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51-420: After the split between Artmic and Youmex , Artmic proceeded to make Bubblegum Crash on their own, which ran three OVA episodes and is conjectured that it was a shortened version of how Bubblegum Crisis was to end. Youmex then sued Artmic, cutting the series short and tying the franchise up in legal issues until the late 1990s, when Artmic went bankrupt and Youmex was absorbed into Toshiba EMI . Upon release,

102-406: A Boomer's computer brain. Leon McNichol An A.D. Police officer from America, Leon is a dedicated cop with a tendency to rush in without thinking. He is a skilled powered armor pilot, one of the A.D. Police's aces in its K-11 and K-12S powered suits . Leon has a crush on Priss, which she does not like since she has a grudge against the A.D. Police. Daley Wong Daley is Leon's partner and

153-531: A coffee shop, Leon and Daley discuss what has become of the Knight Sabers. The disappearance of Sylia is of great concern to Nene, but Priss and Linna do not seem to care. The powered suits then commit a second robbery, clearly taking something else besides gold. At Zone's research center, Dr. Haynes, continuing the Boomer research of Sylia's father, Katsuhito Stingray, is working on a second-generation Boomer utilizing

204-497: A discipline overlapping with ES, is the related process of analyzing and identifying intercepted transmissions from sources such as radio communication, mobile phones , radar , or microwave communication . SIGINT is broken into two categories: electronic intelligence ( ELINT ) and communications intelligence ( COMINT ). Analysis parameters measured in signals of these categories can include frequency , bandwidth , modulation , and polarization . The distinction between SIGINT and ES

255-683: A downgrade compared to Bubblegum Crisis and its reboot Tokyo 2040 . Raphael See of THEM Anime Reviews gave Crash a rating of 3 out of 5 stars, praising the artwork and character development, but criticized the designs of the Boomers, as well as noting that "the biggest complaint that fans have against Crash is that it doesn't live up to the tone or flavor of Crisis . That much is true - Bubblegum Crash takes itself MUCH less seriously than Crisis . Less charitable critics sometimes call Crash 'Sailor Moon in Hardsuits.'" Overall, See concludes that Crash

306-432: A highly skilled investigator. He is Chinese-American and openly homosexual . He flirts openly with the heterosexual Leon whenever Leon's temper tends to get the better of him, and Leon often reciprocates with good humor. One evening, a gang of robbers decked out in advanced powered suits rob Glory Bank. AD Police attempts to apprehend them, but air support arrives too late to prevent them escaping in their own helicopter. At

357-459: A measure used to protect against an electronic enemy attack (EA) or to protect against friendly forces who unintentionally deploy the equivalent of an electronic attack on friendly forces. (sometimes called EW fratricide ). The effectiveness of electronic protection (EP) level is the ability to counter an electronic attack (EA). Flares are often used to distract infrared homing missiles into missing their target. The use of flare rejection logic in

408-521: A modular core system to which a variety of selective heavy weapons can be attached. Linna Yamazaki ( リンナ山崎 , Rinna Yamazaki ) Linna is a member of the Knight Sabers. She is the only member of the Sabers that is not a Hafu . Linna dons a green Hard Suit equipped with "ribbon cutters", which are long, electrically charged nanomolecular ropes mounted behind the helmet that can be used to slash through Boomers and other high-tech opponents. Like Priss, she

459-610: A subsidiary of Toshiba EMI and founded by Junji Fujita (formerly of King Records ). The company was absorbed back into Toshiba EMI in 1998, after taking on debt defaulted on by Artmic . Some of the more well-known works for which Youmex released soundtracks and other CDs (under its Futureland label) include Kimagure Orange Road ( Sound Color 1–3, Loving Heart , etc.), Bubblegum Crisis ( Complete Vocal Collections 1–2), and Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water ( Vocal Collection ). In 1995, Youmex worked with Adam Warren through Dark Horse Comics and Artmic to come up with

510-636: Is warfare involving the use of the electromagnetic spectrum (EM spectrum) or directed energy to control the spectrum, attack an enemy, or impede enemy operations. The purpose of electromagnetic warfare is to deny the opponent the advantage of—and ensure friendly unimpeded access to—the EM spectrum . Electromagnetic warfare can be applied from air , sea , land , or space by crewed and uncrewed systems, and can target communication , radar , or other military and civilian assets. Military operations are executed in an information environment increasingly complicated by

