Brendon , unlike other Buffy regulars, had little acting experience, instead working various jobs—including production assistant , plumber's assistant, veterinary janitor, food delivery, script delivery, day care counselor, and waiter—before breaking into acting and overcoming his stutter . He landed

1760-438: A subject attempted to identify which of five animal pictures a subject in another room was looking at. Their performance on this task was at chance, but when the scores were matched with the card that came after the target card, three of the thirteen subjects showed a very high hit rate; Rhine now described Soal's work as "a milestone in the field". However analyses of Soal's findings, conducted several years later, concluded that

1870-546: A supernatural and a psychological interpretation of the events described. In this example, ambiguity adds to the effects of both the supernatural and the psychological. A similar example is Charlotte Perkins Gilman 's story " The Yellow Wallpaper ". Supernatural film is a film genre that encompasses themes related to gods, goddesses, ghosts, apparitions, spirits, miracles, and other extraordinary phenomena. These themes are often blended with other film genres, such as comedy , science fiction , fantasy , and horror . Historically,

1980-530: A well-known supernatural Internet character is the Slenderman , a tall faceless being associated with the forest. Another well-known internet urban legend is the Backrooms , an endless liminal space of moist carpet, humming fluorescent lights and monotone yellow wallpaper. The Backrooms are commonly depicted as being inhabited by supernatural monsters known as Entities. Precognition Precognition (from

2090-428: Is a former vengeance demon called Anyanka who specialized in avenging scorned women; after losing her powers she became Xander's lover, then joined the Scoobies in season four. In Buffy's senior year at high school, she meets Faith ( Eliza Dushku ), another Slayer called forth when Slayer Kendra Young ( Bianca Lawson ) was killed by vampire Drusilla ( Juliet Landau ) in season two. Although Faith initially fights on

2200-453: Is a vampire cursed with a soul, which prevents him from feeding off living humans. Buffy befriends two schoolmates, Xander Harris and Willow Rosenberg , who help her fight evil throughout the series. Buffy, her Watcher and friends later start to collectively call themselves the "Scooby Gang". Their first major threat is the Master , an ancient and especially threatening vampire, who was trapped in

2310-447: Is a werewolf. The romantic relationship between Buffy and the vampire Angel develops. But after they have sex, Angel experiences a moment of true happiness, breaking the curse that gave him his soul, thus reverting him to a sadistic killer. The evil vampire, famously known as Angelus, joins the other vampires Spike and Drusilla, and he torments Buffy and her friends. He murders multiple innocents and Giles's new girlfriend Jenny Calendar ,

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2420-608: Is revealed that Buffy's second resurrection caused instability in the slayer line which also allowed the First Evil to begin tipping the balance between good and evil. It begins by hunting down and killing inactive Potential Slayers and soon raises an army of ancient, powerful Turok-Han vampires. After the Watchers' Council is destroyed, a number of Potential Slayers (some brought by Giles) take refuge in Buffy's house. Faith returns to help fight

2530-606: Is shown to be the only competent villain of the group and, after Buffy thwarts his plans multiple times, the Trio breaks apart. Warren becomes unhinged and attacks Buffy with a gun, accidentally killing Tara in the process. This causes Willow to descend into nihilistic darkness and unleash all of her dark magical powers, killing Warren and attempting to kill his friends. Giles returns to face her in battle and infuses her with light magic, tapping into her remaining humanity. This overwhelms Willow with guilt and pain, whereupon she attempts to destroy

2640-425: Is the " Slayer ", one in a long line of young women chosen by fate to battle evil forces. This mystical calling grants her powers that dramatically increase physical strength, endurance, agility, accelerated healing, intuition, and a limited degree of precognition , usually in the form of prophetic dreams. She is known as a reluctant hero who wants to live a normal life. However, she learns to embrace her destiny as

2750-521: The "Once More, with Feeling" Soundtrack , and Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Score . Buffy features a variety of monsters and supernatural creatures. Monster suits were created by John Vulich and his special effects company Optic Nerve, while blending and beauty makeup was created by makeup supervisor Todd McIntosh. McIntosh is credited with creating the iconic vampire face Buffy is known for, inspired by McIntosh's love for shows like

2860-530: The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . The paper was heavily criticised, and the criticism widened to include the journal itself and the validity of the peer-review process. In 2012, an independent attempt to reproduce Bem's results was published, but it failed to do so. The widespread controversy led to calls for improvements in practice and for more research. Claims of precognition are, like any other claims, open to scientific criticism. However,

2970-693: The Book of Genesis , God granted Joseph precognition through prophetic dreams and the ability to interpret the dreams of others. Precognition has a role in Buddhism with dreams believed to be 'mind-created phenomena'. Those dreams which 'warn of impending danger or even prepare us for overwhelming good news" are considered the most important. Throughout history it has been believed that certain individuals have precognitive abilities, or that certain practices can induce such experiences, and these visions have sometimes been associated with important historical events. Despite

