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34-493: It was constructed at the Tuul River at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The palace was transferred in 1924 to the communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Academy and most structures were subsequently lost. The complex consisted of a main court within a wider fenced enclosure. Along with the main hall and residential yurts , it had a landmark clock tower. A large monumental painting of it

68-405: A Translation of Professor Vilhelm Thomsen's Final Danish Rendering The two monuments themselves have engravings on all four sides. However, some of the script was not preserved, or is missing, and therefore only portions of the original message remain. What follows is a summary of the most complete section of the inscriptions. One translation of the first and second monuments seems to indicate that

102-449: A carved ibex (the emblem of Göktürk Kagans) and a twisted dragon. In both enclosing's, evidence of altars and carved depictions of human couples were found, possibly depicting the respective honorary and his spouse. The Old Turkic inscriptions on these monuments were written by Yollug Tigin who was nephew of Bilge Khagan . These inscriptions together with the Tonyukuk inscription , are

136-597: A description of the Tuul river in his journal entry dated August 3, 1698: This River (Tula) takes it source in the Kentay mountains, a 120 li from the Kerlon river. At first it flows South-West. Then it makes a direct turn towards the West after passing a mountain (Mount Bogd Khan Uul in southern Ulan Bator) at the foot of which we camped and which is located precisely to the West of the place where

170-595: A more complete translation. Orkhon Valley is a region on the western Orkhon River in modern-day Mongolia , near Ögii Lake . More specifically, they stand about fifty miles north of the Erdene Zuu Monastery , and approximately twenty-five miles northwest of the Ordu-Baliq . Before the Orkhon Inscriptions were deciphered by Vilhelm Thomsen , very little was known about Turkic script . The scripts are

204-910: A politician and the other a military commander. Both were descendants of Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate , which was a prominent Turkic nomadic society during the Tang dynasty . The Göktürks have left artifacts and installations all over their domain, from Manchuria to the Black Sea . But only in modern-day Mongolia have any memorials to kings and other aristocrats been found. The ones in Khöshöö Tsaidam consist of tablets with inscriptions in Chinese and Old Turkic characters. Both monuments are stone slabs originally erected on carved stone turtles within walled enclosures. Bilge Khagan's stone shows

238-556: Is now my kingdom? For whom do I win the kingdoms? said they. I have been a people that had its own kagan; where is my kagan? Which kagan is it I serve?'". The claimed enslavement of the Turks also did not help the reputation of the Chinese. Bilge Khagan seems to blame the Chinese for the disunion of his Turkic state. This Turkic view of the Chinese seems to be negative. Orkhon inscriptions indicate prisoners of war have often designated

272-624: The Göktürks written in the Old Turkic alphabet in the early 8th century in the Orkhon Valley in what is modern-day Mongolia . They were erected in honor of two Turkic princes, Kul Tigin and his brother Bilge Khagan . The inscriptions, in both Chinese and Old Turkic, relate the legendary origins of the Turks, the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the Tang dynasty , and their liberation by Ilterish Qaghan . According to one source,

306-636: The Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area in the Khentii Mountains , in the Erdene sum of Töv aimag . From there, it travels southwest until it reaches the territory of Ulaanbaatar . Its water runs through the southern part of the capital city of Mongolia, continuing in a western direction in large loops. When it meets the border of Bulgan aimag it turns north, running along that border. After it enters Selenge aimag , it discharges into

340-630: The Mongols , the Tuul is generally called the Hatan Tuul ( Mongolian : Хатан Туул , [ˈχaʰtəɴ tʰʊːɮ] ; lit. "Queen Tuul"). It is 882.8 kilometres or 549 miles long and drains an area of 49,840 square kilometres or 19,240 square miles. The Secret History of the Mongols (1240 AD) frequently mentions a "Black Forest of the Tuul River" where the palace of Ong Khan was located. The river originates in

374-601: The Orkhon River near the sum center of Orkhontuul sum . The Orkhon flows into the Selenge River , which flows into Russia and Lake Baikal . The Tuul River also flows along the Khustain Nuruu National Park . It is typically frozen over from the middle of November through the middle of April. Willow forests grow along the Tuul River, and the river itself is home to endangered species of sturgeon . Currently