561-465: Is a laser gun unsuited for taking out enemies; instead, it is used to scribble the Knight Sabers' signature onto their scene of actions. She relies on her suit's computer and electronic warfare systems to stay away from an enemy. She gets another new suit in Crash . Her suit's offensive capabilities are stocked up considerably with an electromagnetic pulse striker and the capability of physically hacking into

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612-727: Is a practice range that provides training for personnel operating in electronic warfare. There are two examples of such ranges in Europe : one at RAF Spadeadam in the northwest county of Cumbria , England, and the Multinational Aircrew Electronic Warfare Tactics Facility Polygone range on the border between Germany and France. EWTRs are equipped with ground-based equipment to simulate electronic warfare threats that aircrew might encounter on missions. Other EW training and tactics ranges are available for ground and naval forces as well. Antifragile EW

663-624: Is a step beyond standard EP, occurring when a communications link being jammed actually increases in capability as a result of a jamming attack, although this is only possible under certain circumstances such as reactive forms of jamming. Electronic warfare support (ES) is a subdivision of EW involving actions taken by an operational commander or operator to detect, intercept, identify, locate, and/or localize sources of intended and unintended radiated electromagnetic (EM) energy. These Electronic Support Measures (ESM) aim to enable immediate threat recognition focuses on serving military service needs even in

714-485: Is a suite of countermeasure systems fitted primarily to aircraft for the purpose of protecting the host from weapons fire and can include, among others: directional infrared countermeasures ( DIRCM , flare systems and other forms of infrared countermeasures for protection against infrared missiles; chaff (protection against radar-guided missiles); and DRFM decoy systems (protection against radar-targeted anti-aircraft weapons). An electronic warfare tactics range (EWTR)

765-898: Is addressing the other NATO defense lines of development. Primary EW activities have been developed over time to exploit the opportunities and vulnerabilities that are inherent in the physics of EM energy . Activities used in EW include electro-optical, infrared and radio frequency countermeasures; EM compatibility and deception; radio jamming , radar jamming and deception and electronic counter-countermeasures (or anti-jamming); electronic masking, probing, reconnaissance, and intelligence; electronic security; EW reprogramming; emission control; spectrum management; and wartime reserve modes. Electronic warfare consists of three major subdivisions: electronic attack (EA), electronic protection (EP), and electronic warfare support (ES). Electronic attack (EA), also known as electronic countermeasures (ECM), involves

816-527: Is also armed with explosive knuckle bombers as well as a finger-mounted triplet laser gun. In Crash , the knuckle bombers and lasers are replaced with electrically charged twin wire-daggers. Working as an aerobics instructor, Linna once hoped to pursue a career in professional dancing , but her efforts went unappreciated by all but Sylia, who recruited her into the Sabers. Eventually, her constant greed makes her switch to stockbroker consulting in Crash . Nene Romanova ( ネネ・ロマノーヴァ , Nene Romanōva ) Nene

867-487: Is also her penthouse apartment functioning as the Knight Sabers' base of operations. She wears a blue and silver Hard Suit equipped with retractable sword blades in the forearms, laser cannons in the palms and wings for full flight capability. Priscilla "Priss" S. Asagiri ( プリシラ・S・アサギリ , Purishira S. Asagiri , プリス Purisu ) Priss is the strongest member of the Knight Sabers, specializing in heavy assault. The Japanese-American vocalist of an underground rock band, Priss

918-510: Is an element of information warfare; more specifically, it is an element of offensive and defensive counterinformation. NATO has a different and arguably more encompassing and comprehensive approach to EW. A military committee conceptual document from 2007, MCM_0142 Nov 2007 Military Committee Transformation Concept for Future NATO Electronic Warfare , recognised the EME as an operational maneuver space and warfighting environment/domain. In NATO, EW

969-530: Is an orphan of the 2025 Kantō earthquake, who joined a biker gang. After her boyfriend was killed and his death declared insignificant by the police (giving her a dislike for the law enforcement), she attempted to hunt down the killers, but she was recruited into the Knight Sabers instead. She wears a dark blue Hard Suit, which features a railgun in the right hand as well as a laser gun in the original series and her signature knuckle bombers (explosive charges in both hands of her hard suit). In Crash , her suit becomes