3080-931: The Emmys , the series was nominated for the American Film Institute Award for Drama Series of the Year , Gellar was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama for her performance in the show and the series was nominated five times for Television Critics Association Awards , winning in 2003 for the Television Critics Association Heritage Award . The success of Buffy has led to hundreds of tie-in products, including novels , comics and video games . The series has received attention in fandom (including fan films ), parody , and academia , and has influenced

3190-535: The Latin prae- 'before', and cognitio 'acquiring knowledge') is the purported psychic phenomenon of seeing , or otherwise becoming directly aware of, events in the future. There is no accepted scientific evidence that precognition is a real effect, and it is widely considered to be pseudoscience . Precognition violates the principle of causality , that an effect cannot occur before its cause. Precognition has been widely believed in throughout history. Despite

3300-435: The tropes of supernatural fiction with those of detective fiction . Supernatural fiction and drama has supernatural elements blended into a story about the characters' internal conflict and/or a dramatic conflict between the protagonist, human and/or supernatural world, society and between groups. The author of The Rise of Supernatural Fiction, 1762–1800 states that the origins of supernatural fiction come from Britain in

3410-406: The "Scoobies". The show primarily takes place in the fictional setting of Sunnydale , a small Southern California city located on a "Hellmouth"; a portal "between this reality and the next", and a convergence point of mystical energies. Because of this, supernatural creatures and beings with magical powers, both good and evil, are drawn to Sunnydale or rise from below ground to menace the town and

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3520-487: The "high school is hell" concept. Buffy Summers has just moved to Sunnydale after burning down her old school's gym and hopes to escape her Slayer duties. Her plans are complicated by Rupert Giles , her new Watcher , who reminds her of the inescapable presence of evil. Sunnydale High is built atop a Hellmouth, a portal to demon dimensions that attracts supernatural phenomena to the area. A mysterious man, Angel, warns Buffy of upcoming danger. She eventually discovers that he

3630-398: The 1980s. His survey of over 433 participants showed that 290 or 66.9 per cent reported some form of paranormal dream. He rejected many of these reports, but claimed that 8.8 per cent of the population was having actual precognitive dreams. In 2011 the psychologist Daryl Bem , a Professor Emeritus at Cornell University , published findings showing statistical evidence for precognition in

3740-464: The 20th century, supernatural fiction became associated with psychological fiction . In this association, descriptions of events that occur are not explainable through the lenses of the natural world, leading to the conclusion that the supernatural is the only possible explanation for what has been described. A classic example of this would be The Turn of the Screw (1898) by Henry James , which offers both

3850-592: The BBC Radio 4 broadcaster Francis Spufford revisited Priestley's work and its relation to the ideas of J.W. Dunne. In 1965 G. W. Lambert, a former Council member of the SPR, proposed five criteria that needed to be met before an account of a precognitive dream could be regarded as credible: David Ryback, a psychologist in Atlanta , used a questionnaire survey approach to investigate precognitive dreaming in college students during

3960-486: The First Evil, and the new Sunnydale High School principal, Robin Wood , also joins the cause. The Turok-Han vampires and a sinister, misogynistic preacher known as Caleb begin causing havoc for the Scoobies. As the Hellmouth becomes more active, nearly all of Sunnydale's population–humans and demons alike–flee. In the series finale, Buffy kills Caleb and Angel returns to Sunnydale with an amulet, which Buffy gives to Spike;

4070-404: The First Evil. Buffy gathers other allies throughout the series: Spike ( James Marsters ), a vampire, is an old companion of Angelus (Angel) and one of Buffy's major enemies in early seasons, although he and Buffy later become allies and lovers. At the end of season six, Spike regains his soul. Spike is known for his Billy Idol -style peroxide blond hair and his black leather coat, stolen from

4180-563: The Gothic soap opera Dark Shadows . During the first year of the series, Whedon described the show as " My So-Called Life with The X-Files ". Alongside these series, Whedon has cited cult film Night of the Comet as a "big influence", and credited the X-Men character Kitty Pryde as a significant influence on the character of Buffy. The authors of the unofficial guidebook Dusted point out that

4290-506: The Hellmouth and " high school as hell " as one of the primary metaphors in creating the series. Most of Buffy was shot on location in Los Angeles , California. The high school used in the first three seasons is actually Torrance High School , in Torrance, California , the same high school used for Beverly Hills, 90210 . The show was initially very dependent on location shooting, because

