110-608: Bruno Santos Gerussi (7 May 1928 – 21 November 1995) was a Canadian stage and television actor, best known for the lead role in the CBC Television series The Beachcombers from 1972 to 1990. He also performed onstage at the Stratford Festival , worked in radio, and hosted Celebrity Cooks , a daily cooking/variety show, on CBC from 1975 to 1979 then on the Global Television Network from 1980 to 1987. Gerussi
220-548: A 10 kW, 60 MHz shortwave transmitter . The Westinghouse team, led by I. F. Mouromtseff, found that foods like steaks and potatoes could be cooked in minutes. The 1937 United States patent application by Bell Laboratories states: This invention relates to heating systems for dielectric materials and the object of the invention is to heat such materials uniformly and substantially simultaneously throughout their mass. ... It has been proposed therefore to heat such materials simultaneously throughout their mass by means of
330-415: A United States patent application for Spencer's microwave cooking process, and an oven that heated food using microwave energy from a magnetron was soon placed in a Boston restaurant for testing. Another independent discovery of microwave oven technology was by British scientists, including James Lovelock , who in the 1950s used it to reanimate cryogenically frozen hamsters . In 1947, Raytheon built
440-440: A common kitchen appliance and are popular for reheating previously cooked foods and cooking a variety of foods. They rapidly heat foods which can easily burn or turn lumpy if cooked in conventional pans, such as hot butter, fats, chocolate, or porridge . Microwave ovens usually do not directly brown or caramelize food, since they rarely attain the necessary temperature to produce Maillard reactions . Exceptions occur in cases where
550-656: A cooking power of between 600 and 1200 watts. Microwave cooking power, also referred to as output wattage, is lower than its input wattage, which is the manufacturer's listed power rating . The size of household microwave ovens can vary, but usually have an internal volume of around 20 liters (1,200 cu in; 0.71 cu ft), and external dimensions of approximately 45–60 cm (1 ft 6 in – 2 ft 0 in) wide, 35–40 cm (1 ft 2 in – 1 ft 4 in) deep and 25–35 cm (9.8 in – 1 ft 1.8 in) tall. Microwaves can be turntable or flatbed. Turntable ovens include
660-594: A day from 6 to 10 AM. After the show began in January 1967, the Toronto Daily Star' s Barbara Frum reported that the show had no listeners for the first two-and-a-half hours of its premiere. The show became popular, however, and in the fall of 1967, CBC Radio gave him a national daily morning show, Gerussi! , which aired until 1971 and became the model for the network's This Country in the Morning and Morningside in
770-457: A decade. In 2002, CBC Television and CBC News Network became the first broadcasters in Canada that are required to provide closed captioning for all of their programming. On those networks, only outside commercials need not be captioned, though most of them are aired with captions. All shows, bumpers, billboards, promos and other internal programming must be captioned. The requirement stems from
880-558: A different Canadian hockey venue. Other than hockey, CBC Sports properties included Toronto Raptors basketball, Toronto FC soccer, and various other amateur and professional events. The telecast of the Olympics including the Summer and Winter Olympic Games on Canadian television on CBC's broadcast started in 1956. It has the rights to broadcast the Olympic Games until 2024. It was also
990-474: A different time than the network, or were not broadcast on the station at all. Most private affiliates generally opted out of CBC's afternoon schedule and Thursday night arts programming. Private affiliates carried the 10 p.m. broadcast of The National as a core part of the CBC schedule, but generally omitted the 11 p.m. repeat (which is no longer broadcast). Most private affiliates produce their own local newscasts for
1100-530: A duration of at least 35 minutes. Some of the private affiliates later began adding CBC's overnight programming to their schedules since the network began broadcasting 24 hours a day in October 2006. Following the disaffiliation of the last privately owned CBC affiliate CKSA-DT in Lloydminster on August 31, 2016, no more private stations operate as CBC affiliates, as many such stations have been purchased either by
1210-570: A glass plate or tray. Flatbed ones do not include a plate, so they have a flat and wider cavity. By position and type, US DOE classifies them as (1) countertop or (2) over the range and built-in (wall oven for a cabinet or a drawer model). A traditional microwave only has two power output levels, fully on and fully off. Intermediate heat settings are achieved using duty-cycle modulation and switch between full power and off every few seconds, with more time on for higher settings. An inverter type, however, can sustain lower temperatures for
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#17330929835591320-489: A handful of British programs, and a few American films and off-network repeats. Since this change, the CBC has sometimes struggled to maintain ratings comparable to those it achieved before 1995, although it has seen somewhat of a ratings resurgence in recent years. In the 2007–08 season, popular series such as Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border helped the network achieve its strongest ratings performance in over half
1430-624: A heart attack in Vancouver at the home of his companion, Judge Nancy Morrison. The TV movie The New Beachcombers (2002), was dedicated in his memory. A new series was broadcast from 2002 to 2004. Gerussi received a Gemini Award nomination for Best Performance by a Lead Actor in a Continuing Dramatic Role in 1990 for the final season of The Beachcombers . He won the Geminis' Earle Grey Award posthumously for lifetime achievement in 1996. His children Rico and Tina accepted it on his behalf. Gerussi
1540-437: A higher temperature than water (the temperature they require to vaporize is higher), so inside microwave ovens they normally reach higher temperatures – sometimes much higher. This can induce temperatures in oil or fatty foods like bacon far above the boiling point of water, and high enough to induce some browning reactions, much in the manner of conventional broiling (UK: grilling) , braising, or deep fat frying. The effect
