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113-598: The municipality lies in the North Palatine Uplands in the Western Palatinate . The village sits at an elevation of roughly 280 m above sea level in a hollow on the banks of the Rötelbach at the edge of a plateau. Elevations around the village reach heights of about 350 m above sea level. The municipal area measures 287 ha, of which 6 ha is settled and 40 ha is wooded. Buborn borders in

226-546: A mixed language or a creole —a theory called the Middle English creole hypothesis . Although the great influence of these languages on the vocabulary and grammar of Modern English is widely acknowledged, most specialists in language contact do not consider English to be a true mixed language. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares innovations with other Germanic languages including Dutch , German , and Swedish . These shared innovations show that

339-635: A 2012 official Eurobarometer poll (conducted when the UK was still a member of the EU), 38 percent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language. The next most commonly mentioned foreign language, French (which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland), could be used in conversation by 12 percent of respondents. A working knowledge of English has become

452-741: A claim to the jurisdiction in Buborn, which also stretched out to the surrounding villages. At the Kyrburger Hof, an estate held by the Waldgraves of Kyrburg in the Buborn area, the Waldgraves held court (they called it the Eicher Gericht ). No sooner had Buborn ended up in the Waldgraves’ hands than a whole series of surrounding villages subject to the Hochgericht auf der Heide were pledged by Johann von Dhaun to

565-651: A distinct language from Modern English and is virtually impossible for 21st-century unstudied English-speakers to understand. Its grammar was similar to that of modern German: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs had many more inflectional endings and forms , and word order was much freer than in Modern English. Modern English has case forms in pronouns ( he , him , his ) and has a few verb inflections ( speak , speaks , speaking , spoke , spoken ), but Old English had case endings in nouns as well, and verbs had more person and number endings. Its closest relative

678-589: A dwelling, not a well. The arms have been borne since 23 July 1964 when they were approved by Rhineland-Palatinate ’s Ministry of the Interior. Buborn’s kermis (church consecration festival) is held each year on the third weekend in July. Old customs, such as were formerly practised in all villages in the Glan region, are seldom if at all observed today. Buborn has long enjoyed its men’s singing club and its gymnastic club. In

791-605: A few kilometres from Buborn. Buborn lies on Kreisstraße (District Road) 37, which links it to Bundesstraße 270. To the southeast runs Bundesstraße 420, which can be reached over Kreisstraßen 37 and then 63. The nearest Autobahn interchange , near Kusel , is 25 km away. Serving Lauterecken , some 5 km away, is a railway station on the Lautertalbahn . North Palatine Uplands The North Palatine Uplands ( German : Nordpfälzer Bergland ), sometimes shortened to Palatine Uplands ( Pfälzer Bergland ),

904-484: A foreign language, make up the "expanding circle". The distinctions between English as a first language, as a second language, and as a foreign language are often debatable and may change in particular countries over time. For example, in the Netherlands and some other countries of Europe, knowledge of English as a second language is nearly universal, with over 80 percent of the population able to use it, and thus English

1017-429: A former village named “Guckenhausen”. This village, whose former existence is only assumed, may well have been older than Buborn, but its name never appears in any mediaeval documents, but rather is only attested in these rural names. The ending means “house” while the prefix is drawn from a personal name, “Gucko” or “Kucko”. Thus, the name may be interpreted as meaning “Gucko’s house” or “Gucko’s small settlement”. From

1130-555: A knight named Albert from the Nahegau, who in the early 12th century unrightfully took ownership of the Remigiusberg (a mountain with a like-named monastery ). Later, though, after the monks had bought the mountain back, Albert himself took orders at the newly founded monastery there, and, among other things, bequeathed two estates in Buhrbur to it. In 1319, the Waldgraves of Kyrburg raised

1243-520: A more standard version of English. They have many more speakers of English who acquire English as they grow up through day-to-day use and listening to broadcasting, especially if they attend schools where English is the medium of instruction. Varieties of English learned by non-native speakers born to English-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners. Most of those varieties of English include words little used by native speakers of English in

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1356-688: A number of other Anglic languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian dialect and Yola language of Ireland. Like Icelandic and Faroese , the development of English in the British Isles isolated it from the continental Germanic languages and influences, and it has since diverged considerably. English is not mutually intelligible with any continental Germanic language, as it differs in vocabulary , syntax , and phonology . However, some of these, such as Dutch or Frisian, do show strong affinities with English, especially with its earlier stages. Unlike Icelandic and Faroese, which were isolated,

