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43-411: Badila Bedda Bedda Bonarua (2,49 km), is the westernmost island of the group. it is long and narrow, and extends over 14 km from northeast to southwest. It is dense with coconut forests and other trees. The soil is fertile. In the valleys, many fenced fields of the farmers who raise bananas and sugar cane can be seen. At its highest point, Mount Bonarua, it reaches 120 m. There is a light beacon on

86-957: A Māori word found in Hawkesworth 's edition of Captain James Cook and Sir Joseph Banks ' journals which is thought to have been a misunderstood translation — the Māori were actually referring to Grand Terre , the largest island of New Caledonia . Djurberg believed the name meant something like "big red land", whereas modern linguists believe it meant "long arm" (or hand) — echoing the geography of Grand Terre. The spurious name continued to be reproduced on certain European maps, particularly some Austrian, Czech , German and Swedish maps, until around 1820, including in Carl Almqvist 's 1817 novel Parjumouf Saga ifrån Nya Holland (Stockholm, 1817). Nowadays, in Māori

129-706: A 1676 French novel by Gabriel de Foigny , under the pen-name Jacques Sadeur. Referring to the entire South Pacific region, Alexander Dalrymple used it in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean in 1771. The name Australia was specifically applied to the continent for the first time in 1794, with the botanists George Shaw and Sir James Smith writing of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland " in their 1793 Zoology and Botany of New Holland , and James Wilson including it on

172-403: A 1799 chart. The name Australia was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders , who pushed for it to be formally adopted as early as 1804. When preparing his manuscript and charts for his 1814 A Voyage to Terra Australis , he was persuaded by his patron, Sir Joseph Banks , to use the term Terra Australis as this was the name most familiar to the public. Flinders did so, and published

215-492: A great desert. One might almost imagine that Baum intended Oz to be Australia, or perhaps a magical land in the centre of the great Australian desert." Australia's initial ccTLD was oz , with such domains moved to .oz.au , as discussed in Historical ccTLDs . The Māori name Ahitereiria appears in the Māori name for Food Standards Australia New Zealand , " Te Mana Kounga Kai – Ahitereiria me Aotearoa ". Australia

258-685: A letter by Queirós to the King in 1610, the eighth on the matter. Name of Australia The name Australia (pronounced / ə ˈ s t r eɪ l i ə / in Australian English ) is derived from the Latin australis , meaning ' southern ' , and specifically from the hypothetical Terra Australis postulated in pre-modern geography. The name was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders from 1804, and it has been in official use since 1817, replacing " New Holland ", an English translation of

301-471: A report of his voyage to Queirós. Although that account no longer survives, Queirós himself referred to it in some of his many memorials to the king, agitating for another voyage. The official account was written by Diego de Prado and signed by Torres and other officials in Manila on 6 June 1608. Torres, his crew and his captives disappear entirely from the historical record at this point, and their subsequent fate

344-699: A sketch map which included the Queirós - Torres voyages to Joseph Banks , who undoubtedly passed this information to James Cook . The original official manuscript account reappeared in the collections of Sir Thomas Phillips during the 19th century. At the sale of some of Phillipps' manuscripts by Sotheby's, London, on 26 June 1919 it was purchased by booksellers Henry Stevens, Son and Stiles who sold it to English collector Sir Leicester Harmsworth . The State Library of New South Wales in Australia acquired it from Harmsworth's collection in 1932. It went on public display for

387-532: Is a rare combination of terms "Austral" and "Austria", the latter in honour of the Habsburg dynasty that ruled Spain at the time. The Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia ( Jakarta ) in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. Australia was later used in a 1693 translation of Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe ,

430-628: Is colloquially known as "the Land Down Under" (or just " Down Under "), which derives from the country's position in the Southern Hemisphere , near the antipodes of the United Kingdom. The term was first recorded in print in 1886, and was popularised internationally by the 1980 song of the same name by Men at Work . Other less common nicknames include "Straya" ("Australia" pronounced in an exaggerated Strine manner), and " Aussie ", which