1650-580: A higher temperature, or even if the inner layer is more thermally conductive than the outer layer making it feel hotter despite having a lower temperature. In most cases, however, with uniformly structured or reasonably homogeneous food item, microwaves are absorbed in the outer layers of the item at a similar level to that of the inner layers. Depending on water content, the depth of initial heat deposition may be several centimetres or more with microwave ovens, in contrast with broiling / grilling (infrared) or convection heating methods which thinly deposit heat at
1760-494: A human rights complaint filed by deaf lawyer Henry Vlug, which was settled in 2002. The CBC's flagship newscast, The National , airs Sunday through Fridays at 10:00 p.m. local time (except in Newfoundland , where it airs at 10:30 p.m.) and Saturdays at 6:00 p.m. EST. Until October 2006, CBC owned-and-operated stations aired a second broadcast of the program at 11:00 p.m.; This later broadcast included only
1870-520: A lengthy duration without having to switch itself off and on repeatedly. Apart from offering superior cooking ability, these microwaves are generally more energy-efficient. As of 2020 , the majority of countertop microwave ovens (regardless of brand) sold in the United States were manufactured by the Midea Group . Domestic microwave ovens are typically marked with the microwave-safe symbol, next to
1980-409: A less expensive re-engineered magnetron. Several other companies joined in the market, and for a time most systems were built by defence contractors, who were most familiar with the magnetron. Litton was particularly well known in the restaurant business. While uncommon today, combination microwave-ranges were offered by major appliance manufacturers through much of the 1970s as a natural progression of
2090-453: A microwave oven in 1994, but that number had increased to 65% by 2004. Adoption has been slower in less-developed countries , as households with disposable income concentrate on more important household appliances like refrigerators and ovens. In India , for example, only about 5% of households owned a microwave oven in 2013, well behind refrigerators at 31% ownership. However, microwave ovens are gaining popularity. In Russia, for example,
2200-457: A microwave oven, up from only about 1% in 1971; the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that over 90% of American households owned a microwave oven in 1997. In Australia, a 2008 market research study found that 95% of kitchens contained a microwave oven and that 83% of them were used daily. In Canada, fewer than 5% of households had a microwave oven in 1979, but more than 88% of households owned one by 1998. In France, 40% of households owned
2310-522: A motor driven mode stirrer in the top of the oven cavity rotated allowing the food to remain stationary. In the 1960s, Litton bought Studebaker 's Franklin Manufacturing assets, which had been manufacturing magnetrons and building and selling microwave ovens similar to the Radarange. Litton developed a new configuration of the microwave oven: the short, wide shape that is now common. The magnetron feed
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#17330929835592420-499: A process known as dielectric heating . These molecules have a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other. In an alternating electric field, they will constantly spin around as they continually try to align themselves with the electric field. This can happen over a wide range of frequencies. The electric field's energy is absorbed by the dipole molecules as rotational energy. Then they hit non-dipole molecules, making them move faster as well. This energy
2530-521: A programming agreement with the CBC, in which the station would continue to provide CBC programming in Thunder Bay for a period of five years. On March 16, 2012, Astral Media announced the sale of its assets to Bell Media , owners of CTV and CTV Two , for $ 3.38 billion with CFTK and CJDC included in the acquisition. Both stations subsequently became CTV Two stations. CBC television stations in Nunavut ,
2640-425: A rapidly alternating electric field. The invention of the cavity magnetron made possible the production of electromagnetic waves of a small enough wavelength ( microwaves ). The cavity magnetron was a crucial component in the development of short wavelength radar during World War II . In 1937–1940, a multi-cavity magnetron was built by British physicist Sir John Turton Randall, FRSE and coworkers, for
2750-463: A retransmitter of its nearest O&O station to ensure that CBC service is continued. However, due to an agreement between CHBC and CFJC-TV in Kamloops , CFJC also disaffiliated from the CBC on February 27, 2006, but no retransmitters were installed in the licence area. Former private CBC affiliates CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat disaffiliated on August 31, 2008, and joined E!, but
2860-413: A single local newscast on weekend evenings (comprising a supper hour broadcast on Saturdays and a late evening newscast on Sundays). Weekly newsmagazine The Fifth Estate is also a CBC mainstay, as are documentary series such as Doc Zone . One of the most popular shows on CBC Television is the weekly Saturday night broadcast of NHL hockey games, Hockey Night in Canada . It has been televised by
2970-524: A standard call letter naming convention, in that the first two letters are "CB" (an ITU prefix in the CA-CE block allocated not to Canada (whose block is CF-CK), but to Chile) and the last letter is "T". Only the third letter varies from market to market; however, that letter is typically the same as the third letter of the CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 stations in the same market. An exception to this rule are
3080-491: A turntable between 1964 and 1966. The countertop microwave oven was introduced in 1967 by the Amana Corporation . After microwave ovens became affordable for residential use in the late 1970s, their use spread into commercial and residential kitchens around the world, and prices fell rapidly during the 1980s. In addition to cooking food, microwave ovens are used for heating in many industrial processes. Microwave ovens are
