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18-706: After graduating from high school in Munich in 1896, Brunswig studied at the Universities of Munich and Berlin until he received his doctorate with Theodor Lipps in 1904. During this period, he adopted Lipps' psychologism. After studying with Edmund Husserl in Göttingen and Carl Stumpf in Berlin, he habilitated in Munich in 1910. He criticized Husserl's conception of evidence and intuition of essences. Brunswig served in World War I and

36-423: A German philosopher is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Theodor Lipps Theodor Lipps ( German: [lɪps] ; 28 July 1851 – 17 October 1914) was a German philosopher, known for his theory regarding aesthetics , creating the framework for the concept of Einfühlung ( empathy ) , defined as, "projecting oneself onto the object of perception ." This has then led onto opening up

54-473: A new branch of interdisciplinary research in the overlap between psychology and philosophy. Lipps was one of the most influential German university professors of his time, attracting many students from other countries. Lipps was very concerned with conceptions of art and the aesthetic, focusing much of his philosophy around such issues. Among his fervent admirers was Sigmund Freud . There were at least two theories that made an impact on Freud's works. The first

72-510: A new branch of philosophy called phenomenology of essences . Among them there was Moritz Geiger who wrote one of the first phenomenological essays on the essence and meaning of empathy in which the influence of Lipps is relevant. There was also Paul Ferdinand Linke who studied under Lipps at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat and dealt with Husserlian phenomenology in his first publication, Die phaenomenale Sphaere . In

90-495: Is also partly attributed to Husserl and Hans Cornelius . A number of the participants in the student association, notably Johannes Daubert  [ de ] , Moritz Geiger , Alexander Pfänder , and Adolf Reinach , were inspired by Edmund Husserl's Logical Investigations (1900/01). The book was critical of the psychologism of their teacher (Lipps), and presented a new way of doing philosophy, known as " phenomenology ." Choosing to align themselves with Husserl, they became

108-560: Is based on a partial identity of psychology of thinking and the logic of thinking. Here, logic is considered the "physics of thinking" rather than an "ethics of thinking". According to Lipps, "logic is a psychological discipline, as certain as the cognition occurs only in the psyche, and the thinking, which completes itself in the cognition, is a psychical event." Late in life, Lipps adopted some ideas from Edmund Husserl as he developed in another direction. Disliking his psychologism , some of his students joined with some of Husserl's to form

126-519: Is referred to as the early phenomenology . One of their contributions was the theory that there are different kinds of intentionality. In 1895, a number of students working with the psychologist Theodor Lipps at the University of Munich founded the Psychologische Verein ("Psychological Association"). An account stated that this association emerged from a reading group, which was occupied by

144-401: Is said to begin with both the object and the pleasure drawn together in a single act instead of a separate object with which we have aesthetic enjoyment or with pleasure taken in an object. According to Lipps, empathy incorporates movement or activity, which is bound up with observed object by: 1) being derived from it; and, 2) by being inseparable from it. For his works, he is considered one of

162-489: The Munich Circle of phenomenologists. While Cornelius' early work was rejected by the phenomenologists, his succeeding essays were embraced for their discussions of Brentano, Carl Stumpf , and Alexius Meinong 's works. A notable aspect to Munich phenomenology was the extension of the realist analysis of the a priori knowledge to different kinds of entities and domains such as the psychology of willing and motivation. It

180-430: The a priori structures of consciousness. Around 1905, many of Lipps' students (following the lead of Daubert) temporarily abandoned Munich and headed to the University of Göttingen to study with Husserl directly. This is referred to as the " Munich invasion of Göttingen ," and is generally considered to be the starting point of the phenomenological movement proper. The arrival of students from Munich eventually led to

198-497: The establishment of a similar student group in Göttingen circa 1910, known as the " Göttingen Circle ." In 1912 the Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung was founded with Husserl, Geiger, Reinach, Pfänder, and Max Scheler as its editors. After Husserl's publication of the Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie. Erstes Buch ( Ideas I ) in

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216-616: The most important representatives of the psychology of aesthetics alongside Stephan Witasek and Johannes Volkelt . Lipps was an important adherent of psychologism early in his career. This philosophy was based on the Neo-Kantianism that became influential in German philosophy during the second half of the nineteenth century. He became a spokesman of this school as evidenced in his early publications. In his work, Logik (1893), he declared his "unlimited foundational logical psychologism", which

234-564: The so-called aesthetics of "oughtness", Lipps attempted to reconcile "ought" with "is". Phenomenology of essences Munich phenomenology (also Munich phenomenological school ) is the philosophical orientation of a group of philosophers and psychologists that studied and worked in Munich at the turn of the twentieth century. Their views are grouped under the names realist (also realistic ) phenomenology or phenomenology of essences . Munich phenomenology represents one branch of what

252-481: The thinker's mysticism, hiding it within the sphere of scientific psychology in his work, Aesthetics of Space and Geometrical Illusions . The term was used to describe the process of contemplating art objects as representation of our feelings. Lipps developed it into an aesthetic theory, which was refined further by other thinkers such as Roger Fry and Vernon Lee. This concept of aesthetic resonance finds parallels throughout aesthetic philosophy. In this concept, empathy

270-522: The works of the School of Brentano . Out of this development emerged the notion that Edmund Husserl became the successor to Franz Brentano 's Austrian philosophy . It is said that the Austrian phenomenology had been distinct from everything within the phenomenological movement such as the German and French strands but it had identifiable historical ties with the Munich phenomenological school. This relationship

288-414: Was Lipps' theory of the unconscious mental events. Lipps was then a main supporter of the idea of the unconscious . The second was Lipps' works on humor. He adopted Robert Vischer 's notions of empathy or esthetic sympathy ( Einfühlung , literally translated to "feeling-into"). He was responsible for popularizing the term by modifying Vischer's conceptualization. Particularly, Lipps concealed some of

306-484: Was Pfänder, a leding representative of the Munich Phenomenology, who wrote the 1911 essay on this subject entitled Motive and Motivation . Husserl considered this an important work and it inspired him to publish a series of analyses of volitional consciousness. Husserl previously focused on "concrete" analyses founded on arithmetic and logic. He would only broaden his phenomenology later when he started addressing

324-518: Was awarded the Iron Cross, Second Class. He joined the University of Münster during the winter semester of 1916/17. Through his experiences at the front, where he was "constantly looking death in the eye", he found the "courage for metaphysics" and emphasized Christian faith and German nationalism. His interpretation of Leibniz in 1925 highlighted his role as a "Germanic thinker". This biography of

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