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33-785: Buddakan is a restaurant chain serving Pan-Asian fusion cuisine owned by STARR Restaurants with locations in Philadelphia and New York City . Stephen Starr opened the first restaurant in 1998 in Philadelphia . Buddakan Atlantic City in Atlantic City, New Jersey closed in October 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic . This US-based restaurant or restaurant chain article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pan-Asian The concept of Asianism in Japan and China has changed during

66-704: A political party called the Dai Nippon Seisantō ("Greater Japan Production Party") to combat the influence of socialism in worker trade unions. Towards its later years, the Gen'yōsha was far removed from its origins as a secret society , but had evolved almost to the mainstream of Japanese politics. A number of cabinet ministers and members of the Japanese Diet were known members, and mainstream political leaders, such as Hirota Kōki and Nakano Seigō emerged from its ranks. It continued to exert considerable influence on

99-535: A terrorist organization , and although it continued to recruit disaffected ex- samurai , it also attracted figures involved in organized crime to assist in its campaigns of violence and assassination against foreigners and liberal politicians . The Gen'yōsha was a major force in the Freedom and People's Rights Movement . During the 1885 Osaka incident , the Gen'yōsha and several other Freedom and People's Rights Movement groups simultaneously attempted to overthrow

132-501: A century. He regarded Chinese thinker Wang Hui as the main promoter of a communist pan-Asianism. Wang Hui advocated that if social democracy is grounded in Asian civilizational traditions, it renders it possible to avoid the Western type of multi-party democracy and enact a social order with much stronger people's participation. Ties between British India and Japan were pursued by some as

165-514: A way of pushing against British rule, with revolutionaries such as Subhas Chandra Bose meeting with Japanese leaders, though British intelligence services sought to limit these interactions. The 1951 founding of the Asian Games , now the second-largest sporting event behind the Olympic Games , was partially inspired by a newly independent India's vision for Asian solidarity and the emergence of

198-488: Is based on the principle of the Rule of Right, and justifies the avenging of wrongs done to others." He advocated overthrowing the Western "Rule of Might" and "seeking a civilisation of peace and equality and the emancipation of all races." Nonetheless, Chinese Pan-Asianism emerged and was equally as imperialist as its Japanese counterpart. Its success was limited by China's political instability and weak international status. Since

231-688: The Donghak Peasant Movement , knowing that the uprising was likely to draw China and Japan into a war. The assassination of Queen Min of Korea in 1895 is believed to have been conducted by Gen'yosha members, at the instigation of the Japanese Minister in Seoul , Miura Gorō . Originally ignored by the Japanese military, during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War , both

264-690: The Empire of Japan . Founded as the Koyōsha by Hiraoka Kotarō (1851–1906), a wealthy ex- samurai and mine-owner, with mining interests in Manchuria , Tōyama Mitsuru , and other former samurai of the Fukuoka Domain , it agitated for a return to the old feudal Japanese order with special privileges and government stipends for the samurai class. The Koyōsha participated in the various ex-samurai uprisings in Kyūshū against

297-478: The Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy found the Gen'yōsha ' s extensive intelligence gathering network throughout East Asia to be invaluable. The Gen'yōsha network was also useful for the military in conducting sabotage activities behind enemy lines. After the annexation of Korea in 1910, the Gen'yōsha continued to support efforts towards Pan-Asianism . Domestically, it formed

330-476: The Monroe Doctrine , which opposed European imperialism to foster the unimpeded growth of American imperialism. From a Chinese perspective, Japanese Pan-Asianism was interpreted as a competing ideology to Sinocentrism as well as rationalization of Japanese imperialism (cf. Twenty-One Demands ). Sun Yat-sen , despite his consistent praise of Japan as a cultural partner, questioned whether they would follow

363-518: The imperial house (2) love your home region and (3) firmly defend and protect the people's rights. However, its true agenda was to agitate for Japanese military expansion and conquest of the Asian continent. The true agenda was reflected in its new name of Gen'yōsha , taken after the Genkainada strait which separates Japan from Korea . The tactics which the Gen'yōsha was prepared to use to achieve its goals were also far from peaceful. It began as