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408-583: The Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mongolia. TIKA ( Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency ) showed interest in the site in the late 20th century and finalized their project to restore and protect all three inscriptions. Since 2000, over 70 archeologists from around the world (specifically from Uighur, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tataristan and Turkey) have studied

442-511: The Chinese names of Chinese begs they obeyed the Chinese Emperor, and served him during fifty years. For him they waged war in the East towards the sun's rising, as far as Bokli kagan , in the West they made expeditions as far as Taimirkapig; for the Chinese Emperor they conquered kingdoms and power. The whole of the common Turkic people said thus: 'I have been a nation that had its own kingdom; where

476-419: The Chinese people. The Chinese people, who give in abundance gold, silver, millet, and silk, have always used ingratiating words and have at their disposal enervating riches. While ensnaring them with their ingratiating talk and enervating riches, they have drawn the far-dwelling peoples nearer to themselves. But after settling down near them these we have come to see their cunning." Bilge Khagan also references

510-626: The West I have made campaigns beyond Yenchii-Iigiiz (Pearl River) as far as Timir-Kapig (The Iron Gate); to the North I have made campaigns as far as the land of the Yer-Bayirku's. To all these lands have I led (the Turks). The forest of Mount Otiikin has no [foreign] overlord; the forest of Mount Otiikin is the place where the kingdom is held together." The inscriptions also highlight Bilge Khagan's accomplishment of uniting his people. As one passage reads, "By

544-460: The area and performed excavations. The site is now protected by fences with buildings for research work and storage of artifacts. The total cost of the project is around 20 million dollars and eventually will include the building of a museum to house the inscriptions and other recently discovered artifacts. They were erected by the Göktürks in the early 8th century. They commemorate the brothers Bilge Khagan (683–734) and Kul-Tegin (684–731), one

578-466: The arid and monotonous deserts that he crossed, at the fertility of this rich and picturesque nature. He was there plunged in a delicious reverie when he heard the confused noise of words behind him: it was Mongols of the high class, Taiji or gentlemen, who were trying to make him understand through various signs that if he wanted to cross the river they would gladly take him on their horses. Orkhon inscriptions states that Once Toquz Oghuz were living on

612-555: The begs and the people, and because of the Chinese people's cunning and craft and its intrigues, and because the younger and the elder brothers chose to take counsel against one another and bring discord between begs and people, they brought the old realm of the Turkic people to dissolution, and brought destruction on its lawful kagans. The sons of the nobles became the bondsmen of the Chinese people, their unsullied daughters became its slaves. The Turkic begs gave up their Turkic names, and bearing

646-537: The foundation for translating other Turkic writings. The scripts follow an alphabetical form, but also appear to have strong influences of rune carvings. The inscriptions are a great example of early signs of nomadic society's transitions from use of runes to a uniform alphabet, and the Orkhon alphabet is thought to have been derived from or inspired by a non-cursive version of the Sogdian script. Both inscriptions are part of

680-430: The hiring of Chinese artists when he claims, "From the Chinese Emperor I have had artists to come, and have set them to work. My request has not been refused. They have sent the Chinese Emperor's court painters. I have bidden them set up a separate hall, and inside and out I have had them to make various paintings. I have had the stone hewn; that which lay in my heart to utter I have. Understand to see this all as far as

714-649: The inscriptions are broken up and sporadic, but seem to detail the conquests against the Kirghiz and the Tangut peoples and also the death of Kul-Tegin in battle, and eventually the succession of Bilge Khagan by his son. Bilge Khagan's mother El Bilga Khatun was also mentioned in these inscriptions. The following is an excerpt from the last paragraph of the inscriptions (in Old Turkic and English languages): The inscriptions seem to have mixed views on Tang Chinese influence. On

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748-614: The inscriptions contain "rhythmic and parallelistic passages" which resemble that of epics. The inscriptions were discovered by Nikolay Yadrintsev 's expedition in 1889, published by Vasily Radlov . The original text was written in the Old Turkic alphabet and was deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. Vilhelm Thomsen first published the translation in French in 1899. He then published another interpretation in Danish in 1922 with

782-407: The most agreeable trees in the world and which offered a delicious freshness in the great heat where we were. The current of this River is very rapid. Beyond the trees, on one side and the other, one can see an abundantly fertile prairie. In one word, it is the most agreeable Canton that I ever remember seeing in all our voyages through Tartary. Monsieur de Bourboulon (Minister of France) also visited