4400-501: The Hollywood formula of "the little blonde girl who goes into a dark alley and gets killed in every horror movie ". Whedon wanted "to subvert that idea and create someone who was a hero". He explained, "The very first mission statement of the show was the joy of female power: having it, using it, sharing it." The idea was first visited through Whedon's script for the 1992 movie Buffy the Vampire Slayer , which featured Kristy Swanson in

4510-532: The SPR to conduct a more formal experiment, but he and the Society's lead researcher Theodore Besterman failed to agree on the significance of the results. Nevertheless, the Philosopher C. D. Broad remarked that, "The only theory known to me which seems worth consideration is that proposed by Mr. Dunne in his Experiment with Time." An Experiment with Time was widely read and "undoubtedly helped to form something of

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4620-403: The Scoobies after initially being their captive/hostage; they regard him more as a nuisance than an ally. Buffy featured dozens of major and minor recurring characters. For example, the "Big Bad" (villain) characters were featured for at least one season (for example, Glory is a character who appeared in 12 episodes, spanning much of season five). Similarly, characters who allied themselves to

4730-472: The Scoobies then surround the Hellmouth, and the Potential Slayers descend into its cavern while Willow casts a spell that activates their Slayer powers. Anya dies in the fight, as do some of the new Slayers. Spike's amulet channels the power of the sun to destroy the Hellmouth and all the vampires within it, including himself. The collapse of the cavern creates a crater that swallows all of Sunnydale, while

4840-461: The Summers' lives even after she learns of Buffy's role in the supernatural world (" Becoming, Part Two "). Buffy's younger sister Dawn Summers ( Michelle Trachtenberg ) is introduced in season five (" Buffy vs. Dracula "). Angel ( David Boreanaz ), a vampire cursed with a soul, is Buffy's love interest throughout the first three seasons. He leaves Buffy after realizing he will never be able to give her

4950-430: The archetypal shallow cheerleader, reluctantly becomes involved. Daniel "Oz" Osbourne ( Seth Green ), a fellow student, rock guitarist and werewolf, joins the group through his relationship with Willow. Jenny Calendar ( Robia LaMorte ), Sunnydale's computer science teacher, joins the group after helping destroy a demon trapped in cyberspace during season 1; she later becomes Giles' love interest. Anya ( Emma Caulfield )

5060-454: The beginning of each episode, with the accompanying music performed by Californian rock band Nerf Herder . In the DVD commentary for the first Buffy episode , Whedon said his decision to go with Nerf Herder's theme was influenced by Hannigan, who had urged him to listen to the band's music. Janet Halfyard, in her essay "Music, Gender, and Identity in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel ", describes

5170-546: The council. Early in the season, she meets Faith , the Slayer activated after Kendra's death. She also encounters the affable Mayor Richard Wilkins III , who secretly has plans to "ascend" (become a "pure" demon) on Sunnydale High's graduation day. Although Faith initially works well with Buffy, she becomes increasingly unstable after accidentally killing a human and forms a relationship with the paternal yet manipulative mayor. The rivalry between Buffy and Faith eventually lands Faith in

5280-449: The demon dimension but is close to insanity due to the torment he suffered there. He recovers, but he and Buffy realize that a relationship between them can never happen and Angel leaves Sunnydale at the end of the season. Giles is fired from the Watchers' Council because he has developed a "father's love" for Buffy and he is replaced by Wesley Wyndam-Pryce . Towards the end of the season, Buffy announces that she will no longer be working for

5390-453: The direction of other television series. Buffy was part of a wave of television series from the late 1990s and early 2000s that featured strong female characters , alongside Charmed , Xena: Warrior Princess , La Femme Nikita , Dark Angel , and Alias . The series, as well as its spin-off series, Angel , and extensions thereof, have been collectively termed the " Buffyverse ". Buffy Summers (played by Sarah Michelle Gellar )

5500-485: The dreamer, Aristotle proposed that it was, rather, the dreamer's sense impressions which reached forward to the event. The term "precognition" first appeared in the 17th century but did not come into common use among investigators until much later. An early investigation into claims of precognition was published by the missionary Fr. P. Boilat in 1883. He claimed to have put an unspoken question to an African witch-doctor whom he mistrusted. Contrary to his expectations,

5610-433: The early 1990s. In 1996, the role of Willow Rosenberg was originally played by Riff Regan for the unaired Buffy pilot, but Hannigan auditioned when the role was being recast for the series proper. Hannigan described her approach to the character through Willow's reaction to a particular moment: Willow sadly tells Buffy that her Barbie doll was taken from her as a child. Buffy asks her if she ever got it back. Willow's line

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5720-456: The experiment on themselves, with mixed results. He noted a strong cognitive bias in which subjects, including himself, were reluctant to ascribe their dream correspondences to precognition and determinedly sought alternative explanations. Dunne concluded that precognitive elements in dreams are common and that many people unknowingly have them. He suggested also that dream precognition did not reference future events of all kinds, but specifically