3190-453: A wavelength that is small relative to the cavity (as in a modern microwave oven) is due to "far-field" effects that are due to classical electromagnetic radiation that describes freely propagating light and microwaves suitably far from their source. Nevertheless, the primary heating effect of all types of electromagnetic fields at both radio and microwave frequencies occurs via the dielectric heating effect, as polarized molecules are affected by
3300-414: Is Ici Radio-Canada Télé . CBC Television is available throughout Canada on over-the-air television stations in urban centres, and as a must-carry station on cable and satellite television providers, and live streamed on its CBC Gem video platform. Almost all of the CBC's programming is produced in Canada. Although CBC Television is supported by public funding , commercial advertising revenue supplements
3410-404: Is available in free ad-supported and premium versions, with the latter including advertising-free video on-demand, access to CBC News Network, and access to premium content that is exclusive to subscribers. At launch, the CBC announced plans to add at least 50 Canadian films to Gem per-year, and announced a partnership with Telefilm Canada to stream a selection of featured Canadian films on
Bruno Gerussi - Misplaced Pages Continue
3520-469: Is fairly uniform in the outer 25–38 mm (1–1.5 inches) of a homogeneous , high-water-content food item. The development of the cavity magnetron in the United Kingdom made possible the production of electromagnetic waves of a small enough wavelength ( microwaves ) to efficiently heat up water molecules. American electrical engineer Percy Spencer is generally credited with developing and patenting
3630-429: Is glass, which can exhibit thermal runaway in a microwave oven to the point of melting if preheated. Additionally, microwaves can melt certain types of rocks, producing small quantities of molten rock. Some ceramics can also be melted, and may even become clear upon cooling. Thermal runaway is more typical of electrically conductive liquids such as salty water. Another misconception is that microwave ovens cook food "from
3740-408: Is most often noticed by consumers from unexpected damage to plastic containers when microwaving foods high in sugar, starch, or fat generates higher temperatures. Foods high in water content and with little oil rarely exceed the boiling temperature of water and do not damage plastic. Cookware must be transparent to microwaves. Conductive cookware, such as metal pots, reflects microwaves, and prevents
3850-400: Is shared deeper into the substance as molecular rotations, vibrations or other movement signifying an increase in the temperature of the food. Once the electrical field's energy is initially absorbed, heat will gradually spread through the object similarly to any other heat transfer by contact with a hotter body. Microwave heating is more efficient on liquid water than on frozen water, where
3960-541: Is that they should be in one of the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency bands set aside for unlicensed purposes. For household purposes, 2.45 GHz has the advantage over 915 MHz in that 915 MHz is only an ISM band in some countries ( ITU Region 2) while 2.45 GHz is available worldwide. Three additional ISM bands exist in the microwave frequencies, but are not used for microwave cooking. Two of them are centered on 5.8 GHz and 24.125 GHz, but are not used for microwave cooking because of
4070-475: The 1080i to 720p resolution format. In August 2012, after the CBC shut down all of their remaining analogue transmitters, CBC television (as well as CBC News Network ) began broadcasting all programming solely in the 16:9 aspect ratio and began letterboxing its widescreen feed for standard definition viewers just as Ici Radio-Canada Télé has done since September 2007. All CBC television stations, including those in major cities, are owned and operated by
4180-580: The Banff School of Fine Arts on a scholarship. Bruno was just 22 when his father committed suicide by hanging himself in the woods behind the provincial mental hospital at Essondale. Gerussi began acting in high school in New Westminster, British Columbia , when he played the lead in a school production of The Valiant . He won a scholarship to the Banff School of Fine Arts and, after graduating, joined
4290-485: The CBC cooking program Celebrity Cooks in the late 1970s and most of the 1980s. The series filmed for 12 seasons, with a Monday-to-Friday time slot for most of those years and Gerussi hosted 478 episodes before the show's last season in production, 1987. The Celebrity Cooks episode featured the last public appearance of actor Bob Crane of Hogan's Heroes fame, who was murdered soon afterwards. The taping of Crane's episode
4400-600: The CBC North stations in Yellowknife , Whitehorse and Iqaluit , whose call signs begin with "CF" due to their historic association with the CBC's Frontier Coverage Package prior to the advent of microwave and satellite broadcasting. Some stations that broadcast from smaller cities were private affiliates of the CBC, that is, stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporated CBC programming within their schedules. Such stations generally followed
4510-446: The ISM (industrial, scientific, medical) bands , which are otherwise used for communication amongst devices that do not need a license to operate, so they do not interfere with other vital radio services. It is a common misconception that microwave ovens heat food by operating at a special resonance of water molecules in the food. Instead, microwave ovens heat by causing molecules to spin under
Bruno Gerussi - Misplaced Pages Continue
4620-547: The Northwest Territories and Yukon , branded as CBC North , tailor their programming mostly to the local native population, and broadcast in many native languages such as Inuktitut , Gwichʼin and Dene . From 1994 through July 2005, CBC Television's news programming was aired in the United States on Newsworld International . On September 11, 2001, several American broadcasters without their own news operations, including C-SPAN and Home Shopping Network , carried
4730-614: The United States Department of Energy require less than 1 watt, or approximately 9 kWh per year, of standby power for most types of microwave ovens. A microwave oven generally consists of: In most ovens, the magnetron is driven by a linear transformer which can only feasibly be switched completely on or off. (One variant of the GE Spacemaker had two taps on the transformer primary, for high and low power modes.) Usually choice of power level does not affect intensity of