816-498: The oldest extant attestation of that language. The inscriptions clearly show the sacred importance of the region, as evidenced by the statement, "If you stay in the land of the Ötüken, and send caravans from there, you will have no trouble. If you stay at the Ötüken Mountains, you will live forever dominating the tribes!". A full English translation of the inscriptions may be found in The Orkhon Inscriptions: Being

850-412: The oldest form of a Turkic language to be preserved. When the Orkhon inscriptions were first discovered, it was obvious that they were a runic type of script that had been discovered at other sites, but these versions also had a clear form, similar to an alphabet. When Vilhelm Thomsen deciphered the translation it was a huge stepping stone in understanding old Turkic script. The inscriptions provided much of

884-411: The one hand, it seems to contain the view that the Turks despise the Chinese. It appears as though Bilge Khagan wanted to distinguish his people from the Chinese in order to remain a strong independent society. In the inscription Bilge Khagan reprimands those Turks who have been influenced by Chinese culture and have adopted a Chinese way of life. As one passage reads, "Because of want of harmony between

918-682: The river in 1860: Monsieur de Bourboulon, wanting to stroll without escort through the Mongol capital, made his way early past the Russian quarter to the banks of the Toula…Monsieur de Bourboulon came to the banks of the Toula and sat on a mound underneath a birch tree: in ecstasy before this magnificent landscape, one of the most beautiful given to man to contemplate, happy to see the pure waters of this beautiful river murmuring at his feet, and rejoicing avidly, after

952-463: The river is suffering from pollution , some caused by Ulaanbaatar's central sewage treatment facility, as well as heavy mineral and sedimentation pollution caused by gold mining in the Zaamar area. In addition, the steady influx of people settling near the river may be causing a degradation of water quality. The French missionary Jean-Francois Gerbillon , who traveled many times through Mongolia, gave

986-560: The sides of Tuul River neighbouring to Tatars . Toquz Oghuz migrated from this place to western regions in the 8th century. Orkhon inscriptions The Orkhon inscriptions (also known as the Orhon inscriptions , Orhun inscriptions , Khöshöö Tsaidam monuments (also spelled Khoshoo Tsaidam , Koshu-Tsaidam or Höshöö Caidam ), or Kul Tigin steles ( simplified Chinese : 阙特勤碑 ; traditional Chinese : 闕特勤碑 ; pinyin : Què tèqín bēi )) are two memorial installations erected by

1020-489: The small Terelki River empties into the Tula. It is much bigger than the Kerlon. Its waters are extraordinarily clear and flows over a bed of river stones. Nothing approaches the agreeableness of its banks in all the extent of the plain. Its banks are covered in beautiful woods. Because the river divides into many branches, separating and rejoining, it forms quite a few small islands, full of diverse trees very thick and bushy, which are

1054-539: The status of slavery. Inscriptions found in the First Turkic Khaganate also imply that terms denoting slavery or other forms of subordinate status, such as qul (male slave) and küng (female slave or handmaiden), are frequently applied to a population of defeated political entities. However, the translation also reveals a degree of diplomacy with the neighboring Chinese, as evidenced by his statement, "While I have ruled here, I have become reconciled with

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1088-515: The text continues from one side to the other. The first portion of the Turkic translations seems to be Bilge Khagan discussing the commemoration of the tablet, as well as mentioning the extent of the empire. One passage reads, "To the East I have made campaigns as far as the Shantung plain, and almost reached the sea; to the South I have made campaigns as far as Tokuz-Ersin and almost reached Tibet ; to

1122-473: The will of Heaven, and because I was greatly deserving and it so brought it about, I brought the dying people back to life; for the naked people I found clothing, the poor people I made rich, the scanty people I made numerous. I have made the other, which has a kingdom and a kagan, to stand higher. All the peoples in the four quarters of the world I have brought to keeping the peace and making an end of hostilities; they all have obeyed me, and serve me." The rest of

1156-511: Was done by Marzan Sharav and housed in the Fine Arts Zanabazar Museum . This article about a building or structure in Mongolia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tuul River The Tuul River or Tula River ( / ˈ t uː l / ; Mongolian : Туул гол , Tuul gol , pronounced [ˈtʰʊːɮ ɢɔɮ] ; in older sources also Tola ) is a river in central and northern Mongolia . Sacred to

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