5830-602: The first few seasons, the most prominent monsters in the Buffy bestiary are vampires based on traditional myths, lore, and literary conventions. As the series continues, Buffy and her companions fight an increasing variety of demons , as well as ghosts , werewolves , zombies , and unscrupulous humans . They frequently save the world from annihilation by a combination of physical combat, magic , and detective-style investigation, and are guided by an extensive collection of ancient and mystical reference books. Season one exemplifies

5940-403: The friends she meets at Sunnydale High School: Willow Rosenberg ( Alyson Hannigan ) and Xander Harris ( Nicholas Brendon ). Willow is originally a wallflower who excels at academics, providing a contrast to Buffy's outgoing personality and less-than-stellar educational record. They share the social isolation that comes with being different, and especially from being exceptional young women. As

6050-463: The future experiences of the dreamer. He was led to this idea when he found that a dream of a volcanic eruption appeared to foresee not the disaster itself but his subsequent misreading of an inaccurate account in a newspaper. Edith Lyttelton , who became President of the Society for Psychical Research (SPR), regarded his theory as consistent with her own idea of the superconscious . In 1932 he helped

6160-554: The future. Such claims of seeing the future have never been without their sceptical critics. Aristotle carried out an inquiry into allegedly prophetic dreams in his On Divination in Sleep . He accepted that "it is quite conceivable that some dreams may be tokens and causes [of future events]" but also believed that "most [so-called prophetic] dreams are, however, to be classed as mere coincidences ...". Where Democritus had suggested that emanations from future events could be sent back to

6270-492: The genre of science fiction . Amongst academics, readers and collectors, however, supernatural fiction is often classed as a discrete genre defined by the elimination of "horror", "fantasy", and elements important to other genres. The one genre supernatural fiction appears to embrace in its entirety is the traditional ghost story . The fantasy and supernatural fiction genres would often overlap and may be confused for each other, though there exist some crucial differences between

6380-647: The grave as amongst trees. The first ongoing and organised research program on precognition was instituted by husband-and-wife team Joseph Banks Rhine and Louisa E. Rhine in the 1930s at Duke University 's Parapsychology Laboratory . J. B. Rhine used a method of forced-choice matching in which participants guessed the order of a deck of 25 cards, each five of which bore one of five geometrical symbols. Although his results were positive and gained some academic acceptance, his methods were later shown to be badly flawed and subsequent researchers using more rigorous procedures were unable to reproduce his results. His mathematics

6490-456: The group and characters who attended the same institutions were sometimes featured in multiple episodes. The show is set in the fictional California town of Sunnydale, whose suburban Sunnydale High School sits on top of a " Hellmouth ", a gateway to demon realms. The Hellmouth, located beneath the school library, is a source of mystical energies as well as a nexus for a wide variety of evil creatures and supernatural phenomena. Joss Whedon cited

6600-575: The hellmouth underground. When he escapes, Buffy defeats him and saves Sunnydale. The emotional stakes are raised in season two . Vampire couple Spike and Drusilla come to town. A new slayer, Kendra , who is activated as a result of Buffy's brief death in season one, also arrives in Sunnydale. Popular schoolmate, Cordelia Chase , who resented Buffy and her friends, joins the Scooby Gang and becomes involved with Xander. Willow learns witchcraft and becomes involved with schoolmate Daniel "Oz" Osbourne , who

6710-473: The high school set (the addition of a dining hall and commons area). A driveway area near the gated entrance to Fox Studios was transformed into a graveyard. In the third season the Sunnydale "Main Street" was constructed on the backlot, which would be a staple location for the rest of the series. When the show transitioned to college in the fourth season, the hallway sets from Sunnydale High were remodeled to appear as

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6820-512: The idea in some of his novels, especially as a central plot element in his 1956 science fiction short story " The Minority Report " and in his 1956 novel The World Jones Made . In 1963 the BBC television programme Monitor broadcast an appeal by the writer J.B. Priestley for experiences which challenged our understanding of Time. He received hundreds of letters in reply and believed that many of them described genuine precognitive dreams. In 2014

6930-437: The imaginative climate of [the interwar] years", influencing many writers of both fact and fiction both then and since. According to Flieger, "Dunne's theory was so current and popular a topic that not to understand it was a mark of singularity." Major writers whose work was significantly influenced by his ideas on precognition in dreams and visions include H. G. Wells , J. B. Priestley and Olaf Stapledon . Vladimir Nabokov