4840-419: The "Radarange", the first commercially available microwave oven. It was almost 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) tall, weighed 340 kilograms (750 lb) and cost about US$ 5,000 ($ 68,000 in 2023 dollars) each. It consumed 3 kilowatts, about three times as much as today's microwave ovens, and was water-cooled. The name was the winning entry in an employee contest. An early Radarange was installed (and remains) in
4950-473: The 1970s and 1980s. Gerussi's best-known role arrived in 1972, when he was signed to play Nick Adonidas in The Beachcombers , a comedy-adventure-drama created by Marc and Susan Strange and set on the west coast of Canada. The Beachcombers ran for 387 episodes between 1972 and 1990 and remains Canada's longest-running weekly dramatic series. During part of his time with The Beachcombers , Gerussi hosted
5060-648: The British and American military radar installations in World War II. A higher-powered microwave generator that worked at shorter wavelengths was needed, and in 1940, at the University of Birmingham in England, Randall and Harry Boot produced a working prototype. They invented a valve that could produce pulses of microwave radio energy at a wavelength of 10 cm, an unprecedented discovery. Sir Henry Tizard traveled to
5170-778: The CBC announced it would not add new retransmitters to these areas. Incidentally, CFJC, CKPG and CHAT are all owned by an independent media company, Jim Pattison Group . With the closure of E! and other changes in the media landscape, several former CBC affiliates subsequently joined CTV, Citytv or Global, or closed altogether. According to filings to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) by Thunder Bay Electronics (owner of CBC's Thunder Bay affiliate CKPR-DT ) and Bell Media (owner of CBC affiliates CFTK-TV in Terrace and CJDC-TV in Dawson Creek),
5280-704: The CBC informed them that it would not extend its association with any of its private affiliates beyond August 31, 2011. Incidentally, that was also the date for analogue to digital transition in Canada. Given recent practice and the CBC's decision not to convert any retransmitters to digital, even in markets with populations in the hundreds in thousands, it was not expected that the CBC would open new transmitters to replace its affiliates, and indeed pared back its existing transmitter network to just its digital transmitters in July 2012. However, in March 2011, CKPR announced that it had come to
5390-469: The CBC itself or by Canwest Global or CHUM Limited , respectively becoming E! (a small system owned by Canwest, but separate from its fully national Global Television Network ) or A-Channel (later A, now CTV Two ) stations. One private CBC affiliate, CHBC-TV in Kelowna , joined E! (then known as CH) on February 27, 2006. When a private CBC affiliate reaffiliated with another network, the CBC normally added
5500-721: The CBC itself, with their master control facilities all located at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto. CBC owned-and-operated (O&O) stations operate as a mostly seamless national service with few deviations from the main network schedule, although there are some regional differences from time to time. For on-air identification, most CBC stations use the CBC brand rather than their call letters, not identifying themselves specifically until sign-on or sign-off (though some, like Toronto's CBLT , do not ID themselves at all except through PSIP ). All CBC O&O stations have
5610-401: The CBC schedule, airing a minimum 40 hours per week of network programming. However, they often chose to opt out of some CBC programming in order to air locally produced programs, syndicated series or programs purchased from other broadcasters, such as CTV Two , which do not have a broadcast outlet in the same market. In these cases, the CBC programming being displaced may have been broadcast at
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#17330929835595720-466: The CBC uses the time to air repeats, including local news, primetime series, films and other programming from the CBC library. Its French counterpart, ICI Radio-Canada Télé , which continued to sign off every night for several years after that, now broadcasts a simulcast of its sister news network Ici RDI after regular programming ends for the night until the next programming day begins. While historically there has been room for regional differences in
5830-483: The CBC's coverage of the terror attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. In the days after September 11, C-SPAN carried CBC's nightly newscast, The National , anchored by Peter Mansbridge . C-SPAN has also carried CBC's coverage of major events affecting Canadians. Among them: Several PBS stations also air some CBC programs, especially The Red Green Show , although no CBC programming currently airs on
5940-615: The CCA announced that TSN would obtain exclusive rights to curling broadcasts in Canada as of the 2008–09 season, shutting the CBC out of the championship weekend for the first time in 40-plus years. CBC Sports suffered another major blow when it was announced that after the 2007 season, the CFL regular season games and the Grey Cup would be moving to TSN, ending the CBC's tenure with the CFL. It has been stated that
6050-402: The CFL was not happy with the CBC's lacklustre production during the CBC's 2005 union lock-out, which forced the network to use CBC management to work the behind-the-scenes telecast and use stadium public address announcers in place of their regular announcer crew. On June 23, 2007, the network aired the first game in a two-year deal to broadcast Toronto Blue Jays games; the contract ended at
6160-541: The Canada–United States border, and have a significant audience in those areas. Microwave oven A microwave oven or simply microwave is an electric oven that heats and cooks food by exposing it to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range. This induces polar molecules in the food to vibrate and produce thermal energy in a process known as dielectric heating . Microwave ovens heat foods quickly and efficiently because excitation