1469-679: A requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine and computing. English has become so important in scientific publishing that more than 80 percent of all scientific journal articles indexed by Chemical Abstracts in 1998 were written in English, as were 90 percent of all articles in natural science publications by 1996 and 82 percent of articles in humanities publications by 1995. International communities such as international business people may use English as an auxiliary language , with an emphasis on vocabulary suitable for their domain of interest. This has led some scholars to develop

1582-407: A rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection and a fairly fixed subject–verb–object word order . Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses , aspects and moods , as well as passive constructions , interrogatives , and some negation . The earliest form of English

1695-744: A significant minority speaks English. The countries with the most native English speakers are, in descending order, the United States (at least 231 million), the United Kingdom (60 million), Canada (19 million), Australia (at least 17 million), South Africa (4.8 million), Ireland (4.2 million), and New Zealand (3.7 million). In these countries, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local people who speak other languages and new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces. The inner-circle countries provide

1808-400: A strip of land on the border of the districts of Kusel and Kaiserslautern , which is roughly demarcated by the 420 , 270 and 48 federal highways and the A 6 and A 63 motorways. Depending on how the region is defined, its largest village is either Nußbach or Obermoschel . The region is very rural in character and has no towns with more than 10,000 inhabitants. Important places are

1921-447: A verb ending ( present plural): From the 8th to the 11th centuries, Old English gradually transformed through language contact with Old Norse in some regions. The waves of Norse (Viking) colonisation of northern parts of the British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English into intense contact with Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Norse influence was strongest in the north-eastern varieties of Old English spoken in

2034-552: Is Old Frisian , but even some centuries after the Anglo-Saxon migration, Old English retained considerable mutual intelligibility with other Germanic varieties. Even in the 9th and 10th centuries, amidst the Danelaw and other Viking invasions, there is historical evidence that Old Norse and Old English retained considerable mutual intelligibility, although probably the northern dialects of Old English were more similar to Old Norse than

2147-575: Is a low mountain range and landscape unit in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate and belongs mainly to the Palatinate region. It is part of the Saar-Nahe Uplands . The North Palatine Uplands lie – roughly stated – between St. Wendel in the state of Saarland to the west and three towns belonging to Rhineland-Palatinate : Alzey to the east, Kaiserslautern to the south and Bad Kreuznach to

2260-510: Is also the highest mountain in the Palatinate. The following is a list of prominent mountains and hills in the Uplands, sorted by height in metres above sea level (NHN): Important rivers in the west and north of the range are the 90 km long Glan and the 57 km long Alsenz . The 116 km long Nahe , into which the other two discharge, is no longer included in this region. The area of

2373-400: Is also the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers. English is either the official language or one of the official languages in 59 sovereign states (such as India , Ireland , and Canada ). In some other countries, it is the sole or dominant language for historical reasons without being explicitly defined by law (such as in

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2486-459: Is also undergoing change under the influence of American English, fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media and the prestige associated with the United States as a world power. As of 2016 , 400 million people spoke English as their first language , and 1.1 billion spoke it as a secondary language. English is the largest language by number of speakers . English

2599-603: Is also widely used in media and literature, and the number of English language books published annually in India is the third largest in the world after the US and UK. However, English is rarely spoken as a first language, numbering only around a couple hundred-thousand people, and less than 5% of the population speak fluent English in India. David Crystal claimed in 2004 that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in

2712-407: Is an official language of countries populated by few descendants of native speakers of English. It has also become by far the most important language of international communication when people who share no native language meet anywhere in the world. The Indian linguist Braj Kachru distinguished countries where English is spoken with a three circles model . In his model, Kachru based his model on

2825-528: Is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon ( c.  450–1150 ). Old English developed from a set of West Germanic dialects, often grouped as Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic , and originally spoken along the coasts of Frisia , Lower Saxony and southern Jutland by Germanic peoples known to the historical record as the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes . From the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain as

2938-479: Is known, however, is that the foundations of a Roman villa rustica are to be found within the municipality. Unearthed there were wall remnants, urns and pots from Roman times. In this vicinity, too, it is likely that a village known as Guckenhausen later lay, although it is not thought that this represents a continuity in settlement from Roman times to the Early Middle Ages . It is likely that Buborn arose in

3051-527: Is often arbitrarily defined as beginning with the conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066, but it developed further in the period from 1150 to 1500. With the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the now-Norsified Old English language was subject to another wave of intense contact, this time with Old French , in particular Old Norman French , influencing it as a superstrate. The Norman French spoken by