1020-795: Is considered to be warfare in the EME. NATO has adopted simplified language which parallels those used in other warfighting environments like maritime, land, and air/space. For example, an electronic attack (EA) is offensive use of EM energy, electronic defense (ED), and electronic surveillance (ES). The use of the traditional NATO EW terms, electronic countermeasures (ECM), electronic protective measures (EPM), and electronic support measures (ESM) has been retained as they contribute to and support electronic attack (EA), electronic defense (ED) and electronic surveillance (ES). Besides EW, other EM operations include intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance (ISTAR), and signals intelligence (SIGINT). Subsequently, NATO has issued EW policy and doctrine and

1071-454: Is determined by the controller of the collection assets, the information provided, and the intended purpose of the information. Electronic warfare support is conducted by assets under the operational control of a commander to provide tactical information, specifically threat prioritization, recognition, location, targeting, and avoidance. However, the same assets and resources that are tasked with ES can simultaneously collect information that meets

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1122-412: Is not bad, but that "die-hard Crisis fans will probably want to stay away." Christopher Macdonald of Anime News Network gave the series a rating of C+, handing out praise for the artwork, animation, and some of the story, but criticized the lighter tone of the series compared to Bubblegum Crisis , the soundtrack, and for not keeping continuity in the Knight Sabers' personalities between the original and

1173-479: Is the 22-year-old ringleader of the Knight Sabers. She is a Hafu of British descent. Very calm and cool-headed, she does not show much emotion. She is the daughter of Dr. Katsuhito Stingray, the man who originally created the boomers. Sylia is a wealthy businesswoman whose business ventures, aside from the mercenaries' fee, finance the team. Her primary business is the lingerie shop "Silky Doll" she personally runs, housed in her private building, Lady's 633, on whose top

1224-648: Is the youngest member of the Knight Sabers, acting as the IT expert of the group and as an officer of the AD Police, functioning as the group's mole in the ADP. She is a Hāfu of Russian descent. She is bubbly, naive, has an affinity for candy and junk food, and is blissfully inept with real world logic. Due to her lack of (and unwillingness to engage in) regular exercise, she is often teased by Priss and Linna for not being more physically durable. Nene's blue and pink Hard Suit's offensive weapon

1275-552: Is working in cahoots with the Illegal Army, who lusts after the secrets of the new AI. ( as Louise Russell ) Japanese: Norio Tsukui, Takako Kikuchi, Toshiyuki Morikawa English (Southwynde Studios): Amanda Tancredi, Chuck Kinlaw, Grenoldo Frazier, Jack Bowden, Lou Criscuolo, Matthew Alexander, Michael Sinterniklaas , Scott Simpson, Sean Clay, Sophia Tolar, Steve Vernon, Zach Hanner Critical reception of Bubblegum Crash has been mixed. Both critics and fans consider it to be

1326-686: The Bayraktar TB2 had a life expectancy of about six flights. By summer 2022, only some one-third of Ukrainian UAV missions could be said to have been successful, as EW had contributed to Ukraine losing 90% of the thousands of drones it had at the beginning of the invasion. Russian EW capacity to disrupt GPS signals is credited with the reduction in the success of Ukrainian usage of HIMARS and JDAM bombs. The failure of GPS guidance forces these weapons, in particular JDAMS, to use inertial navigation system which reduces accuracy from around 5 metres (15 ft) down to around 27 metres (90 ft). Ukraine

1377-518: The Euphrates River , modeled after a North Korean reactor and supposedly financed with Iranian assistance. Some reports say Israeli EW systems deactivated all of Syria's air defense systems for the entire period of the raid. In December 2010, the Russian Army deployed their first land-based multifunctional electronic warfare system known as Borisoglebsk 2 , developed by Sozvezdie . Development of

1428-527: The IT expert of the Knight Sabers, is still working with the AD Police and trying to keep the Knight Saber ideal alive, and Linna Yamazaki has moved into playing the Japanese stock market and has gotten rich as a result. Things are quiet, until a group of mercenaries called the Illegal Army begin attacking tech companies across Tokyo, and they steal rare parts from them. As a result, Sylia is forced to bring Nene and