6270-478: The NHL to Rogers Communications , under a 12-year deal beginning in the 2014–15 NHL season . The CBC concurrently announced a sub-licensing agreement with Rogers, under which it would supply Sportsnet -produced Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts to CBC Television at no charge; all advertising during the broadcasts would be sold by Rogers, but the CBC would be provided with advertising time for its own programs. Officially,
6380-571: The North American PSIP virtual channeling standard. In fall 2007, the CBC upgraded its Toronto facilities, becoming the second fully HD news broadcaster in Canada. The National and all its news programs originating from the same news studio in Toronto (including CBC News: Sunday Night ) are now available in HD. On September 1, 2011, as part of the analogue television shutoff and digital conversion , all CBC over-the-air HD broadcasts switched from
6490-432: The Prairie (2007–12), and dramas such as The Tudors (2007–10), Heartland (since 2007) and Intelligence (2006–07). In recent years, British series such as Coronation Street and Doctor Who have been given greater prominence. As noted above, it now carries very little American programming apart from some syndicated daytime shows. In 2006, the CBC announced radical changes to its primetime line-up, including
6600-594: The Seattle Reparatory Theatre. In 1949, he returned to Vancouver where he played Stanley Kowalski in Totem Theatre's production of A Streetcar Named Desire and co-starred with Lon Chaney, Jr. in Of Mice and Men . In 1954, Gerussi joined the Stratford Festival in its second season. During the next few years he went on to act in many stage productions in Canada and the United States, including performing
6710-757: The US in late September 1940 to offer Britain's most valuable technical secrets including the cavity magnetron in exchange for US financial and industrial support (see Tizard Mission ). An early 6 kW version, built in England by the General Electric Company Research Laboratories, Wembley , London, was given to the U.S. government in September 1940. The cavity magnetron was later described by American historian James Phinney Baxter III as "[t]he most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores". Contracts were awarded to Raytheon and other companies for
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#17330929835596820-517: The additional component cost could better be absorbed compared with countertop units where pricing was increasingly market-sensitive. By 1972, Litton (Litton Atherton Division, Minneapolis) introduced two new microwave ovens, priced at $ 349 and $ 399, to tap into the market estimated at $ 750 million by 1976, according to Robert I Bruder, president of the division. While prices remained high, new features continued to be added to home models. Amana introduced automatic defrost in 1974 on their RR-4D model, and
6930-577: The age of 67 of an apparent heart attack. CBC Television CBC Television (also known as CBC TV , or simply CBC ) is a Canadian English-language broadcast television network owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , the national public broadcaster . The network began operations on September 6, 1952, with its main studios at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto. Its French-language counterpart
7040-442: The average residential microwave oven consumes only 72 kWh per year. Globally, microwave ovens used an estimated 77 TWh per year in 2018, or 0.3% of global electricity generation. A 2000 study by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory found that the average microwave drew almost 3 watts of standby power when not being used, which would total approximately 26 kWh per year. New efficiency standards imposed in 2016 by
7150-688: The broadcasts are carried by a CRTC -licensed part-time network operated by Rogers and affiliated with all CBC Television stations. This was required to formally assign responsibility for the broadcasts to Rogers; on-air, the telecasts otherwise use CBC branding and continuity. As a result of funding reductions from the federal government and decreased revenues, in April 2014, the CBC announced it would no longer bid for professional sport broadcasting rights. Among CBC Television's best-known primetime series are comedy series Rick Mercer Report (2004–18), This Hour Has 22 Minutes (since 1993) and Little Mosque on
7260-498: The comedy Sophie from 2008 to 2009. Only The Border and Sophie were renewed for a second season in the fall of 2008. The new series Being Erica (2009–10) and the short-lived Wild Roses (2009) began airing in January 2009. Beginning in 2005, the CBC has contributed production funds for the BBC Wales revival of Doctor Who , for which it received a special credit at the end of each episode. This arrangement continued until
7370-428: The device's approximate IEC 60705 output power rating, in watts (typically either: 600W, 700W, 800W, 900W, 1000W), and a voluntary Heating Category (A-E). A microwave oven heats food by passing microwave radiation through it. Microwaves are a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with a frequency in the so-called microwave region (300 MHz to 300 GHz). Microwave ovens use frequencies in one of
7480-572: The dielectric loss produced in them when they are subjected to a high voltage, high frequency field. However, lower-frequency dielectric heating , as described in the aforementioned patent, is (like induction heating ) an electromagnetic heating effect, the result of the so-called near-field effects that exist in an electromagnetic cavity that is small compared with the wavelength of the electromagnetic field. This patent proposed radio frequency heating, at 10 to 20 megahertz (wavelength 30 to 15 meters, respectively). Heating from microwaves that have
7590-573: The dipole moments of their hydroxyl groups or ester groups . Microwave heating is less efficient on fats and sugars than on water because they have a smaller molecular dipole moment . Although fats and sugar typically absorb energy less efficiently than water, paradoxically their temperatures rise faster and higher than water when cooking: Fats and oils require less energy delivered per gram of material to raise their temperature by 1 °C than does water (they have lower specific heat capacity ) and they begin cooling off by "boiling" only after reaching