3164-424: Is routinely used to communicate with foreigners and often in higher education. In these countries, although English is not used for government business, its widespread use puts them at the boundary between the "outer circle" and "expanding circle". English is unusual among world languages in how many of its users are not native speakers but speakers of English as a second or foreign language. Many users of English in

3277-517: Is spoken by communities on every continent and on islands in all the major oceans. The countries where English is spoken can be grouped into different categories according to how English is used in each country. The "inner circle" countries with many native speakers of English share an international standard of written English and jointly influence speech norms for English around the world. English does not belong to just one country, and it does not belong solely to descendants of English settlers. English

3390-777: Is the third person pronoun group beginning with th- ( they, them, their ) which replaced the Anglo-Saxon pronouns with h- ( hie, him, hera ). Other core Norse loanwords include "give", "get", "sky", "skirt", "egg", and "cake", typically displacing a native Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Old Norse in this era retained considerable mutual intelligibility with some dialects of Old English, particularly northern ones. Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng, and garryng grisbytting. Although, from

3503-631: Is today known in Buborn as the Kirchgarten (“Church Garden”). The origin of the Knights of Saint John was a hospital for pilgrims and the sick in Jerusalem . Raymond du Puy de Provence (1083-1160), the order's first Grand Master (1120-1160) enacted sometime about 1155 the order's first constitution. The order first quickly spread in Mediterranean Europe. Beginning in 1137, the Knights also took on

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3616-474: Is under agricultural use. Nevertheless, a great number of people in Buborn need to seek work outside the village. As early as 1955, out of 52 members of the workforce, 46 held jobs outside the village. Worthy of note is that Buborn's population rose less markedly than neighbouring Homberg's in the course of the 19th century, and since the turn of the 20th century, Buborn's population has remained hardly changed. The following table shows population development over

3729-521: The Amt of Grumbach, there likewise arose in Buborn in the late 16th century, owing to the effect of the Reformation, efforts to teach children to read and write . At first, though, schoolchildren had to attend classes in neighbouring Herren-Sulzbach . There, lessons for all the parish’s schoolchildren were taught at a herdsman’s house. Only about 1814 did every village get its own school. Buborn’s tiny schoolroom

3842-479: The Augustinian canon Orrm , which highlights the blending of both Old English and Anglo-Norman elements in English for the first time. In Wycliff'e Bible of the 1380s, the verse Matthew 8:20 was written: Foxis han dennes, and briddis of heuene han nestis . Here the plural suffix -n on the verb have is still retained, but none of the case endings on the nouns are present. By the 12th century Middle English

3955-587: The British - and French- occupied Saar . The remaining 68 municipalities then bore the designation “Restkreis St. Wendel-Baumholder”, with the first syllable of Restkreis having the same meaning as in English, in the sense of “left over”. Buborn belonged to this district until 1937, when it was transferred to the Birkenfeld district . In 1969, it was transferred, this time to the Kusel district, in which it remains today. After

4068-773: The Commenturhof at Buborn likewise passed into the Grumbachs’ ownership, only to be forthwith passed by them to landholder Boso Strauß von Herren-Sulzbach, receiving in return from him the Schönborner Hof. Although the Knights of Saint John kept up their presence in the domains of the Evangelical Church , they could no longer hold their own in Herren-Sulzbach . In the Waldgravial-Rhinegravial House of Grumbach,

4181-532: The County of Sponheim -Starkenburg. It is known, however, that the village itself was pledged at this time as Hof in Bopporn ( Hof means “estate”) to Reinfried von Reipoltskirchen. The exact date of the deed is unknown. Nevertheless, Buborn was in his hands in 1408 when Waldgrave Gerhard V died. The pledge was further passed on in 1431 to Friedrich von Rüdesheim, Reinfried von Reipoltskirchen's son-in-law. Shortly thereafter,

4294-537: The Danelaw area around York, which was the centre of Norse colonisation; today these features are still particularly present in Scots and Northern English . The centre of Norsified English was in the Midlands around Lindsey . After 920 CE, when Lindsey was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon polity, English spread extensively throughout the region. An element of Norse influence that continues in all English varieties today

4407-571: The Early Middle Ages , Buborn belonged to the parish of the neighbouring village of Herren-Sulzbach . Buborn has never had its own church. Beginning in the 14th century, though, the Knights of Saint John kept their administrative seat here. The Order also owned considerable lands, and had likewise established a location in Meisenheim . In the time of the Reformation , the Knights lost all their influence in

4520-532: The European Free Trade Association , Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) set English as their organisation's sole working language even though most members are not countries with a majority of native English speakers. While the European Union (EU) allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of