1479-514: The Japanese communications link by attempting to transmit a stronger radio signal over the Shinano Maru's signal, hoping to distort the Japanese signal at the receiving end. Russian Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky refused the advice and denied the Ural permission to electronically jam the enemy, which in those circumstances might have proved invaluable. The intelligence the Japanese gained ultimately led to

1530-497: The Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet said its initial usage caused concern within NATO. A Russian blog described Borisoglebsk-2 thus: The 'Borisoglebsk-2', when compared to its predecessors, has better technical characteristics: wider frequency bandwidth for conducting radar collection and jamming, faster scanning times of the frequency spectrum, and higher precision when identifying

1581-461: The battle, although many were defeated by Vietnamese ECCM. In 2007, an Israeli attack on a suspected Syrian nuclear site during Operation Outside the Box (or Operation Orchard ) used electronic warfare systems to disrupt Syrian air defenses while Israeli jets crossed much of Syria, bombed their targets, and returned to Israel undeterred. The target was a suspected nuclear reactor under construction near

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1632-557: The case of anti-radiation weapons, this often includes missiles or bombs that can home in on a specific signal (radio or radar) and follow that path directly to impact, thus destroying the system broadcasting. In November 2021, Israel Aerospace Industries announced a new electronic warfare system named Scorpius that can disrupt radar and communications from ships, UAVs , and missiles simultaneously and at varying distances. On 8 September 2024, Russian drones entered both Romanian and Latvian airspace. Romania scrambled two F-16s to monitor

1683-568: The collection requirements for more strategic intelligence. The earliest documented use of EW was during the Second Boer War of 1899–1902. The British Army, when trying to relieve Ladysmith, under siege by the Boers , used a searchlight to "bounce" Morse code signals off the clouds. The Boers immediately spotted this and used one of their own searchlights in an attempt to jam the British signals. This

1734-697: The decisive Battle of Tsushima , where the Russian Navy lost all its battleships and most of its cruisers and destroyers. These losses effectively ended the Russo-Japanese War in Japan's favor. During World War II , the Allies and Axis Powers both extensively used EW, or what Winston Churchill referred to as the " Battle of the Beams ": as navigational radars were used to guide bombers to their targets and back to their base,

1785-797: The drone's progress, it landed "in an uninhabited area" near Periprava , according to the Romanian Ministry of Defence. The drone that entered Latvian airspace from Belarus crashed near Rezekne . This comes as the ISW noted increased success in Ukrainian Electronic Warfare against Russian drones that resulted in "several Russian Shahed drones (that) recently failed to reach their intended targets for unknown reasons." Two Kh-58s also reportedly failed to reach their targets. Electronic protection (EP), also known as an electronic protective measure (EPM) or electronic counter-countermeasure (ECCM) are

1836-418: The electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum portion of the information environment is referred to as the electromagnetic environment (EME). The recognized need for military forces to have unimpeded access to and use of the electromagnetic environment creates vulnerabilities and opportunities for electronic warfare in support of military operations. Within the information operations construct, EW

1887-519: The first application of EW in WWII was to interfere with the navigational radars. Chaff was also introduced during WWII to confuse and defeat tracking radar systems. As battlefield communication and radar technology improved, so did electronic warfare, which played a major role in several military operations during the Vietnam War . Aircraft on bombing runs and air-to-air missions often relied on EW to survive

1938-530: The guidance (seeker head) of an infrared homing missile to counter an adversary's use of flares is an example of EP. While defensive EA actions (jamming) and EP (defeating jamming) both protect personnel, facilities, capabilities, and equipment, EP protects from the effects of EA (friendly and/or adversary). Other examples of EP include spread spectrum technologies, the use of restricted frequency lists, emissions control ( EMCON ), and low observability (stealth) technology. Electronic warfare self-protection (EWSP)

1989-527: The location and source of radar emissions, and increased capacity for suppression. During the first two days of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Russian EW disrupted Ukraine's air defense radars and communications, severely disrupting Ukrainian ground-based air defense systems. Russian jamming was so effective it interfered with their own communications, so efforts were scaled back. This led to Ukrainian SAMs regaining much of their effectiveness, which began inflicting significant losses on Russian aircraft by

2040-431: The most tactical, rugged, and extreme environments. This is often referred to as simply reconnaissance, although today, more common terms are intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance ( ISR ) or intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance ( ISTAR ). The purpose is to provide immediate recognition, prioritization, and targeting of threats to battlefield commanders. Signals intelligence (SIGINT),