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396-451: The 2000s, Chinese scholars have a more nuanced view of Pan-Asianism, especially those of the Japanese variety. Historian Wang Ping proposed an evaluation system based on chronology: co-operative Classical Asianism (until 1898), expansive Greater Asianism (until 1928), and the invasive Japanese ‘ Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ’ (until 1945). Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek stated that China has been following pan-Asianism for over

429-646: The Chinese secret societies had a shared goal with the Gen'yōsha in wanting the overthrow of the Qing dynasty . In 1881, Mitsuru Tōyama sent over 100 men into China to gather information and to infiltrate these secret societies. One of the first and most detailed histories of the secret societies was written by Gen'yōsha member Hiraya Amane, who assisted in the establishment of the Gen'yōsha's Chinese headquarters in Hangzhou . The Gen'yōsha not only provided funds and weapons to

462-645: The Emperor's "glory" to be displayed. These were evident in government policies such as the Hakko ichiu and Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere agendas. Even Kakuzō was critical of Japan's expansionism after the Russo-Japanese War, viewing it as no different than Western expansionism. He expected other Asians to call them "embodiments of the White Disaster". Historian Torsten Weber compares these contradictions to

495-612: The European powers, and Kentaro Oi (1843–1922) who attempted to push social reforms in Korea and establish a constitutional government in Japan. Pan-Asian thought in Japan was further popularized following the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). This sparked interest from Indian poets Rabindranath Tagore and Sri Aurobindo and Chinese politician Sun Yat-sen . The growing official interest in broader Asian concerns

528-684: The Indian Government, following a report in the London Spectator . Okakura Kakuzō , a scholar and art critic, also praised the superiority of Asian values upon Japanese victory of the Russo-Japanese War : ASIA is one. The Himalayas divide, only to accentuate, two mighty civilisations, the Chinese with its communism of Confucius , and the Indian with its individualism of the Vedas . But not even

561-479: The Meiji oligarchs in uprisings inside Japan, China, and Korea. In 1889, the Gen'yōsha strongly criticized the unequal treaty revision plan drafted by foreign minister Ōkuma Shigenobu . Gen'yōsha militant Kurushima Tsuneki attempted to kill Ōkuma by throwing a bomb under his carriage. After the bomb detonated, and apparently believing he had succeeded, Kurushima bowed and killed himself by stabbing himself twice in

594-464: The Second World War. The idea of " Asian values " is somewhat of a resurgence of Pan-Asianism. One foremost enthusiast of the idea was the former Prime Minister of Singapore , Lee Kuan Yew . In India , Ram Manohar Lohia dreamed of a united socialist Asia. A number of other Asian political leaders from Sun Yat-sen in the 1910s and 20s to Mahathir Mohamad in the 1990s similarly argue that

627-478: The early Meiji government , but after the suppression of the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, it abandoned its original goals, joined the pro- democracy Freedom and People's Rights Movement , and formed a political organization to agitate for a national parliament instead. In 1881, the Koyōsha changed its direction again. The February 1881 founding charter of the Gen'yōsha described its ideals as (1) respect

660-574: The early 20th century from a foreign-imposed and negatively received, to a self-referential and embraced concept, according to historian Torsten Weber. Originally, Japanese Pan-Asianism believed that Asians shared a common heritage and must therefore collaborate in defeating their Western colonial masters. However, Japanese Asianism mostly focused on East Asian territories, with occasional references to South East Asia and West Asia. Their ideologues were Tokichi Tarui (1850–1922) who argued for equal Japan - Korea unionization for cooperative defence against

693-471: The end, of life. In this, Kakuzō was utilising the Japanese concept of sangoku , which existed in Japanese culture before the concept of Asia became popularised. Sangoku literally means the "three countries": Honshu (the largest island of Japan), Kara (China) and Tenjiku (India). However, Japanese Pan-Asianism evolved into a more nationalist ideology that prioritized Japan's interests. This

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726-482: The neck. Ōkuma survived, and his left leg was amputated at the hip following two operations. In the election of 1892 , the Gen'yōsha mounted a campaign of intimidation and violence with the tacit support of the Matsukata administration to influence the outcome of the election. One of the primary targets of the Gen'yōsha were the many Chinese secret societies , some of which were very hostile to Japan. However,

