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49-446: The local economic base is a mixture of the industrial and the agricultural ( carob trees, almond trees, fruit trees , olive trees and grapes ). Buñol's population is about 9,000 people. Buñol has regional rail passenger service to Valencia via the Renfe system. Every year upwards of 40,000 people gather in the town to throw over 115,000 kilograms of tomatoes at each other in

98-475: A symbiotic relationship with rhizobia to make use of atmospheric nitrogen . It remains unclear if carob trees have this ability: Some findings suggest that it is not able to form root nodules with rhizobia, while in another more recent study, trees have been identified with nodules containing bacteria believed to be from the genus Rhizobium . However, a study measuring the N-signal (isotopic signature) in

147-469: A xerophyte (drought-resistant species), carob is well adapted to the conditions of the Mediterranean region with just 250 to 500 millimetres (10 to 20 in) of rainfall per year. Carob trees can survive long periods of drought, but to grow fruit, they need 500 to 550 millimetres (20 to 22 in) of rainfall per year. They prefer well-drained, sandy loams and are intolerant of waterlogging , but

196-436: A chocolate alternative in most recipes. The plant's seeds are used to produce locust bean gum or carob gum, a common thickening agent used in food processing . The carob tree grows up to 15 metres (50 feet) tall. The crown is broad and semispherical, supported by a thick trunk with rough brown bark and sturdy branches. Its leaves are 10 to 20 centimetres (4 to 8 inches) long, alternate, pinnate, and may or may not have

245-503: A different subfamily of the Fabaceae : Mimosoideae . Early Spanish settlers named them algarrobo after the carob tree because they also produce pods with sweet pulp. The carob genus, Ceratonia , belongs to the legume family, Fabaceae , and is believed to be an archaic remnant of a part of this family now generally considered extinct . It grows well in warm temperate and subtropical areas, and tolerates hot and humid coastal areas. As

294-405: A long stick and gathering them together with the help of laid-out nets. This is a delicate task because the trees are flowering at the same time and care has to be taken not to damage the flowers and the next year's crop. The literature recommends research to get the fruit to ripen more uniformly or also for cultivars which can be mechanically harvested (by shaking). After harvest, carob pods have

343-453: A moisture content of 10–20% and should be dried down to a moisture content of 8% so the pods do not rot. Further processing separates the kernels (seeds) from the pulp. This process is called kibbling and results in seeds and pieces of carob pods (kibbles). Processing of the pulp includes grinding for animal feed production or roasting and milling for human food industry. The seeds have to be peeled which happens with acid or through roasting. Then

392-549: A substitute for chocolate in recipes because of the color, texture, and taste of carob. In Malta , a traditional sweet called karamelli tal-harrub and eaten during the Christian holidays of Lent and Good Friday is made from carob pods. Dried carob fruit is traditionally eaten on the Jewish holiday of Tu Bishvat . Carob powder (carob pulp flour ) is made of roasted, then finely ground, carob pod pulp. Locust bean gum

441-510: A terminal leaflet. It is frost-tolerant to roughly −7 °C (19 °F). Most carob trees are dioecious and some are hermaphroditic , so strictly male trees do not produce fruit. When the trees blossom in autumn, the flowers are small and numerous, spirally arranged along the inflorescence axis in catkin -like racemes borne on spurs from old wood and even on the trunk ( cauliflory ); they are pollinated by both wind and insects . The male flowers smell like human semen , an odor that

490-446: Is added and boiled for some time. The result is a cold beverage, also called kharrub , which is sold by juice shops and street vendors, especially in summer. This drink is popular during Ramadan in Gaza . In Lebanon the molasses is called debs el kharrub (literally: molasses of the carob), but people generally shorten it to debs . The molasses has a sweet, chocolate-like flavor. It

539-649: Is called באקסער bokser , derived from the Middle High German bokshornboum "ram's horn tree" (in reference to the shape of the carob). The carat , a unit of mass for gemstones , and a measurement of purity for gold, takes its name via the Arabic qīrāṭ from the Greek name for the carob seed κεράτιον (lit. "small horn"). Although cultivated extensively, carob can still be found growing wild in eastern Mediterranean regions, and has become naturalized in

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588-427: Is caused in part by amines . The fruit is a legume (also known commonly, but less accurately, as a pod ), that is elongated, compressed, straight, or curved, and thickened at the sutures. The pods take a full year to develop and ripen. When the sweet, ripe pods eventually fall to the ground, they are eaten by various mammals, such as swine, thereby dispersing the hard inner seed in the excrement. The seeds of

637-464: Is commonly mixed with tahini (typically 75% kharrub molasses and 25% tahini). The resulting mixture is called debs bi tahini and is eaten raw or with bread. The molasses is also used in certain cakes. The region of Iqlim al-Kharrub , which translates to the region of the carob , produces a significant amount of carob. In Cyprus , the dried and milled carob pods are left to soak in water, before being transferred into special containers out of which