4633-525: The Germanic language branch, and as of 2021 , Ethnologue estimated that there were over 1.5 billion speakers worldwide. Old English emerged from a group of West Germanic dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons . Late Old English borrowed some grammar and core vocabulary from Old Norse , a North Germanic language . Then, Middle English borrowed vocabulary extensively from French dialects , which are

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4746-608: The Glan valley and quartered themselves in villages near Grumbach, including Buborn, leading to abuses by the troops against the local populace. After French rule ended, the Congress of Vienna established the Principality of Lichtenberg in 1816, which was awarded as a newly created exclave to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , which as of 1826 became the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . In 1834,

4859-731: The Low Saxon and Frisian languages . English is an Indo-European language and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . Old English originated from a Germanic tribal and linguistic continuum along the Frisian North Sea coast, whose languages gradually evolved into the Anglic languages in the British Isles , and into the Frisian languages and Low German /Low Saxon on

4972-502: The Second World War ). Buborn is a clump village that has been thrust together, one with old buildings, and with a north-south through road cutting through it. The small graveyard lies at the village's south end. All together, there is very little in the way of new building. While it is assumed that the area around the village was already settled in prehistoric times , there are no archaeological finds bearing witness to this. What

5085-650: The Second World War , the village at first lay within the Regierungsbezirk of Koblenz in the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate . In the course of administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate in 1968, the Amt of Grumbach was dissolved. On New Year's Day 1972, Buborn passed to the newly founded Verbandsgemeinde of Lauterecken , and at the same time from the Regierungsbezirk of Koblenz to

5198-641: The United Nations at the end of World War II , English had become pre-eminent and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. Many other worldwide international organisations, including the International Olympic Committee , specify English as a working language or official language of the organisation. Many regional international organisations such as

5311-466: The Waldgraves . The charge on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side, the handpump-well, is a canting element and refers to the latter syllable in the village's name, —born , which, although historically referring to a spring, can also refer to a well (the more usual form is Brunnen ). This is, nevertheless, a false assumption. Historically, the last syllable in the village's name refers to

5424-511: The palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic (see Phonological history of Old English § Palatalization ). The earliest varieties of an English language, collectively known as Old English or "Anglo-Saxon", evolved from a group of North Sea Germanic dialects brought to Britain in the 5th century. Old English dialects were later influenced by Old Norse -speaking Viking invaders and settlers , starting in

5537-558: The "outer circle" countries are countries such as the Philippines , Jamaica , India , Pakistan , Singapore , Malaysia and Nigeria with a much smaller proportion of native speakers of English but much use of English as a second language for education, government, or domestic business, and its routine use for school instruction and official interactions with the government. Those countries have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from an English-based creole to

5650-596: The 8th and 9th centuries. Middle English began in the late 11th century after the Norman Conquest of England, when a considerable amount of Old French vocabulary was incorporated into English over some three centuries. Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the start of the Great Vowel Shift and the Renaissance trend of borrowing further Latin and Greek words and roots, concurrent with

5763-595: The Angles. English may have a small amount of substrate influence from Common Brittonic, and a number of possible Brittonicisms in English have been proposed, but whether most of these supposed Brittonicisms are actually a direct result of Brittonic substrate influence is disputed. Old English was divided into four dialects: the Anglian dialects ( Mercian and Northumbrian ) and the Saxon dialects ( Kentish and West Saxon ). Through

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5876-512: The British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s, former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies. For example, the view of the English language among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India. English

5989-798: The Catholic branch has borne the name Order of Malta. The presence of Knights of Saint John also characterized the history in the 16th and 17th centuries. Until the time of the French Revolution , Buborn belonged to the Lordship of the Counts of Grumbach. During the Thirty Years' War , marauding troops repeatedly plundered the village, and only a few people survived the war. Likewise, the village suffered in French King Louis XIV's wars of conquest. During

6102-414: The Donnersberg is drained towards the east by the 43 km long Pfrimm , which itself rises in the northern Palatine Forest, and the 61 km long Selz . Both flow into the Upper Rhine . The North Palatine Uplands is also referred to locally as the "Old World" ( German : alte Welt or in Palatinate German : die alt Welt or bucklige Welt ). However, sometimes the term alte Welt just refers to

6215-434: The Early Modern period includes the works of William Shakespeare and the translation of the Bible commissioned by King James I . Even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from Modern English: for example, the consonant clusters /kn ɡn sw/ in knight , gnat , and sword were still pronounced. Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent

6328-409: The English Language , which introduced standard spellings of words and usage norms. In 1828, Noah Webster published the American Dictionary of the English language to try to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent of the British standard. Within Britain, non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised, leading to the quick spread of

6441-429: The English-speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce koineised forms of English in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The majority of immigrants to the United States without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival. Now the majority of the United States population are monolingual English speakers. English has ceased to be an "English language" in

6554-460: The Evangelical parish of Herren-Sulzbach was founded in 1556. Belonging thereto right from the beginning were all villages in the Amt of Grumbach but the ones lying on the river Glan . Until the Thirty Years' War , all villagers were Evangelical. Later, the lordship had to tolerate other denominations, although thus far none has gained any truly meaningful numbers. The council is made up of 6 council members, who were elected by majority vote at

6667-502: The Roman economy and administration collapsed . By the 7th century, this Germanic language of the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in Britain , replacing the languages of Roman Britain (43–409): Common Brittonic , a Celtic language , and British Latin , brought to Britain by the Roman occupation. At this time, these dialects generally resisted influence from the then-local Brittonic and Latin languages. England and English (originally Ænglaland and Ænglisc ) are both named after

6780-403: The Schönborner Hof’s, is tightly bound with the Knights of Saint John . The order’s original seat was the Schönborner Hof (estate) near Homberg , before later moving to Herren-Sulzbach, and later still, in the 14th century, to their new administrative hub in Buborn, where they built a manor building that they then called the Commenturhof (“ Commendator's Estate”). The land where this once stood

6893-442: The Union, in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations. Although in most countries English is not an official language, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language . In the countries of the EU, English is the most widely spoken foreign language in nineteen of the twenty-five member states where it is not an official language (that is, the countries other than Ireland and Malta ). In

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7006-401: The United States and United Kingdom ). It is a co-official language of the United Nations , the European Union , and many other international and regional organisations. It has also become the de facto lingua franca of diplomacy, science , technology, international trade, logistics, tourism, aviation, entertainment, and the Internet . English accounts for at least 70% of total speakers of

7119-423: The Waldgraves must have redeemed the pledge, for in 1448, Waldgrave and Rhinegrave Gottfried zu Dhaun sold the village, along with others in the Grumbacher Tal (dale), while reserving the right to buy them back, to Count Palatine Stephan of Zweibrücken. The Waldgraves exercised this right in 1477. It is likely that in the early 16th century, Buborn belonged to the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves of Grumbach. In 1515, Buborn

7232-407: The base from which English spreads to other countries in the world. Estimates of the numbers of second language and foreign-language English speakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1 billion, depending on how proficiency is defined. Linguist David Crystal estimates that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1. In Kachru's three-circles model,

7345-401: The basis for the required controlled natural languages Seaspeak and Airspeak, used as international languages of seafaring and aviation. English used to have parity with French and German in scientific research, but now it dominates that field. It achieved parity with French as a language of diplomacy at the Treaty of Versailles negotiations in 1919. By the time of the foundation of

7458-400: The beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing. John Trevisa , c.  1385 Middle English

7571-401: The centuries for Buborn: About 1120, the village was mentioned in a document as Burbur , and in a 1290 original document as Hof zu Bopure (the first two words meaning “estate at”). The name's form underwent a number of changes in older documents: Buhrbur (1127), Buppura (1152 and 1154), Potbor (1315), Butbure (1351), Boppren (1459), and in the local speech Buwere . Only in 1797 did

7684-638: The consensus of educated English speakers around the world, without any oversight by any government or international organisation. American listeners readily understand most British broadcasting, and British listeners readily understand most American broadcasting. Most English speakers around the world can understand radio programmes, television programmes, and films from many parts of the English-speaking world. Both standard and non-standard varieties of English can include both formal or informal styles, distinguished by word choice and syntax and use both technical and non-technical registers. The settlement history of

7797-518: The continent. The Frisian languages, which together with the Anglic languages form the Anglo-Frisian languages , are the closest living relatives of English. Low German/Low Saxon is also closely related, and sometimes English, the Frisian languages, and Low German are grouped together as the North Sea Germanic languages, though this grouping remains debated. Old English evolved into Middle English , which in turn evolved into Modern English. Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into

7910-410: The county towns of Kirchheimbolanden and Kusel , and the collective municipalities of Alsenz , Altenglan , Lauterecken , Meisenheim , Rockenhausen , Winnweiler and Wolfstein . Motorways Federal roads English language English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family , whose speakers, called Anglophones , originated in early medieval England on