473-528: Is unknown. Prado returned to Spain , possibly taking one of the captive New Guineans with him. Most documents of Torres's discoveries were not published, but on reaching Spain , filed away in Spanish archives, including Prado’s lengthy account and the accompanying charts. Between 1762 and 1765, written accounts of the Torres expedition were seen by British Admiralty Hydrographer Alexander Dalrymple . Dalrymple provided

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516-554: The Halmahera Sea . At the beginning of January 1607 he reached Ternate , part of the Spice Islands . He sailed on 1 May for Manila arriving on 22 May. The expedition proved that New Guinea was not part of the sought-after continent. Torres intended to personally present the captives, weapons and a detailed account to the king on his return to Spain. His short written account of the voyage indicates this. However, it appears there

559-640: The Pacific proposed by the Portuguese born navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós, searching for Terra Australis . There is no known contemporary depiction of his face or person. Pedro Fernandes de Queirós was a Portuguese-born navigator who commanded a party of three Spanish ships, San Pedro y San Pablo (60 tons), San Pedrico (40 tons) and the tender Los Tres Reyes Magos . The three ships left Callao in Spanish Peru , on 21 December 1605, with Torres in command of

602-662: The San Pedrico . In May 1606, they reached a group of islands that would later be known as the New Hebrides and Vanuatu . Queirós named the group La Austrialia del Espiritu Santo : "Austrialia [ sic ] of the Holy Spirit". A morphological derivation of Austria , Queirós's neologism Austrialia was a reference to the Austrian origins of the House of Habsburg – to which

645-475: The San Pedro y San Pablo became separated from the other ships in bad weather and was unable (or so he later said) to return to safe anchorage at Espiritu Santo. In reality, the crew mutinied, with the unfavorable wind conditions just giving them an opportunity to do so. The captain on the San Pedro y San Pablo named Don Diego de Prado, aware of the crew's plans, had already transferred to Torres's ship, and so did

688-508: The Spanish royal family belonged. The largest island in Vanuatu is still known officially by the abbreviated form, Espiritu Santo . Along with the ancient Latin name Terra Australis , Queirós's word Austrialia has often been regarded as one of the bases of the name of Australia . After six weeks, Queirós’ ships put to sea again to explore the coastline. On the night of 11 June 1606 Queirós in

731-453: The Dutch name, first given by Abel Tasman in 1643 as the name for the continent . The name Australia has been applied to two continents. Originally, it was applied to the south polar continent, or sixth continent, now known as Antarctica . The name is a shortened form of Terra Australis which was one of the names given to the imagined (but undiscovered) land mass that was thought to surround

774-468: The botany of Terra Australis , Brown makes use of the adjectival form Australian throughout —the first known use of that form. Despite popular conception, the book was not instrumental in the adoption of the name: the name came gradually to be accepted over the following ten years. The first time that the name Australia appears to have been officially used was in a despatch to Lord Bathurst of 4 April 1817 in which Governor Lachlan Macquarie acknowledges

817-425: The early 20th century; and by Australians in more recent times. The Oxford English Dictionary records a first occurrence in 1908 in the form Oss , likely to be a shortened spelling of the word boss . Oz is often taken as an oblique reference to the fictional Land of Oz in the film The Wizard of Oz (1939), based on L. Frank Baum 's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900). In 1988, an American opinion

860-512: The expedition's surgeon. Queirós' ship, with Queirós being held in his cabin, then sailed to Acapulco in Mexico , where she arrived in November 1606. In the account by Prado, which is highly critical of Queirós, mutiny and poor leadership are given as the reason for Queirós’ disappearance. Torres, in his account, says that whoever was in charge of San Pedro y San Pablo departed intentionally, saying "it

903-655: The feast of Saint Lawrence or San Lorenzo. The expedition then sailed to the Gulf of Papua , exploring and charting the coastline. Prado drew a number of sketch charts of anchorages in the Gulf of Papua , several of which survive. Torres then took a route close to the New Guinea coast to navigate the 150-kilometre (93 mi) strait that now bears his name . In 1980 the Queensland master mariner Captain Brett Hilder proposed that it