2091-504: The new AI. The project, named "Adama," is the first step toward Dr. Stingray's dream of constructing Boomers that closely resemble mankind. But Dr. Stingray's other disciple, Dr. Yuri, murders Haynes and steals Adama. Later, at the Zone testing grounds, Yuri demonstrates the EM-302, a high-mobility combat Boomer he developed by perverting what he learned from Stingray and Haynes. It becomes clear that he

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2142-414: The offensive use of electromagnetic energy weapons, directed energy weapons, or anti-radiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability including human life. In the case of electromagnetic energy, this action is most commonly referred to as "jamming" and can be performed on communications systems or radar systems. In

2193-478: The original concept for Bubblegum Crisis: Grand Mal , an original English-language manga series. As of 2024, The back catalog of Futureland label is being re-released by Universal Music Group . Listed in chronological order. Sources: These were released under their label Futureland. Titles listed in chronological order. Sources: Electronic warfare Electromagnetic warfare or electronic warfare ( EW )

2244-551: The other members back together. They then try to find out who or what is behind the recent string of robberies, murders, and Boomer malfunctions caused by the Illegal Army which are related to the creation of an advanced artificial intelligence. The characters are similar to those in the Bubblegum Crisis OVA series. Sylia Stingray ( シリア・スティングレイ , Shiria Sutingurei ) (spelled Silia in Bubblegum Crisis ) Sylia

2295-441: The sequel. He states that "it isn't as good as Crisis, but it's still not that bad. However, sequels are never judged exclusively on their own merits; they are judged in comparison with the original, and Crash simply doesn't have the character of Crisis." Youmex Youmex ( ユーメックス株式会社 , Yūmekkusu Kabushiki Kaisha ) was an anime production company and record label (under their label Futureland ) established in 1985 as

2346-488: The series received mixed reviews from fans and critics. Bubblegum Crash takes place in 2034, one year after the events of Bubblegum Crisis . The Knight Sabers have broken up, as each of its members have moved on to pursue their own life goals as things seemed to have calmed down. Knight Sabers leader and founder Sylia Stingray has disappeared. The group's number two, Japanese-American musician Priscilla "Priss" Asagiri, has stumbled from one manager to another. Nene Romanova,

2397-654: The start of March 2022. Rapid Russian advances at the start of the war prevented EW troops from properly supporting the advancing troops, but by late March and April 2022, extensive jamming infrastructure had been deployed. EW complexes were set up in Donbas in concentrations of up to 10 complexes per 13 mi (21 km) of frontage. Electronic suppression of GPS and radio signals caused heavy losses of Ukrainian UAVs, depriving them of intelligence and precise artillery fire spotting. Small quadcopters had an average life expectancy of around three flights, and larger fixed-wing UAVs like

2448-524: The system started in 2004 and evaluation testing successfully completed in December 2010. The Borisoglebsk-2 uses four different types of jamming stations on a single system. The Borisoglebsk-2 system is mounted on nine MT-LB armored vehicles and is intended to suppress mobile satellite communications and satellite-based navigation signals. This EW system is developed to conduct electronic reconnaissance and suppression of radio-frequency sources. In August 2015,

2499-722: Was graphically described by Winston Churchill in his book London to Ladysmith via Pretoria . During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 the Japanese auxiliary cruiser Shinano Maru had located the Russian Baltic Fleet in Tsushima Strait , and was communicating the fleet's location by radio signals to the Imperial Japanese Fleet HQ. The captain of the Russian warship Ural requested permission to disrupt

2550-471: Was in widespread use on front lines to impair small battlefield UAV activity, with Russia installing video feedback and control jammers on high-value equipment like tanks and artillery. By 11 March 2024, Ukraine reported it had destroyed a Russian Palantin EW system in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, which "suppress satellite radio navigation along the entire line of contact and in most parts of Ukraine, replacing

2601-477: Was losing some 10,000 drones a month due to Russian electronic warfare, according to a 19 May 2023 report by the Royal United Services Institute . This was an average of 300 drones a day. Russia has established EW posts about every 10 kilometres (6 mi) of the front, being some 6 kilometres (4 mi) back from the front line. In October 2023, The Economist reported that electronic warfare

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