686-488: Is largely intelligible to Modern French, contrary to Old French . The most important change found in Middle French is the complete disappearance of the noun declension system, which had been underway for centuries. There was no longer a distinction between nominative and oblique forms of nouns , and plurals became indicated by simply an s . The transformations necessitated an increased reliance on word order in

735-406: Is necessary. Nitrogen-fertilizing of the plants has been shown to have positive impacts on yield performance. Although it is native to moderately dry climates, two or three summers' irrigation greatly aid the development, hasten the fruiting, and increase the yield of a carob tree. The most labour-intensive part of carob cultivation is harvesting, which is often done by knocking the fruit down with

784-423: Is often used as a firewood . As it makes such excellent fuel, it is sometimes even preferred over oak or olive wood. Because the much fluted stem usually shows heart rot , carob wood is rarely used for construction timber . However, it is sometimes sought for ornamental work--particularly for furniture design, as the natural shape of the trunk is well-suited to the task. Additionally, the extremely wavy grain of

833-413: Is produced from the endosperm , which accounts for 42–46% of the carob seed, and is rich in galactomannans (88% of endosperm dry mass ). Galactomannans are hydrophilic and swell in water. If galactomannans are mixed with other gelling substances, such as carrageenan , they can be used to effectively thicken the liquid part of food. This is used extensively in canned food for animals in order to get

882-687: Is restricted due to low polymorphism for molecular markers . Carob products consumed by humans come from the dried, sometimes roasted, pod , which has two main parts: the pulp accounts for 90% and the seeds 10% by weight. Carob pulp is sold either as flour or "chunks". The flour of the carob embryo (seed) can also be used for human and animal nutrition, but the seed is often separated before making carob powder (see section on locust bean gum below). Carob pods are mildly sweet on their own (being roughly one third to one half sugar by dry weight), so they are used in powdered, chip or syrup form as an ingredient in cakes and cookies , sometimes as

931-489: Is rich in proteins (50%). The testa, or seed coat (30–33% of seed weight), contains cellulose, lignins , and tannins . Carob pods are about 1/3 to 1/2 sugar by weight, and this sugar can be extracted into a syrup. In Malta , a carob syrup ( ġulepp tal-ħarrub ) is made out of the pods. Carob syrup is also used in Crete , and Cyprus exports it. In Palestine , crushed pods are heated to caramelize their sugar, then water

980-406: Is sometimes flavored with orange or chocolate. In Yemen , carob tree is playing a role in controlling diabetes mellitus according to Yemeni folk medicine, and diabetics consume carob pods as a juice to lower their blood sugar levels. The carob tree is widely cultivated in the horticultural nursery industry as an ornamental plant for Mediterranean climates and other temperate regions around

1029-626: Is the larva of the carob moth ( Myelois ceratoniae Z.), which can cause extensive postharvest damage. Cadra calidella attack carob crops before harvest and infest products in stores. This moth, prevalent in Cyprus, will often infest the country's carob stores. Research has been conducted to understand the physiology of the moth, in order to gain insight on how to monitor moth reproduction and lower their survival rates, such as through temperature control, pheromone traps , or parasitoid traps. In 2022, world production of carob (as locust beans)

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1078-609: Is then kneaded, stretched and pulled until the fair, golden color and toffee-like texture of pasteli is obtained. Carob is used for compote , liqueur , and syrup in Turkey, Malta, Portugal, Spain, and Sicily. In Libya , carob syrup (called rub ) is used as a complement to asida (made from wheat flour). The so-called "carob syrup" made in Peru is actually from the fruit of the Prosopis nigra tree. Because of its strong taste, carob syrup

1127-515: The Algarve region) and the Atlantic northwestern Moroccan coast, carob pods were often used as animal feed and in times of famine , as "the last source of [human] food in hard times". The ripe, dried, and sometimes toasted pod is often ground into carob powder, which was sometimes used as a substitute for cocoa powder , especially in the 1970s natural food movement . The powder and chips can be used as

1176-738: The Balearic Islands and Catalonia ( Catalan / Valencian / Balearic : garrofer, garrofera, garrover, garrovera ); Malta ( Maltese : ħarruba ), on the Italian islands of Sicily ( Sicilian : carrua ) and Sardinia ( Sardinian : carrubba, carruba ), in Southern Croatia ( Croatian : rogač ), such as on the island of Šipan , in eastern Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : рожков ), and in Southern Greece , Cyprus , as well as on many Greek islands such as Crete and Samos . In Israel ,

1225-673: The Hebrew name is חרוב ( translit . charuv ). The common Greek name is χαρουπιά ( translit. charoupiá ), or ξυλοκερατιά ( translit. xylokeratiá , meaning "wooden horn"). In Turkey , it is known as "goat's horn" ( Turkish : keçiboynuzu ). The various trees known as algarrobo in Latin America ( Samanea saman in Cuba , Prosopis pallida in Peru , and four species of Prosopis in Argentina and Paraguay ) belong to