8023-505: The current name Buborn appear. The first syllable is drawn from a personal name, “Burdo” or “Burto”, while the placename ending, although resembling the common placename ending —born , apparently does not mean “ spring ”, but rather “house” or “dwelling” (the root still appears in the German word Vogelbauer , meaning “birdcage”, and it even has a cognate in English : “bower”). Thus, the name may be interpreted as meaning “Burdo’s house”. Rural cadastral names within Buborn's limits point to

8136-476: The development of English was influenced by a long series of invasions of the British Isles by other peoples and languages, particularly Old Norse and French dialects . These left a profound mark of their own on the language, so that English shows some similarities in vocabulary and grammar with many languages outside its linguistic clades —but it is not mutually intelligible with any of those languages either. Some scholars have argued that English can be considered

8249-515: The distinct characteristics of Early Modern English. In the 1611 King James Version of the Bible, written in Early Modern English, Matthew 8:20 says, "The Foxes haue holes and the birds of the ayre haue nests." This exemplifies the loss of case and its effects on sentence structure (replacement with subject–verb–object word order, and the use of of instead of the non-possessive genitive), and

8362-480: The districts of Kusel and Donnersbergkreis . To a lesser extent it also falls within parts of Kaiserslautern , St. Wendel , Birkenfeld and Bad Kreuznach . The North Palatine Uplands is characterised by numerous mountains, hills and valleys which lend the area sharp variations in height from about 200 to over 600 m above  sea level (NN) . The highest point is the Donnersberg which, at 687 m

8475-696: The duchy sold this principality to the Kingdom of Prussia . Within Prussia's Rhine Province , it formed the district of Sankt Wendel, which was in turn divided into several Ämter . Within the district of Sankt Wendel, Buborn belonged to the Amt of Grumbach. Later, after the First World War , the Treaty of Versailles stipulated, among other things, that 26 of the Sankt Wendel district's 94 municipalities had to be ceded to

8588-401: The early period of Old English were written using a runic script . By the 6th century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms . It included the runic letters wynn ⟨ ƿ ⟩ and thorn ⟨ þ ⟩ , and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ ð ⟩ , and ash ⟨ æ ⟩ . Old English is essentially

8701-539: The educational reforms of King Alfred in the 9th century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex , the West Saxon dialect became the standard written variety . The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Cædmon's Hymn , is written in Northumbrian. Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from

8814-684: The elite in England eventually developed into the Anglo-Norman language . Because Norman was spoken primarily by the elites and nobles, while the lower classes continued speaking English, the main influence of Norman was the introduction of a wide range of loanwords related to politics, legislation and prestigious social domains. Middle English also greatly simplified the inflectional system, probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English, which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar. The distinction between nominative and accusative cases

8927-408: The expanding circle use it to communicate with other people from the expanding circle, so that interaction with native speakers of English plays no part in their decision to use the language. Non-native varieties of English are widely used for international communication, and speakers of one such variety often encounter features of other varieties. Very often today a conversation in English anywhere in

9040-710: The growing economic and cultural influence of the United States and its status as a superpower following the Second World War has, along with worldwide broadcasting in English by the BBC and other broadcasters, caused the language to spread across the planet much faster. In the 21st century, English is more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been. As Modern English developed, explicit norms for standard usage were published, and spread through official media such as public education and state-sponsored publications. In 1755, Samuel Johnson published his A Dictionary of

9153-479: The history of English was Early Modern English (1500–1700). Early Modern English was characterised by the Great Vowel Shift (1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation. The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a chain shift , meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system. Mid and open vowels were raised , and close vowels were broken into diphthongs . For example,

9266-407: The history of how English spread in different countries, how users acquire English, and the range of uses English has in each country. The three circles change membership over time. Countries with large communities of native speakers of English (the inner circle) include Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, where the majority speaks English, and South Africa, where

9379-403: The inner-circle countries, and they may show grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties as well. The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries. In the three-circles model, countries such as Poland, China, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, and other countries where English is taught as

9492-524: The introduction of loanwords from French ( ayre ) and word replacements ( bird originally meaning "nestling" had replaced OE fugol ). By the late 18th century, the British Empire had spread English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication. English

9605-467: The introduction of the printing press to London. This era notably culminated in the King James Bible and the works of William Shakespeare . The printing press greatly standardised English spelling, which has remained largely unchanged since then, despite a wide variety of later sound shifts in English dialects. Modern English has spread around the world since the 17th century as a consequence of

