Bromölla Municipality ( Bromölla kommun ) is a municipality in Skåne County in South Sweden in southern Sweden . Its seat is located in the town Bromölla .
65-407: Bromölla was in 1967 reunited with Ivetofta (from which it had been detached as a market town in 1942). In 1974 Näsum was added and the municipality's present territory was defined. The name Bromölla translates to "Bridge Mill", one or more mills used at least from the 17th to the 19th century, adjacent to a small river. The municipal arms depict a bridge over a river, and a water wheel symbolizing
130-421: A broad flat body and a short tail. Their limbs had evolved into four long flippers, which were powered by strong muscles attached to wide bony plates formed by the shoulder girdle and the pelvis. The flippers made a flying movement through the water. Plesiosaurs breathed air, and bore live young; there are indications that they were warm-blooded. Plesiosaurs showed two main morphological types. Some species, with
195-509: A crocodile or dolphin. The specimen is today on display at the Natural History Museum , and its inventory number is NHMUK PV R.1330 (formerly BMNH R.1330). It is the earliest discovered more or less complete fossil reptile skeleton in a museum collection. It can perhaps be referred to Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus . During the eighteenth century, the number of English plesiosaur discoveries rapidly increased, although these were all of
260-537: A few (very) basal forms have been discovered, the most derived Rhaeticosaurus . The subsequent evolution of the plesiosaurs is very contentious. The various cladistic analyses have not resulted in a consensus about the relationships between the main plesiosaurian subgroups. Traditionally, plesiosaurs have been divided into the long-necked Plesiosauroidea and the short-necked Pliosauroidea . However, modern research suggests that some generally long-necked groups might have had short-necked members. To avoid confusion between
325-400: A growing population in the town. The old nave and chancel were demolished, and a wider church room with cross arms and a three sided chancel were built by the architect C.G. Brunius. The nave was extended to form two arms of the cross. Major external renovation work was carried out in 2012, which retained features added by Brahe. The porch has the flooring that was removed from the coal cellar of
390-534: A large skeleton of a plesiosaur was found in the continent of Antarctica, the oldest creature on the continent, and the first of its species in Antarctica. Not only has the number of field discoveries increased, but also, since the 1950s, plesiosaurs have been the subject of more extensive theoretical work. The methodology of cladistics has, for the first time, allowed the exact calculation of their evolutionary relationships. Several hypotheses have been published about
455-530: A more limited meaning. The term "plesiosaur" is properly used to refer to the Plesiosauria as a whole, but informally it is sometimes meant to indicate only the long-necked forms, the old Plesiosauroidea. Like other ancient marine reptiles, such as those in the clades Ichthyosauria and Mosasauria , the genera in Plesiosauria are not part of the clade Dinosauria . Skeletal elements of plesiosaurs are among
520-510: A more or less fragmentary nature. Important collectors were the reverends William Mounsey and Baptist Noel Turner , active in the Vale of Belvoir , whose collections were in 1795 described by John Nicholls in the first part of his The History and Antiquities of the County of Leicestershire . One of Turner's partial plesiosaur skeletons is still preserved as specimen NHMUK PV R.45 (formerly BMNH R.45) in
585-447: A new clade Neoplesiosauria, a node-based taxon that was defined by as " Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus , Pliosaurus brachydeirus , their most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants". The clade Neoplesiosauria very likely is materially identical to Plesiosauria sensu Druckenmiller & Russell, thus would designate exactly the same species, and the term was meant to be a replacement of this concept. Benson et al. (2012) found
650-467: A paper read at the Geological Society of London , during the same meeting in which for the first time a dinosaur was named, Megalosaurus . The two finds revealed the unique and bizarre build of the animals, in 1832 by Professor Buckland likened to "a sea serpent run through a turtle". In 1824, Conybeare also provided a specific name to Plesiosaurus : dolichodeirus , meaning "longneck". In 1848,
715-483: A plesiosaur skeleton, which he donated to Cope. Cope attempted to reconstruct the animal on the assumption that the longer extremity of the vertebral column was the tail, the shorter one the neck. He soon noticed that the skeleton taking shape under his hands had some very special qualities: the neck vertebrae had chevrons and with the tail vertebrae the joint surfaces were orientated back to front. Excited, Cope concluded to have discovered an entirely new group of reptiles:
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#1732880601619780-632: A quarry at Fulbeck in Lincolnshire and had been used, with the fossil at its underside, to reinforce the slope of a watering-hole in Elston in Nottinghamshire . After the strange bones it contained had been discovered, it was displayed in the local vicarage as the remains of a sinner drowned in the Great Flood . Stukely affirmed its " diluvial " nature but understood it represented some sea creature, perhaps
845-667: A rather small short-necked form. During the earliest Jurassic, the subgroup with the most species was the Rhomaleosauridae , a possibly very basal split-off of species which were also short-necked. Plesiosaurs in this period were at most five metres (sixteen feet) long. By the Toarcian , about 180 million years ago, other groups, among them the Plesiosauridae , became more numerous and some species developed longer necks, resulting in total body lengths of up to ten metres (33 feet). In