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946-665: The first time in August 1997. There are a number of surviving documents that describe the Queirós – Torres voyages. Most significant are: 1617 may be the date of the first English translation of one of Queirós’ memorials, as Terra Australis Incognita , or A New Southerne Discoverie . A short account of Queirós’ voyage and discoveries was published in English by Samuel Purchas in 1625 in Haklvytvs posthumus , or, Pvrchas his Pilgrimes , vol. iv, p. 1422-1432. This account also appears to be based on

989-488: The following rationale: There is no probability, that any other detached body of land, of nearly equal extent, will ever be found in a more southern latitude; the name Terra Australis will, therefore, remain descriptive of the geographical importance of this country, and of its situation on the globe: it has antiquity to recommend it; and, having no reference to either of the two claiming nations, appears to be less objectionable than any other which could have been selected. In

1032-471: The footnote to this Flinders wrote: Had I permitted myself any innovation on the original term, it would have been to convert it to AUSTRALIA; as being more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the earth. This is the only occurrence of the word Australia in that text; but in Appendix III, Robert Brown 's General remarks, geographical and systematical, on

1075-459: The land for Spain in July 1606. This brought the Spanish in close and sometimes violent contact with local indigenous people. Prado and Torres both record the capture of twenty people, including a woman who gave birth several weeks later. From these islands, Torres sailed along the southern coast of New Guinea reaching Orangerie Bay, which he named Bahía de San Lorenzo because he landed on 10 August,

1118-508: The new name of Antarctica was coined. A Terra Australis "land of the south" appeared on world maps from the 15th century, although it was not based on any actual surveying of such a landmass but rather on the hypothesis that continents in the Northern Hemisphere should be balanced by land in the south . This theory of balancing land is on record as early as the 5th century on maps by Macrobius . The earliest recorded use of

1161-429: The northwest historical territory of Spain, i. e., Galicia . Most contemporary historians accept this as evidence of his origins. The year and exact place of his birth are unknown; assuming him to have been in his late thirties or forties in 1606, a birth year of around 1565 is considered likely. Torres has been presented by some writers as Portuguese, without any evidence to back up the claim. Galician spelling at

1204-564: The receipt of Capt. Flinders' charts of Australia. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted. In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia . Ulimaroa was a name given to Australia by the Swedish geographer and cartographer Daniel Djurberg in 1776. Djurberg adapted the name from Olhemaroa ,

1247-456: The ships became separated and who would be in command in the event of the loss of Queirós. The orders appear to have listed Prado as successor to Queirós, as he was capitán-entretenido (spare captain) on the voyage. However, there is overwhelming evidence Torres remained in command, including Prado’s own account. On 26 June 1606 the San Pedrico and Los Tres Reyes Magos under Torres’ command set sail for Manila . Contrary winds prevented

1290-590: The ships taking the more direct route along the north coast of New Guinea . Prado’s account notes that they sighted land on 14 July 1606, which was probably the island of Tagula in the Louisiade Archipelago , south east of New Guinea . The voyage continued over the next two months along the southeastern coast, and a number of landfalls were made to replenish the ships’ food and water. The expedition discovered Milne Bay including Basilaki Island which they named Tierra de San Buenaventura , taking possession of

1333-527: The south pole. The earliest known use of the name Australia in Latin was in 1545, when the word appears in a woodcut illustration of the globe titled "Sphere of the Winds" contained in an astrological textbook published in Frankfurt. In the nineteenth century, the name Australia was re-assigned to New Holland , the fifth continent. Thereafter, the south polar continent remained nameless for some eighty years until

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1376-419: The southwest cape of the island. Harikoia, the second largest island (1,32 km) is located east of Badila Bedda Bedda Bonarua, it is higher and reaches 165 m. The other islands of the group, including Ahana rock, are all located southeast of Harikoia. At the time of the 2000 census the population of the group was 160, all in the only village on the main island Bonarua. First recorded sighting by Europeans