759-579: The organization's position was simply that the imperial household should be respected. Writing in 1935, Yumeno Kyūsaku stated that the early Gen'yōsha was not nationalistic. The Gen'yōsha was considered to be an ultranationalist group by General Headquarters in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East . The Gen'yōsha was the forerunner of a number of organizations which inherited and developed its ideology. It also set

792-464: The path of exploitation like Western powers in the future in his final years. Sun was a proponent of Pan-Asianism. He said that Asia was the "cradle of the world's oldest civilisation" and that "even the ancient civilisations of the West, of Greece and Rome, had their origins on Asiatic soil." He thought that it was only in recent times that Asians "gradually degenerated and become weak." For Sun, "Pan-Asianism

825-431: The political models and ideologies of Europe lack values and concepts found in Asian societies and philosophies. European values such as individual rights and freedoms would not be suited for Asian societies in this extreme formulation of Pan-Asianism. Geny%C5%8Dsha The Dark/Black Ocean Society ( Japanese : 玄洋社 , Hepburn : Gen'yōsha ) was an influential Pan-Asianist group and secret society active in

858-514: The politics and foreign policy of Japan until the end of World War II . The Gen'yōsha was disbanded by the American authorities during the Occupation of Japan . The primary English-language text on the Gen'yōsha presents the group as ultranationalistic . Academic Mark W. Driscoll writes that even that text recognizes that the Gen'yōsha did not want Emperor Meiji's power to expand and in 1881

891-576: The post-colonial world order. However, Indian pan-Asianism faded away after the fallout of the 1962 India-China War . Pan-Asianism in Turkey has not yet been fully explored, it is not known how many people hold this ideology and how widespread it is. However, Turks who supported Japan in the Second World War and have the Pan-Asianism ideology use a redesigned Turkish flag based on Japan's flag in

924-573: The secret societies, but also arranged for refuge in Japan for leaders targeted by the Qing government. The Gen'yosha established a large network of brothels across China (and later throughout Southeast Asia) to provide meeting locations, and also to gather information. In addition to being a profitable side-business, the brothels provided opportunities to gather useful information for the later blackmail or subversion of patrons. However, although blackmail and bribery were often resorted to, more often information

957-610: The snowy barriers can interrupt for one moment that broad expanse of love for the Ultimate and Universal , which is the common thought-inheritance of every Asiatic race, enabling them to produce all the great religions of the world, and distinguishing them from those maritime peoples of the Mediterranean and the Baltic , who love to dwell on the Particular , and to search out the means, not

990-403: The stage for the post-World War II ties between right-wing politicians and yakuza organized crime syndicates . Although modern yakuza share many of Gen'yōsha's political and social philosophies, and although many of Gen'yōsha's members were drawn from yakuza ranks, the Gen'yōsha was primarily a political organization that often used criminal means to attain its goals, and was not

1023-582: Was evident by the growth of secret societies such as Black Ocean Society and the Black Dragon Society , which committed criminal activities to ensure the success of Japanese expansionism. Exceptionally, Ryōhei Uchida (1874–1937), who was a member of the Black Dragon Society, was a Japan-Korea unionist and supported Filipino and Chinese revolutions . In addition, Asian territories were seen as reservoirs of economic resources and outlets for

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1056-541: Was obtained by employing prostitutes highly skilled in extracting information from their clients. The Gen'yōsha even established a training school for such agents in Sapporo in Hokkaidō . Another sphere of Gen'yōsha activity was Korea . The Gen'yōsha established a task force to prepare detailed topographical survey maps of Korea in secret, in anticipation of a future Japanese invasion. The Gen'yōsha also actively supported

1089-537: Was shown in the establishment of facilities for Indian Studies. In 1899, Tokyo Imperial University set up a chair in Sanskrit and Kawi , with a further chair in comparative religion being set up in 1903. In this environment, a number of Indian students came to Japan in the early twentieth century, founding the Oriental Youngmen's Association in 1900. Their anti- British political activity caused consternation to

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