1274-464: The Kingdom of France : in the south of France, Occitan languages dominated; in east-central France, Franco-Provençal languages were predominant; and in the north of France, Oïl languages other than Francien continued to be spoken. The fascination with classical texts led to numerous borrowings from Latin and Greek . Numerous neologisms based on Latin roots were introduced, and some scholars modified

1323-701: The Maltese islands , apart from times of famine or war, when they formed part of the diet of many Maltese people . On the Iberian Peninsula , carob pods were historically fed to donkeys. The pulp of a carob pod is about 48–56% sugars and 18% cellulose and hemicellulose . Some differences in sugar ( sucrose ) content are seen between wild and cultivated carob trees: ~531 g/kg dry weight in cultivated varieties and ~437 g/kg in wild varieties. Fructose and glucose levels do not differ between cultivated and wild carob. The embryo (20-25% of seed weight)

1372-579: The endosperm and the embryo are separated for different uses. Few pests are known to cause severe damage in carob orchards, so they have traditionally not been treated with pesticides . Some generalist pests such as the larvae of the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.), the dried fruit moth ( Cadra calidella ), small rodents such as rats ( Rattus spp. ) and gophers ( Pitymys spp. ) can cause damage occasionally in some regions. Only some cultivars are severely susceptible to mildew disease ( Oidium ceratoniae C.). One pest directly associated with carob

1421-591: The legume family, Fabaceae . It is widely cultivated for its edible fruit , which takes the form of seed pods , and as an ornamental tree in gardens and landscapes. The carob tree is native to the Mediterranean region and the Middle East . Portugal is the largest producer of carob, followed by Italy and Morocco . In the Mediterranean Basin , extended to the southern Atlantic coast of Portugal (i.e.,

1470-399: The western Mediterranean . The tree is typical in the southern Portuguese region of the Algarve , where the tree is called alfarrobeira , and the fruit alfarroba. It is also seen in southern and eastern Spain ( Spanish : algarrobo, algarroba , Catalan / Valencian / Balearic : garrofer, garrofera, garrover, garrovera ), mainly in the regions of Andalusia , Murcia , Valencia ,

1519-473: The "jellied" texture. While chocolate contains the chemical compound theobromine in levels that are toxic to some mammals , carob contains none, and it also has no caffeine , so it is sometimes used to make chocolate-like treats for dogs. Carob pod meal is also used as an energy-rich feed for livestock , particularly for ruminants , though its high tannin content may limit this use. Historically, carob pods were mainly used for animal fodder in

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1568-599: The Americas ( cacao , hamac , maïs ). The influence of the Anglo-Norman language on English had left words of French and Norman origin in England. Some words of Romance origin now found their way back into French as doublets through war and trade. Also, the meaning and usage of many words from Old French transformed. Spelling and punctuation were extremely variable. The introduction of printing in 1470 highlighted

1617-426: The carob juice gradually seeps out of and is collected. The juice is then boiled with constant stirring yielding a thick syrup known as haroupomelo . Although this syrup is frequently sold and eaten as is, haroupomelo is also used as a base for a local toffee -like sweet snack known as pasteli . Constant stirring of the carob syrup causes it to form into a black, amorphous mass which is then left to cool. The mass

1666-437: The carob tree contain leucodelphinidin , a colourless flavanol precursor related to leucoanthocyanidins . The word "carob" comes from Middle French carobe (modern French caroube ), which borrowed it from Arabic خَرُّوبٌ ( kharrūb , "locust bean pod") and Persian khirnub , which ultimately borrowed it perhaps from Akkadian language harūb- or Aramaic חרובא ḥarrūḇā . ' Ceratonia siliqua ,

1715-463: The climatic requirements of their growing regions has occurred. Though a partially successful breaking of the dioecy happened, the yield of hermaphrodite trees still cannot compete with that of female plants, as their pod-bearing properties are worse. Future breeding would be focused on processing-quality aspects, as well as on properties for better mechanization of harvest or better-yielding hermaphroditic plants. The use of modern breeding techniques

1764-572: The continued unification of French, the suppression of certain forms, and the prescription of rules, leading to Classical French. Middle French is the language found in the writings of Charles, Duke of Orléans , François Villon , Clément Marot , François Rabelais , Michel de Montaigne , Pierre de Ronsard , and the poets of La Pléiade . The affirmation and glorification of French finds its greatest manifestation in La Défense et illustration de la langue française ( The Defense and Illustration of