7700-432: The end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008. The CBC similarly contributed to the first season of the spin-off series, Torchwood . More recently, the network has also begun picking up Canadian rights to some Australian series, including the drama series Janet King and Love Child , and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me . In 2015, CBC Television premiered Dan and Eugene Levy 's sitcom Schitt's Creek ;
7810-456: The end of the 2008 season, and was not renewed. In August 2007, it was also announced that the CBC would broadcast National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Raptors , starting with the 2007–08 NBA season , through at least 2009–10; the CBC would carry 10 games for the 2007–08 and 20 games for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons. In November 2013, the CBC lost its rights to
7920-445: The exclusive carrier of Canadian Curling Association events during the 2004–05 season. Due to disappointing results and fan outrage over many draws being carried on CBC Country Canada (now called Cottage Life ), the association tried to cancel its multiyear deal with the CBC signed in 2004. After the CBC threatened legal action, both sides eventually came to an agreement under which early-round rights reverted to TSN . On June 15, 2006,
8030-448: The first microwave oven with a turntable, an alternative means to promote more even heating of food. In 1965, Raytheon, looking to expand their Radarange technology into the home market, acquired Amana to provide more manufacturing capability. In 1967, they introduced the first popular home model, the countertop Radarange, at a price of US$ 495 ($ 5,000 in 2023 dollars). Unlike the Sharp models,
8140-451: The following new series to premiere that fall: Many were surprised by these changes to the CBC schedule, which were apparently intended to attract a younger audience to the network; some suggested they might alienate the core CBC viewership. Another note of criticism was made when the network decided to move The National in some time zones to simulcast the American version of The One over
8250-454: The food surface. Penetration depth of microwaves depends on food composition and the frequency, with lower microwave frequencies (longer wavelengths) penetrating deeper. In use, microwave ovens can be as low as 50% efficient at converting electricity into microwaves, but energy efficient models can exceed 64% efficiency. Stovetop cooking is 40-90% efficient depending on the type of appliance used. Because they are used fairly infrequently,
8360-443: The form of a convection microwave oven. The exploitation of high-frequency radio waves for heating substances was made possible by the development of vacuum tube radio transmitters around 1920. By 1930 the application of short waves to heat human tissue had developed into the medical therapy of diathermy . At the 1933 Chicago World's Fair , Westinghouse demonstrated the cooking of foods between two metal plates attached to
8470-638: The full network schedule. For a number of years CBC co-produced a news programme, Hemispheres , with Australia's national broadcaster, the ABC ; the program was hosted from Sydney and Vancouver and included reports from both networks' foreign correspondents. It was broadcast in both Canada and Australia and across Asia and the Pacific on the Australia Network . CBC Television stations can be received over-the-air or through cable in many American communities along
8580-854: The galley of the nuclear-powered passenger/cargo ship NS Savannah . An early commercial model introduced in 1954 consumed 1.6 kilowatts and sold for US$ 2,000 to US$ 3,000 ($ 23,000 to $ 34,000 in 2023 dollars). Raytheon licensed its technology to the Tappan Stove company of Mansfield, Ohio in 1952. Under contract to Whirlpool, Westinghouse, and other major appliance manufacturers looking to add matching microwave ovens to their conventional oven line, Tappan produced several variations of their built-in model from roughly 1955 to 1960. Due to maintenance (some units were water-cooled), in-built requirement, and cost—US$ 1,295 ($ 15,000 in 2023 dollars)—sales were limited. Japan's Sharp Corporation began manufacturing microwave ovens in 1961. Between 1964 and 1966, Sharp introduced
8690-495: The influence of a constantly changing electric field, usually in the microwave frequencies range, and a higher wattage power of the microwave oven results in faster cooking times. Typically, consumer ovens work around a nominal 2.45 gigahertz (GHz) – a wavelength of 12.2 centimetres (4.80 in) in the 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz ISM band – while large industrial / commercial ovens often use 915 megahertz (MHz) – 32.8 centimetres (12.9 in). Among other differences,
8800-416: The inside out", meaning from the center of the entire mass of food outwards. This idea arises from heating behavior seen if an absorbent layer of water lies beneath a less absorbent drier layer at the surface of a food; in this case, the deposition of heat energy inside a food can exceed that on its surface. This can also occur if the inner layer has a lower heat capacity than the outer layer causing it to reach
8910-405: The longer wavelength of a commercial microwave oven allows the initial heating effects to begin deeper within the food or liquid, and therefore become evenly spread within its bulk sooner, as well as raising the temperature deep within the food more quickly. A microwave oven takes advantage of the electric dipole structure of water molecules , fats, and many other substances in the food, using
9020-420: The main news portion of the program, and excluded the analysis and documentary segment. This second airing was later replaced with other programming, and as of the 2012-13 television season, was replaced on CBC's major market stations by a half-hour late newscast. There is also a short news update, at most, on late Saturday evenings. During hockey season, this update is usually found during the first intermission of
9130-443: The mass production of the cavity magnetron. In 1945, the heating effect of a high-power microwave beam was independently and accidentally discovered by Percy Spencer , an American self-taught engineer from Howland, Maine . Employed by Raytheon at the time, he noticed that microwaves from an active radar set he was working on started to melt a Mr. Goodbar candy bar he had in his pocket. The first food deliberately cooked by Spencer