9718-483: The island of Great Britain . The namesake of the language is the Angles , one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to Britain . It is the most spoken language in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former British Empire (succeeded by the Commonwealth of Nations ) and the United States . English is the third-most spoken native language , after Standard Chinese and Spanish ; it

9831-431: The languages have descended from a single common ancestor called Proto-Germanic . Some shared features of Germanic languages include the division of verbs into strong and weak classes, the use of modal verbs , and the sound changes affecting Proto-Indo-European consonants, known as Grimm's and Verner's laws . English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as

9944-550: The later expansion phase that took hold in this area, thus in the 10th or 11th century. Until the early 12th century, the village belonged to the Nahegau , and then to the County of the Waldgraves , who can be considered the Nahegau counts’ successors. From a judicial point of view, Buborn lay within the jurisdiction of the Hochgericht auf der Heide (“ High Court on the Heath ”). Records tell of

10057-428: The municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. Buborn's mayor is Philipp Kreischer. The municipality's arms might be described thus: Per bend sinister Or a lion rampant sinister gules armed and langued azure and azure a handpump-well argent. The lion charge on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side is an heraldic device formerly borne by the village's mediaeval lords,

10170-399: The newly founded Regierungsbezirk of Rheinhessen-Pfalz , which has since been dissolved. The village has a rural structure to this day. Until a few decades ago, most of the villagers earned their livelihoods in agriculture . Besides farmers, there were also farmhands, forestry workers, quarrymen and a few craftsmen. There were hardly any other jobs to be had. Even today, the municipal area

10283-562: The north, although these towns are not actually within the region itself. The North Palatine Uplands thus links the landscapes of the Palatine Forest , Saar-Hunsrück Nature Park , Naheland and Rheinhessen . To the northwest its boundary with Naheland is not always clear. A rough guide is the heavily folded ridge north of the Glan river with a height different of as much as 300 metres in place. The North Palatine Uplands fall mainly within

10396-468: The northeast on the municipality of Hausweiler , in the southeast on the municipality of Wiesweiler , in the south on the municipality of Offenbach-Hundheim , in the west on the municipality of Deimberg and in the northwest on the municipality of Herren-Sulzbach . Buborn also meets the municipality of Grumbach at a single point in the north. Also belonging to Buborn are three outlying Aussiedlerhöfe (a farming settlement established most often after

10509-476: The parish of Herren-Sulzbach. In 1556, the Reformation was introduced into Buborn, and then, that same year, the Knights, under their Grand Master, Prince Georg von Schilling, first pledged the greater part of their holdings to the Lordship of the Grumbachs under Rhinegrave Philipp Franz. In the early 17th century, the Grumbachs gained full ownership of these pledged holdings and paid a price of 3,200 Gulden . In 1606,

10622-426: The prestige varieties among the middle classes. In modern English, the loss of grammatical case is almost complete (it is now only found in pronouns, such as he and him , she and her , who and whom ), and SVO word order is mostly fixed. Some changes, such as the use of do-support , have become universalised. (Earlier English did not use the word "do" as a general auxiliary as Modern English does; at first it

10735-657: The reign of Henry V . Around 1430, the Court of Chancery in Westminster began using English in its official documents , and a new standard form of Middle English, known as Chancery Standard , developed from the dialects of London and the East Midlands . In 1476, William Caxton introduced the printing press to England and began publishing the first printed books in London, expanding the influence of this form of English. Literature from

10848-464: The sense of belonging only to people who are ethnically English . Use of English is growing country-by-country internally and for international communication. Most people learn English for practical rather than ideological reasons. Many speakers of English in Africa have become part of an "Afro-Saxon" language community that unites Africans from different countries. As decolonisation proceeded throughout

10961-478: The source of approximately 28% of Modern English words , and from Latin , which is the source of an additional 28% . As such, though most of its total vocabulary comes from Romance languages , Modern English's grammar, phonology, and most commonly used words in everyday use keep it genealogically classified under the Germanic branch. It exists on a dialect continuum with Scots and is then most closely related to

11074-474: The southern dialects. Theoretically, as late as the 900s AD, a commoner from certain (northern) parts of England could hold a conversation with a commoner from certain parts of Scandinavia. Research continues into the details of the myriad tribes in peoples in England and Scandinavia and the mutual contacts between them. The translation of Matthew 8:20 from 1000 shows examples of case endings ( nominative plural, accusative plural, genitive singular) and

11187-455: The study of English as an auxiliary language. The trademarked Globish uses a relatively small subset of English vocabulary (about 1500 words, designed to represent the highest use in international business English) in combination with the standard English grammar. Other examples include Simple English . The increased use of the English language globally has had an effect on other languages, leading to some English words being assimilated into