7040-456: The interior hallways of UC Sunnydale. Some of the exterior shots of the college Buffy attends, UC Sunnydale, were filmed at UCLA . Several episodes include shots from the Oviatt Library at CSUN . The exterior of the mansion where Angelus, Spike, and Drusilla lived was Frank Lloyd Wright 's Ennis House . Buffy is told in a serialized format, mixing complex, season-long storylines with

7150-479: The joy of fighting. Oz leaves town after realizing that he is too dangerous as a werewolf, and Willow falls in love with Tara Maclay , another witch. Buffy begins dating Riley Finn , a graduate student and US Army Ranger seconded to The Initiative. Although appearing to be a well-meaning anti-demon operation, The Initiative's sinister plans are revealed when Adam , a monster secretly built from parts of humans, demons and machinery, escapes and begins to wreak havoc on

7260-581: The lack of scientific evidence, many people believe it to be real; it is still widely reported and remains a topic of research and discussion within the parapsychology community. Precognition is sometimes treated as an example of the wider phenomenon of prescience or foreknowledge, to understand by any means what is likely to happen in the future. It is distinct from premonition, which is a vaguer feeling of some impending disaster. Related activities such as predictive prophecy and fortune telling have been practised throughout history. Precognitive dreams are

7370-498: The lack of scientific evidence, many people still believe in precognition. A poll in 2005 showed 73% of Americans believe in at least one type of paranormal experience, with 41% believing in extrasensory perception . Since ancient times precognition has been associated with dreams and trance states as well as waking premonitions, giving rise to acts of prophecy and fortune telling. Oracles , originally seen as sources of wisdom, became progressively associated with previsions of

7480-434: The latest in a succession of young women known as "Vampire Slayers ". Slayers are chosen by fate to battle against vampires, demons and other forces of darkness. Buffy wants to live a normal life, but learns to embrace her destiny as the series progresses. Like previous Slayers, she is aided by a Watcher , who guides, teaches and trains her. Unlike her predecessors, Buffy surrounds herself with loyal friends who become known as

7590-466: The most widely reported occurrences of precognition. Usually, a dream or vision can only be identified as precognitive after the putative event has taken place. When such an event occurs after a dream, it is said to have "broken the dream". In Judaism it is believed that dreams are mostly insignificant while others "have the potential to contain prophetic messages". Others hold that dreams have meaning, and bad dreams require amelioration . According to

7700-449: The nature of the criticism must adapt to the nature of the claim. Claims of precognition are criticised on three main grounds: Consequently, precognition is widely considered to be pseudoscience . Precognition would violate the principle of antecedence ( causality ); that is, that an effect does not happen before its cause. Information passing backwards in time ( retrocausality ) would need to be carried by physical particles doing

7810-465: The opening: Firstly ... we have the sound of an organ , accompanied by a wolf ’s howl, with a visual image of a flickering night sky overlaid with unintelligible archaic script: the associations with both the silent era and films such as Nosferatu and with the conventions of the Hammer House of Horror and horror in general are unmistakable. But the theme quickly changes: "It removes itself from

7920-515: The origin of supernatural fiction in his essay " Supernatural Horror in Literature " (1927). He also goes on to describe the literary genre's roots in Gothic literature. The description in Wuthering Heights (1847) of the natural surroundings in which the novel takes place and the eerie mood it evokes is cited as one of the first instances of supernatural horror's being evoked in literature. In

8030-644: The phenomenon. Even the most prominent pieces of evidence have been repeatedly rejected due to errors in those experiments as well as follow-on studies contradicting the original evidence. This suggests that the evidence was not valid in the first place. Various known psychological processes have been put forward to explain experiences of apparent precognition. These include: Psychological explanations have also been proposed for belief in precognition. Psychologists have conducted experiments which are claimed to show that people who feel loss of control in their lives will turn to belief in precognition, because it gives them

8140-489: The portal, thus closing it with her death. At the beginning of season six , Buffy has been dead for 147 days, but Buffy's friends resurrect her through a powerful spell, believing they have rescued her from a Hell dimension. Buffy returns in a deep depression, explaining (several episodes later) that she had been in heaven and is devastated to be pulled back to earth. Giles returns to England because he has concluded that Buffy has become too reliant on him, while Buffy takes up

8250-540: The positive results were more likely the result of deliberate fraud. The controversy continued for many years more. In 1978 the statistician and parapsychology researcher Betty Markwick, while seeking to vindicate Soal, discovered that he had tampered with his data. The untainted experimental results showed no evidence of precognition. As more modern technology became available, more automated techniques of experimentation were developed that did not rely on hand-scoring of equivalence between targets and guesses, and in which

8360-417: The primary goal of supernatural films was not to terrify audiences but to offer entertainment, often in whimsical or romantic contexts. The film genre is part of several hybrid genres , including supernatural comedy films, supernatural horror films , supernatural religious films, and supernatural thriller films. Supernatural beings have also seen common uses in internet creepypastas and urban legends ;