9240-528: The microwave radiation; instead, the magnetron is cycled on and off every few seconds, thus altering the large scale duty cycle . Newer models use inverter power supplies that use pulse-width modulation to provide effectively continuous heating at reduced power settings, so that foods are heated more evenly at a given power level and can be heated more quickly without being damaged by uneven heating. The microwave frequencies used in microwave ovens are chosen based on regulatory and cost constraints. The first
9350-572: The microwaves from reaching the food. Cookware made of materials with high electrical permittivity will absorb microwaves, resulting in the cookware heating rather than the food. Cookware made of melamine resin is a common type of cookware that will heat in a microwave oven, reducing the effectiveness of the microwave oven and creating a hazard from burns or shattered cookware. Microwave heating can cause localized thermal runaways in some materials with low thermal conductivity which also have dielectric constants that increase with temperature. An example
9460-452: The movement of molecules is more restricted. Defrosting is done at a low power setting, allowing time for conduction to carry heat to still frozen parts of food. Dielectric heating of liquid water is also temperature-dependent: At 0 °C, dielectric loss is greatest at a field frequency of about 10 GHz, and for higher water temperatures at higher field frequencies. Sugars and triglycerides (fats and oils) absorb microwaves due to
9570-510: The network (in contrast to CBC Radio and public broadcasters from several other countries, which are commercial-free.). CBC Television provides a complete 24-hour network schedule of news, sports, entertainment, and children's programming; in most cases, it feeds the same programming at the exact local times nationwide, except to the Newfoundland Time Zone , where programs air 30 minutes "late". On October 9, 2006, at 6:00 a.m.,
9680-448: The network since 1952. During the NHL lock-out and subsequent cancellation of the 2004–05 hockey season, the CBC instead aired various recent and classic films, branded as Movie Night in Canada , on Saturday nights. Many cultural groups criticized this and suggested the CBC air games from minor hockey leagues; the CBC responded that most such broadcast rights were already held by other groups, but it did base each Movie Night broadcast from
9790-446: The network switched to a 24-hour schedule, becoming one of the last major English-language broadcasters to transition to such a schedule. Most CBC-owned stations previously signed off the air during the early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.). Instead of the infomercials aired by most private stations, or a simulcast of CBC News Network in the style of BBC One 's nightly simulcast of BBC News Channel ,
9900-599: The number of households with a microwave oven grew from almost 24% in 2002 to almost 40% in 2008. Almost twice as many households in South Africa owned microwave ovens in 2008 (38.7%) as in 2002 (19.8%). Microwave oven ownership in Vietnam in 2008 was at 16% of households, versus 30% ownership of refrigerators; this rate was up significantly from 6.7% microwave oven ownership in 2002, with 14% ownership for refrigerators that year. Consumer household microwave ovens usually come with
10010-444: The oven is used to heat frying-oil and other oily items (such as bacon), which attain far higher temperatures than that of boiling water. Microwave ovens have a limited role in professional cooking, because the boiling-range temperatures of a microwave oven do not produce the flavorful chemical reactions that frying, browning, or baking at a higher temperature produces. However, such high heat sources can be added to microwave ovens in
10120-406: The rim of the door, choke connections on the door edges act like metal-to-metal contact, at the frequency of the microwaves, to prevent leakage. The oven door usually has a window for easy viewing, with a layer of conductive mesh some distance from the outer panel to maintain the shielding. Because the size of the perforations in the mesh is much less than the microwaves' wavelength (12.2 cm for
10230-534: The role of Feste in Twelfth Night , which he later reprised on CBC Television in 1964, and as Romeo opposite Julie Harris in the Stratford Festival's first production of Romeo and Juliet in 1960. His wife Ida died in 1965. As a single parent raising two children, Gerussi was less able to travel for work and so he joined CHIN radio as its morning man hosting Gerussi, Words and Music for four hours
10340-555: The schedule, as there is today (see "Stations", below), for CBC-owned stations, funding has decreased to the point that most of these stations no longer broadcast any significant local programming beyond local newscasts and an edition of the summer regional documentary series Absolutely Canadian . Until 1998, the network carried a variety of American programs in addition to its core Canadian programming, directly competing with private Canadian broadcasters such as CTV and Global . Since then, it has restricted itself to Canadian programs,
10450-511: The second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada . The show also simultaneously broadcasts rolling coverage from CBC News Network from noon to 1 p.m. local time in most time zones (also from 6 to 7 a.m. in regions where a local CBC Radio One morning show is not simulcast instead). In addition to the mentioned late local newscasts, CBC stations in most markets fill early evenings with local news programs , generally from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., while most stations also air
10560-632: The series began to achieve critical acclaim after it was acquired by the streaming service Netflix , and swept all seven comedy awards at the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards —becoming the first comedy or drama to sweep all seven major awards in their respective genre at the ceremony. CBC Gem is CBC Television's over-the-top streaming platform; it launched in 2018, replacing the existing CBC TV app. The service carries live and on-demand programming from CBC Television, CBC News, and CBC Sports, as well as short- and long-form original programming and acquisitions (including films and television series). The service