1419-631: The term for Australia is Ahitereiria . The sovereign country Australia, formed in 1901 by the Federation of the six British colonies, is officially known as The Commonwealth of Australia, abbreviated within the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act and the Constitution of Australia to "the Commonwealth". The country has been referred to colloquially as Oz by people outside the country since

1462-462: The time was indistinguishable from Portuguese. Records never call Torres Portuguese but note remarks made by crew members of the Portuguese origins of Pedro Fernandes de Queirós . Torres entered the navy of the Spanish Crown at some point and found his way to its South American viceroyalties. He first entered the historical record as the nominated commander of the second ship in an expedition to

1505-483: The wartime action of Australia . Some critics have even speculated that Baum was inspired by Australia, in naming the Land of Oz : "In Ozma of Oz (1907), Dorothy gets back to Oz as the result of a storm at sea while she and Uncle Henry are travelling by ship to Australia. So, like Australia, Oz is somewhere to the west of California. Like Australia, Oz is an island continent. Like Australia, Oz has inhabited regions bordering on

1548-525: The west coast of the Cape York Peninsula 7 to 8 months prior, while Torres never claimed that he had sighted the southern continent. "Here there are very large islands, and more to the south" he wrote. Torres followed the coastline of New Guinea, and claimed possession of the island in the name of the King of Spain on 18 October 1606. On 27 October he reached the western extremity of New Guinea and then made his way north of Ceram and Misool toward

1591-524: The word Australia in English was in 1625 in "A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo, written by Sir Richard Hakluyt", published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus , a variation of the original Spanish name Austrialia del Espiritu Santo ( ' Southern-Austrian Land of the Holy Spirit ' ) coined by navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós in 1606 for the largest island of Vanuatu , believing his expedition had reached Terra Australis . This

1634-513: Was a 16th- and 17th-century maritime explorer of a Spanish expedition noted for the first recorded European navigation of the strait that separates the Australian mainland from the island of New Guinea , and which now bears his name ( Torres Strait ). Captain Luis Váez de Torres was recorded as being called a " Breton " by crewmen in reports of the 1606 –1608 voyage, which points to an origin in

1677-472: Was by the Spanish expedition of Luís Vaez de Torres in the summer of 1606, that charted it as Mira Como Vas (Look How You're Going in Spanish). This Milne Bay Province geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lu%C3%ADs Vaz de Torres Luís Vaz de Torres ( Galician and Portuguese ), or Luis Váez de Torres in the Spanish spelling (born c. 1565; fl. 1607),

1720-427: Was more likely that Torres took a southerly route through the nearby channel now called Endeavour Strait , on 2–3 October 1606. From this position, he would certainly have seen Cape York , the northernmost extremity of Australia . According to 19th-century Australian writer George Collingridge , Torres "had discovered Australia without being aware of the fact". However, Willem Janszoon had made several landfalls on

1763-507: Was no interest in Manila in outfitting his voyage back to Spain , and he was told his ships and men were required locally for the King’s service. On 1 June 1607, two ships arrived in Manila from South America, one being Queirós former flagship San Pedro y San Pablo , now under another name, but with some of her former crewmen still aboard. Learning that Queirós had survived, Torres immediately wrote

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1806-515: Was not possible for us to find them, for they did not sail on the proper course, nor with good intention". Later, although Torres's crew was displeased with Torres's decisions, a full-scale mutiny did not happen; Torres says his "condition was different to that of Captain Queirós." Torres remained at Espiritu Santo for 15 days before opening sealed orders he had been given by the Viceroy of Peru . These contained instructions on what course to follow if

1849-468: Was that Australians' "image of Australia as a 'Land of Oz' is not new, and dedication to it runs deep" but evidence for this view within Australia itself is lacking. The spelling Oz is likely to have been influenced by the 1939 film, though the pronunciation was probably always with a /z/, as it is also for Aussie , sometimes spelt Ozzie . The Baz Luhrmann film Australia (2008) makes repeated reference to The Wizard of Oz , which appeared just before

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