8470-496: The process blur the lines between dimensions and unleash Hell on Earth. It is later discovered that the Key's protectors have used Buffy's blood to turn the Key into human form–Dawn–concurrently implanting everybody with lifelong memories of her. The Watchers' Council aids in Buffy's research on Glory, and she and Giles are both reinstated on their own terms. Riley leaves early in the season after realizing that Buffy does not love him and joins

8580-452: The production budget allowed for few permanent sets to be built. In the first season this was limited to the interior of Sunnydale High (the library, hallways, and classrooms), Buffy's bedroom, and the Master's underground lair. Starting in the second season, more permanent sets were built, including the full interior of Buffy's house, Angel's mansion, and Giles's apartment, as well as extensions to

8690-567: The production company Sandollar Television, who owned the TV rights to the movie) approached Whedon to develop his Buffy concept into a television series. Whedon explained that "They said, 'Do you want to do a show?' And I thought, 'High school as a horror movie.' And so the metaphor became the central concept behind Buffy , and that's how I sold it." The supernatural elements in the series stood as metaphors for personal anxieties associated with adolescence and young adulthood. Early in its development,

8800-486: The role of Xander Harris following four days of auditioning. Ryan Reynolds and Danny Strong also auditioned for the part. Strong later played the role of Jonathan Levinson , a recurring character for much of the series run. Alyson Hannigan was the last of the original six to be cast. Following her role in My Stepmother Is an Alien , she appeared in commercials and supporting roles on television shows throughout

8910-589: The role of Buffy and got other roles in the show include Julie Benz (Darla), Elizabeth Anne Allen (Amy Madison), Julia Lee (Chantarelle/Lily Houston), Charisma Carpenter (Cordelia Chase) and Mercedes McNab (Harmony Kendall). Bianca Lawson , who played slayer Kendra Young in season 2 of the show, originally auditioned for the role of Cordelia before Carpenter was cast in the role. The title role went to Sarah Michelle Gellar , who had appeared as Sydney Rutledge on Swans Crossing and Kendall Hart on All My Children . At age 18 in 1995, Gellar had already won

9020-550: The same. Experimental evidence from high-energy physics suggests that this cannot happen. There is therefore no direct justification for precognition from a physics-based approach. Precognition would also contradict "most of the neuroscience and psychology literature, from electrophysiology and neuroimaging to temporal effects found in psychophysical research." A great deal of evidence for precognition has been put forward, both as witnessed anecdotes and as experimental results, but none has been accepted as rigorous scientific proof of

9130-448: The score, most episodes featured indie rock music, usually at the characters' venue of choice, The Bronze. Buffy music supervisor John King explained that "we like to use unsigned bands" that "you would believe would play in this place". For example, the fictional group Dingoes Ate My Baby were portrayed on screen by front group Four Star Mary . Pop songs by famous artists were rarely featured prominently, but several episodes spotlighted

9240-636: The second half of the 18th century. Accounts of the Cock Lane ghost were featured in the newspapers in 1762, and an interest in Spiritualism was also currently prevalent. There was a need for people to see real ghosts and experience them vicariously through the writings of fiction. S. L. Varnado argues in Haunted Presence: The Numinous in Gothic Fiction that the beginning of an interest in

9350-669: The series "while there is strength in these bones", stating that it "sucks on ass". Dolly Parton was an uncredited producer of the series. Joss Whedon was credited as executive producer throughout the run of the series, and for the first five seasons (1997–2001) he was also the showrunner , supervising the writing and all aspects of production. Marti Noxon took on the role for seasons six and seven (2001–2003), but Whedon continued to be involved with writing and directing Buffy alongside projects such as Angel , Fray , and Firefly . Fran Rubel Kuzui and her husband, Kaz Kuzui , were credited as executive producers but were not involved in

9460-522: The series progresses, Willow becomes a more assertive character and a powerful witch, and realizes she is a lesbian . In contrast, Xander, with no supernatural abilities, provides comic relief and a grounded perspective. Buffy and Willow are the only characters who appear in all 144 episodes, with Xander appearing in 143. The cast of characters grew over the course of the series. Buffy first arrives in Sunnydale with her mother, Joyce Summers ( Kristine Sutherland ), who functions as an anchor of normality in

9570-518: The series was going to be simply titled Slayer . Whedon went on to write and partly fund a 25-minute non-broadcast pilot that was shown to networks and eventually sold to the WB Network . The latter promoted the premiere with a series of History of the Slayer clips, and the first episode aired on March 10, 1997. Whedon has declared in June 2003 that the non-broadcast pilot would not be included with DVDs of