10670-620: The service ad-free for all users. Children's programming, often marketed as " CBC Kids " and "The Outlet", occupies most of the morning hours on weekdays and much of weekend mornings. On March 5, 2005, CBC Television launched a high definition simulcast of its Toronto ( CBLT-DT ) and Montreal ( CBMT-DT ) stations. Since that time, the network has also launched HD simulcasts in Vancouver ( CBUT-DT ), Ottawa ( CBOT-DT ), Edmonton ( CBXT-DT ), Calgary ( CBRT-DT ), Halifax ( CBHT-DT ), Windsor, ( CBET-DT ), Winnipeg ( CBWT-DT ), and St. John's ( CBNT-DT ). All HD channels map to their analogue positions via
10780-440: The summer. This later became a moot point, as The One was taken off the air after two weeks after extremely low American and Canadian ratings, and the newscast resumed its regular schedule. In 2006, daytime programming was also revamped. While there were still repeats of CBC and foreign series, new talk shows such as The Gill Deacon Show (2006–07) and the regional franchise Living (2007–09) were aired. The Gill Deacon Show
10890-434: The technology. Both Tappan and General Electric offered units that appeared to be conventional stove top/oven ranges, but included microwave capability in the conventional oven cavity. Such ranges were attractive to consumers since both microwave energy and conventional heating elements could be used simultaneously to speed cooking, and there was no loss of countertop space. The proposition was also attractive to manufacturers as
11000-406: The usual 2.45 GHz), microwave radiation cannot pass through the door, while visible light (with its much shorter wavelength) can. Modern microwave ovens use either an analog dial-type timer or a digital control panel for operation. Control panels feature an LED , LCD or vacuum fluorescent display, buttons for entering the cook time and a power level selection feature. A defrost option
11110-444: The very high cost of power generation at these frequencies. The third, centered on 433.92 MHz, is a narrow band that would require expensive equipment to generate sufficient power without creating interference outside the band, and is only available in some countries. The cooking chamber is similar to a Faraday cage to prevent the waves from coming out of the oven. Even though there is no continuous metal-to-metal contact around
11220-417: The world's first commercial microwave oven post World War II from British radar technology developed before and during the war. Named the "RadaRange", it was first sold in 1947. Raytheon later licensed its patents for a home-use microwave oven that was introduced by Tappan in 1955, but it was still too large and expensive for general home use. Sharp Corporation introduced the first microwave oven with
11330-426: Was also announced that Martha Stewart's daytime show would be added to the CBC daytime line-up, with the nighttime Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! following in September 2008 (with a few edits to limit the amount of U.S. advertising). In January 2008, CBC Television launched the drama series The Border (2008–10), MVP (2008) and jPod (2008), the reality series The Week The Women Went (2008–09) and
11440-518: Was also unique. This resulted in an oven that could survive a no-load condition: an empty microwave oven where there is nothing to absorb the microwaves. The new oven was shown at a trade show in Chicago, and helped begin a rapid growth of the market for home microwave ovens. Sales volume of 40,000 units for the U.S. industry in 1970 grew to one million by 1975. Market penetration was even faster in Japan, due to
11550-746: Was born in Medicine Hat , Alberta , as the eldest son of Enrico Gerussi, a coal miner working in Lethbridge , who had trained in Italy as a stonemason, and his wife Teresina Lazzorotto. The two married in 1927 and moved to Medicine Hat . The family subsequently moved to Exshaw , where Enrico worked as a sectionman on the Canadian Pacific Railway . Bruno Gerussi grew up in Exshaw and later moved with his family to New Westminster , British Columbia . He attended
11660-702: Was cancelled after just seven months, and replaced with another talk show, Steven and Chris from 2008 to 2015 ( Steven and Chris is also shown on the Live Well Network in the United States); Living was cancelled in August 2009. On January 9, 2007, the CBC began airing a highly publicized new series called Little Mosque on the Prairie (2007–12), a comedy about a Muslim family living in rural Saskatchewan . The series garnered strong ratings as well as international media attention, for most of its five-year run. It
11770-472: Was dramatized in the 2002 film Auto Focus , in which actor John Kapelos portrayed Gerussi. Gerussi's appearances in Celebrity Cooks led him to become commercial spokesperson for a line of microwave ovens in the late-1970s/early-1980s. He appeared in commercials for a variety of food products. He was the host of the first Genie Awards broadcast in 1980. On 21 November 1995, Bruno Gerussi died of
11880-522: Was married to Ida Edith Trento Gerussi. After she died in 1965, he left Stratford and raised their two children, then 13 and 10 years old, as a single parent. Both of Gerussi's children went on to work in film and television. His daughter, Tina Gerussi, is a casting director. His son, Rico Gerussi, is an assistant director as well as a lead guitarist/vocalist in R&;B band The Raging Butanes in Toronto . He died at
11990-407: Was popcorn, and the second was an egg, which exploded in the face of one of the experimenters. To verify his finding, Spencer created a high-density electromagnetic field by feeding microwave power from a magnetron into a metal box from which it had no way to escape. When food was placed in the box with the microwave energy, the temperature of the food rose rapidly. On 8 October 1945, Raytheon filed
12100-412: Was the first to offer a microprocessor controlled digital control panel in 1975 with their RR-6 model. The late 1970s saw an explosion of low-cost countertop models from many major manufacturers. Formerly found only in large industrial applications, microwave ovens increasingly became a standard fixture of residential kitchens in developed countries . By 1986, roughly 25% of households in the U.S. owned
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