1813-417: The cooling- and drying-sensitive seedlings are then transplanted to the field in the next year after the last frost. Carob trees enter slowly into production phase. Where in areas with favorable growing conditions, the cropping starts 3–4 years after budding, with the nonbearing period requiring up to 8 years in regions with marginal soils. Full bearing of the trees occurs mostly at a tree-age of 20–25 years when

1862-417: The deep root systems can adapt to a wide variety of soil conditions and are fairly salt-tolerant (up to 3% in soil). After being irrigated with saline water in the summer, carob trees could possibly recover during winter rainfalls. In some experiments, young carob trees were capable of basic physiological functions under high-salt conditions (40  mmol NaCl/L ). Not all legume species can develop

1911-469: The need for reform in spelling . One proposed reform came from Jacques Peletier du Mans , who developed a phonetic spelling system and introduced new typographic signs (1550), but his attempt at spelling reform was not followed. The period saw the publication of the first French grammars and of the French-Latin dictionary of Robert Estienne (1539). At the beginning of the 17th century, French would see

1960-706: The next word. The French wars in Italy and the presence of Italians in the French court brought the French into contact with Italian humanism . Many words dealing with the military ( alarme , cavalier , espion , infanterie , camp , canon , soldat ) and artistic (especially architectural: arcade , architrave , balcon , corridor ; also literary: sonnet ) practices were borrowed from Italian. Those tendencies would continue through Classical French . There were also some borrowings from Spanish ( casque ) and German ( reître ) and from

2009-449: The scientific name of the carob tree, derives from the Greek κερατωνία keratōnia , "carob-tree" (cf. κέρας kéras , "horn"), and Latin siliqua "pod, carob". In English, it is also known as " St. John's bread" and "locust tree" (not to be confused with African locust bean ). The latter designation also applies to several other trees from the same family. In Yiddish , it

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2058-530: The sentence, which becomes more or less the syntax of Modern but with a continued reliance on the verb in the second position of a sentence, or " verb-second structure ", until the 16th century. Among the elites, Latin was still the language of education, administration, and bureaucracy. That changed in 1539, with the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts , in which Francis I made French the sole language for legal acts. Regional differences were still extreme throughout

2107-425: The spelling of French words to bring them into conformity with their Latin roots, sometimes erroneously. That often produced a radical difference between a word's spelling and pronunciation. Nevertheless, Middle French spelling was overall fairly close to the pronunciation; unlike Modern French, word-final consonants were still pronounced though they were optionally lost when they preceded another consonant that started

2156-431: The tissue of the carob tree did not support the theory that carob trees naturally use atmospheric nitrogen. The vegetative propagation of carob is naturally restricted due to its low adventitious rooting potential. Therefore, grafting and air-layering may prove to be more effective methods of asexual propagation. Seeds are commonly used as the propagation medium. The sowing occurs in pot nurseries in early spring and

2205-475: The wood gives carob wood exceptional resistance to splitting ; thus, sections of Carob bole are suitable for chopping blocks for splitting wood. Middle French Middle French ( French : moyen français ) is a historical division of the French language that covers the period from the mid-14th to the early 17th centuries. It is a period of transition during which: It is the first version of French that

2254-562: The world, being especially popular in California and Hawaii . The plant develops a sculpted trunk and the form of an ornamental tree after being "limbed up" as it matures, otherwise it is used as a dense and large screening hedge . The plant is very drought tolerant as long as one does not care about the size of the fruit harvest, so can be used in xeriscape landscape design for gardens , parks, and public municipal and commercial landscapes. In some areas of Greece, viz. Crete, carob wood

2303-462: The yearly La Tomatina festival . The festival is a popular sight and tourists from across Europe flock to the town to join in the fun. Near the town are the training grounds and facilities of football club Levante UD . Carob The carob ( / ˈ k ær ə b / KARR -əb ; Ceratonia siliqua ) is a flowering evergreen tree or shrub in the Caesalpinioideae sub-family of

2352-439: The yield stabilizes. The orchards are traditionally planted in low densities of 25–45 trees per hectare (10 to 20/acre). Hermaphroditic or male trees, which produce fewer or no pods, respectively, are usually planted in lower densities in the orchards as pollenizers . Intercropping with other tree species is widely spread. Not much cultivation management is required. Only light pruning and occasional tilling to reduce weeds

2401-892: Was estimated to be 56,423 tonnes , although not all countries known to grow carob reported their results to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization . Production amounts for Turkey and Morocco accounted for nearly all the world total reported in 2022. Most of the roughly 50 known cultivars are of unknown origin and only regionally distributed. The cultivars show high genetic and therefore morphological and agronomical variation. No conventional breeding by controlled crossing has been reported, but selection from orchards or wild populations has been done. Domesticated carobs ( C. s. var. edulis ) can be distinguished from their wild relatives ( C. s. var. silvestris ) by some fruit-yielding traits such as building of greater beans, more pulp, and higher sugar contents. Also, genetic adaptation of some varieties to

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