11300-567: The task of armed border protection, thereby becoming an ecclesiastical knightly order. In 1309, the order founded on the island of Rhodes a sovereign knightly state. After the Reformation there was, besides the original Catholic branch a new Protestant branch, the Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Chivalric Order of Saint John of the Hospital at Jerusalem , which persists to this day. Since 1859,

11413-399: The time following the Second World War , the number of agricultural operations shrank dramatically, though lands useful to agriculture remained mostly intact. The farming operations that did not shut down therefore expanded. Primary occupations, though, became secondary occupations. For the last decade or so, however, farms have gradually been being given up. As in all the other villages in

11526-743: The time of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era that followed, the German lands on the Rhine ’s left bank were annexed by France. Buborn then belonged to the Mairie (“Mayoralty”) of Grumbach, which was the seat of a like-named canton , which itself belonged to the Arrondissement of Birkenfeld in the Department of Sarre ( Département de la Sarre ). In 1793, French Revolutionary troops advanced through

11639-473: The word bite was originally pronounced as the word beet is today, and the second vowel in the word about was pronounced as the word boot is today. The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English, and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages. English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during

11752-785: The world may include no native speakers of English at all, even while including speakers from several different countries. This is particularly true of the shared vocabulary of mathematics and the sciences. English is a pluricentric language , which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language. Spoken English, including English used in broadcasting, generally follows national pronunciation standards that are established by custom rather than by regulation. International broadcasters are usually identifiable as coming from one country rather than another through their accents , but newsreader scripts are also composed largely in international standard written English . The norms of standard written English are maintained purely by

11865-539: The world, but the number of English speakers in India is uncertain, with most scholars concluding that the United States still has more speakers of English than India. Modern English, sometimes described as the first global lingua franca , is also regarded as the first world language . English is the world's most widely used language in newspaper publishing, book publishing, international telecommunications, scientific publishing, international trade, mass entertainment, and diplomacy. English is, by international treaty,

11978-438: The worldwide influence of the British Empire and the United States. Through all types of printed and electronic media in these countries, English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science, navigation , and law. Its modern grammar is the result of a gradual change from a dependent-marking pattern typical of Indo-European with

12091-405: Was adopted in parts of North America, parts of Africa, Oceania, and many other regions. When they obtained political independence, some of the newly independent states that had multiple indigenous languages opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political and other difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others. In the 20th century

12204-571: Was firmly in this county's hands, and the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves of Grumbach thereby also held the jurisdiction. From this year comes a Weistum that states that both jurisdiction (that is, the court's power) and the lordship were held not by Kyrburg, but rather by Grombach (a Weistum – cognate with English wisdom – was a legal pronouncement issued by men learned in law in the Middle Ages and early modern times). The village's mediaeval history, just like neighbouring Herren-Sulzbach ’s and

12317-511: Was fully developed, integrating both Norse and French features; it continued to be spoken until the transition to early Modern English around 1500. Middle English literature includes Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , and Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur . In the Middle English period, the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated, and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer. The next period in

12430-500: Was lost except in personal pronouns, the instrumental case was dropped, and the use of the genitive case was limited to indicating possession . The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms, and gradually simplified the system of agreement, making word order less flexible. The transition from Old to Middle English can be placed during the writing of the Ormulum . The oldest Middle English texts that were written by

12543-477: Was only equipped with two tables. A further, smaller room next door served the teacher as a dwelling. Only in 1865 did the municipality have its own one-room schoolhouse built. On this schoolhouse hung a bell with the inscription “ Wer mich nimmt verliert ” (“He who takes me loses”). This warning was even enough to dissuade the Nazis from seizing the bell to use its metal in the war effort, and unlike many other bells, it

12656-533: Was only used in question constructions, and even then was not obligatory. Now, do-support with the verb have is becoming increasingly standardised.) The use of progressive forms in -ing , appears to be spreading to new constructions, and forms such as had been being built are becoming more common. Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues (e.g. dreamed instead of dreamt ), and analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common (e.g. more polite instead of politer ). British English

12769-632: Was still there by the time the Second World War ended. The one-room schoolhouse lasted until the late 1960s. Thereafter, primary school pupils attended the Grumbach-Hoppstädten primary school, which itself lasted until 2010, whereas the Hauptschule students began attending school in Lauterecken right away. Once the old primary school closed, the primary school pupils, too, began attending school there. The Lauterecken Gymnasium ’s buildings stand only

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