9680-662: The series was often a pastiche , borrowing elements from previous horror novels, movies, and short stories and from such common literary stock as folklore and mythology. Nevitt and Smith describe Buffy' s use of pastiche as "postmodern Gothic ". For example, the Adam character parallels the Frankenstein monster , the episode " Bad Eggs " parallels Invasion of the Body Snatchers , " Out of Mind, Out of Sight " parallels The Invisible Man , and so on. Buffy episodes frequently include

9790-417: The series with her calling as Slayer and the loss of freedom this entails, frequently sacrificing teenage experiences for her Slayer duties. Her difficulties and eventual empowering realizations are reflections of several dichotomies faced by modern women and echo feminist issues within society. In the episode " Becoming (Part 2) ", when Joyce learns that Buffy is the Slayer, her reaction has strong echoes of

9900-558: The show as "the ultimate metaphor: horrors of adolescence manifesting through these actual monsters. It's the hardest time of life." Each season's storyline is broken down into season-long narratives marked by the rise and defeat of a powerful antagonist , commonly referred to as the " Big Bad ". While the show is mainly a drama with frequent comic relief , most episodes blend different genres , including horror , martial arts , romance , melodrama , farce , fantasy , supernatural , comedy , and, in one episode , musical comedy . In

10010-850: The show. Their credit, rights, and royalties over the franchise relate to their funding, producing, and directing of the original movie version of Buffy . Script-writing was done by Mutant Enemy , a production company created by Whedon in 1997. The writers with the most writing credits are Joss Whedon , Steven S. DeKnight , Jane Espenson , David Fury , Drew Goddard , Drew Greenberg , David Greenwalt , Rebecca Rand Kirshner , Marti Noxon and Doug Petrie . Other authors with writing credits include Dean Batali, Carl Ellsworth , Tracey Forbes , Ashley Gable , Howard Gordon , Diego Gutierrez, Elin Hampton, Rob Des Hotel, Matt Kiene, Ty King, Thomas A. Swyden, Joe Reinkemeyer, Dana Reston and Dan Vebber . Jane Espenson has explained how scripts came together. First,

10120-420: The side of good with Buffy and the rest of the group, she later joins forces with Mayor Richard Wilkins ( Harry Groener ) after accidentally killing a human. She reappears briefly in the fourth season, looking for vengeance, and moves to Angel where she voluntarily goes to jail for her crimes. Faith reappears in season seven of Buffy , after having helped Angel and his crew, and fights alongside Buffy against

10230-491: The sounds of more famous artists such as Sarah McLachlan , The Brian Jonestown Massacre , Blink-182 , Third Eye Blind , Aimee Mann (who also had a line of dialogue), The Dandy Warhols , Cibo Matto , Coldplay , Lisa Loeb , K's Choice , and Michelle Branch . The popularity of music used in Buffy has led to the release of four soundtrack albums: Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Album , Radio Sunnydale ,

10340-637: The sphere of 1960s and 70s horror by replaying the same motif, the organ now supplanted by an aggressively strummed electric guitar, relocating itself in modern youth culture ..." Halfyard describes sequences, in which the action and turbulence of adolescence are depicted, as the visual content of the opening credits, and which provide a postmodern twist on the horror genre. Supernatural fiction In its broadest definition, supernatural fiction overlaps with examples of weird fiction , horror fiction , vampire literature , ghost story , and fantasy . Elements of supernatural fiction can be found in writing from

10450-457: The supernatural comes from humanity's craving for the experience of the divine , so that even the old mythological tales of the knights of King Arthur give the reader a sense of the presence of "holy" things. The author does then go on to trace this influence further into the future with the Gothic literature movement. The famous horror writer H. P. Lovecraft cites man's fear of the unknown as

10560-641: The survivors of the battle escape in a school bus . In the final scene, as the survivors survey the crater, Dawn asks, "What are we going to do now?" Buffy slowly begins to enigmatically smile as she contemplates the future ahead of her, ending the series on a hopeful note. Writer Joss Whedon says that "Rhonda the Immortal Waitress" was really the first incarnation of the Buffy concept, "the idea of some woman who seems to be completely insignificant who turns out to be extraordinary". This early, unproduced idea evolved into Buffy , which Whedon developed to invert

10670-599: The targets could be more reliably and readily tested at random. In 1969 Helmut Schmidt introduced the use of high-speed random event generators (REG) for precognition testing, and experiments were also conducted at the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab . Once again, flaws were found in all of Schmidt's experiments, when the psychologist C. E. M. Hansel found that several necessary precautions were not taken. SF writer Philip K Dick believed that he had precognitive experiences and used

10780-423: The title role. The director, Fran Rubel Kuzui , saw it as a "pop culture comedy about what people think about vampires ". Whedon disagreed: "I had written this scary film about an empowered woman, and they turned it into a broad comedy. It was crushing." The script was praised within the industry, but the movie was not. Several years later, Gail Berman (later a Fox executive, but at that time President and CEO of

10890-432: The town. Adam is destroyed by a magical composite of Buffy and her three friends, and The Initiative is shut down. During season five , a younger sister, Dawn , suddenly appears in Buffy's life; although she is new to the series, to the characters it is as if she has always been there. Buffy is confronted by Glory , an exiled Hell God who is searching for a "Key" that will allow her to return to her Hell dimension and in

11000-505: The two genres. Fantasy usually takes place in another world, where fantastical creatures or magic are normal. In supernatural fiction, though, magic and monsters are not the norm and the mystery of such things is usually closely intertwined in the plot. The supernatural genre highlights supernatural creatures or happenings within the real world. Moreover, supernatural fiction also tends to focus on suspense and mystery and less on action and adventure. Occult detective fiction combines

11110-464: The vampire Angel and Buffy was fraught with metaphors. For example, their night of passion cost the vampire his soul . Sarah Michelle Gellar said: "That's the ultimate metaphor. You sleep with a guy and he turns bad on you". Marsters said that his character was part of an audience-and network-forced change for the show; themes about overcoming adolescent problems gave way to "problems that are kind of sexy", frustrating Whedon. Buffy struggles throughout

11220-625: The vampire slayer. Buffy receives guidance from her Watcher , Rupert Giles ( Anthony Stewart Head ). Giles, rarely referred to by his first name (it is later revealed that in his rebellious younger days he went by "Ripper"), is a member of the Watchers' Council , whose job is to train and guide the Slayers. Giles researches the supernatural creatures that Buffy must face, offers insights into their origins, advice on how to defeat them, and helps her train to stay in fighting form. Buffy also receives help from

11330-578: The witch-doctor gave him the correct answer without ever having heard the question. In the early 20th century J. W. Dunne , a British soldier and aeronautics engineer, experienced several dreams which he regarded as precognitive. He developed techniques to record and analyse them, identifying any correspondences between his future experiences and his recorded dreams. He reported his findings in his 1927 book An Experiment with Time . In it he alleges that 10% of his dreams appeared to include some element of future experience. He also persuaded some friends to try

11440-428: The world of Buffy the problems that teenagers face become literal monsters. A mother can take over her daughter's life (" Witch "); a strict stepfather-to-be really is a heartless machine (" Ted "); a young lesbian fears that her nature is demonic (" Goodbye Iowa " and " Family "); a girl who has sex with even the nicest-seeming guy may discover that he afterward becomes a monster (" Innocence "). The love affair between

11550-439: The world to end everyone's suffering, although it eventually allows Xander to reach through her pain and end her rampage. Late in the season, after losing control and trying to rape Buffy, Spike leaves Sunnydale and travels to see a demon and asks him to "return him to what he used to be" so that he can "give Buffy what she deserves". After Spike passes a series of brutal tests, the demon restores his soul. During season seven , it

11660-439: The world. The series received critical and popular acclaim, and is often listed among the greatest television series of all time. Original airings often reached four to six million viewers. Although lower than successful shows on the "big four" networks ( ABC , CBS , NBC and Fox ), these ratings were a success for the relatively new and smaller WB Television Network. Despite being mostly ignored in above-the-line categories by

11770-419: The writers talked about the emotional issues facing Buffy Summers and how she would confront them through her battle against evil supernatural forces. Then the episode's story was broken into acts and scenes. Act breaks were designed as key moments to intrigue viewers so that they would stay with the episode following the commercial break . The writers collectively filled in scenes surrounding these act breaks for

11880-414: Was also later influenced by Dunne. In 1932 Charles Lindbergh 's infant son was kidnapped, murdered and buried among trees. Psychologists Henry Murray and D. R. Wheeler used the event to test for dream precognition, by inviting the public to report any dreams of the child. A total of 1,300 dreams were reported. Only five per cent envisioned the child dead and only 4 of the 1,300 envisioned the location of

11990-444: Was sometimes flawed, the experiments were not double-blinded or even necessarily single-blinded and some of the cards to be guessed were so thin that the symbol could be seen through the backing. Samuel G. Soal , another leading member of the SPR, was described by Rhine as one of his harshest critics, running many similar experiments with wholly negative results. However, from around 1940 he ran forced-choice ESP experiments in which

12100-442: Was to reply "most of it". Hannigan decided on an upbeat and happy delivery of the line "most of it", as opposed to a sad, depressed delivery. Hannigan figured Willow would be happy and proud that she got "most of it" back. That indicated how she was going to play the rest of the scene, and the role, for that matter, and defined the character. Her approach subsequently got her the role. The Buffy opening sequence provides credits at

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