910-450: A while, Marsh suggested that a simpler explanation of the strange build would be that Cope had reversed the vertebral column relative to the body as a whole. When Cope reacted indignantly to this suggestion, Leidy silently took the skull and placed it against the presumed last tail vertebra, to which it fitted perfectly: it was in fact the first neck vertebra, with still a piece of the rear skull attached to it. Mortified, Cope tried to destroy
975-511: Is a suburb, came to be established initially as a borough when limestone was found nearby, and later became a municipality. The origin of its name is attributed to a mill named Bromölla which existed on the bank of the Skräbe River and is dated to the 1460s. A ceramic vessel discovered at Ivetofta attests to pre-historic hunter-gatherers who pre-dated farming here. Palaeontological finds include Plesiosaurian bone fragments which were provided to
1040-408: Is called a " stem clade ". Such a definition has the advantage that it is easier to include all species with a certain morphology . Plesiosauria was in 2010 by Hillary Ketchum and Roger Benson defined as such a stem-based taxon : "all taxa more closely related to Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus and Pliosaurus brachydeirus than to Augustasaurus hagdorni ". Ketchum and Benson (2010) also coined
1105-459: Is currently on display at the geological museum of South Dakota School of Mines and Technology . In 2008, fossil remains of an undescribed plesiosaur that was named Predator X , now known as Pliosaurus funkei , were unearthed in Svalbard . It had a length of 12 m (39 ft), and its bite force of 149 kilonewtons (33,000 lb f ) is one of the most powerful known. In December 2017,
1170-661: Is now preserved by the British Geological Survey as specimen BGS GSM 26035. The same year, commercial fossil collector Mary Anning and her family uncovered an almost complete skeleton at Lyme Regis in Dorset , England, on what is today called the Jurassic Coast . It was acquired by the Duke of Buckingham , who made it available to the geologist William Buckland . He in turn let it be described by Conybeare on 20 February 1824 in
1235-627: The Polycotylidae , which had short necks and peculiarly elongated heads with narrow snouts. During the Late Cretaceous, the elasmosaurids still had many species. All plesiosaurs became extinct as a result of the K-T event at the end of the Cretaceous period, approximately 66 million years ago. In modern phylogeny , clades are defined groups that contain all species belonging to a certain branch of
1300-639: The Rhaetian stage, about 203 million years ago. They became especially common during the Jurassic Period, thriving until their disappearance due to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous Period, about 66 million years ago. They had a worldwide oceanic distribution, and some species at least partly inhabited freshwater environments. Plesiosaurs were among
1365-637: The Sauria , particularly the crocodile, than Ichthyosaurus , which had the form of a more lowly fish. The name should thus be rather read as "approaching the Sauria" or "near reptile" than as "near lizard". Parts of the specimen are still present in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History . Soon afterwards, the morphology became much better known. In 1823, Thomas Clark reported an almost complete skull, probably belonging to Thalassiodracon , which
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#17328806016191430-681: The Social Democrats , although in the 2000s its domination has lessened. Blocs This lists the relative strength of the socialist and centre-right blocs since 1973, but parties not elected to the Riksdag are inserted as "other", including the Sweden Democrats results from 1988 to 2006, but also the Christian Democrats pre-1991 and the Greens in 1982, 1985 and 1991. The sources are identical to
1495-470: The Streptosauria or "Turned Saurians", which would be distinguished by reversed vertebrae and a lack of hindlimbs, the tail providing the main propulsion. After having published a description of this animal, followed by an illustration in a textbook about reptiles and amphibians, Cope invited Marsh and Joseph Leidy to admire his new Elasmosaurus platyurus . Having listened to Cope's interpretation for
1560-616: The Upper Triassic . One of these, the Nothosauroidea , kept functional elbow and knee joints; but the other, the Pistosauria , became more fully adapted to a sea-dwelling lifestyle. Their vertebral column became stiffer and the main propulsion while swimming no longer came from the tail but from the limbs, which changed into flippers. The Pistosauria became warm-blooded and viviparous , giving birth to live young. Early, basal , members of
1625-402: The phylogeny , the evolutionary relationships, and the morphology , the way the animal is built, long-necked forms are therefore called "plesiosauromorph" and short-necked forms are called "pliosauromorph", without the "plesiosauromorph" species necessarily being more closely related to each other than to the "pliosauromorph" forms. The latest common ancestor of the Plesiosauria was probably
1690-401: The "plesiosauromorph" build, had (sometimes extremely) long necks and small heads; these were relatively slow and caught small sea animals. Other species, some of them reaching a length of up to seventeen metres, had the "pliosauromorph" build with a short neck and a large head; these were apex predators , fast hunters of large prey. The two types are related to the traditional strict division of
1755-553: The 1990s near Herschel, Saskatchewan were found to be a new species, by Dr. Tamaki Sato, a Japanese vertebrate paleontologist. In 2006, a combined team of American and Argentinian investigators (the latter from the Argentinian Antarctic Institute and the La Plata Museum ) found the skeleton of a juvenile plesiosaur measuring 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) in length on Vega Island in Antarctica. The fossil
1820-471: The 19th century to the present day. The Ivetofta Folklore Society, established in 1981, operating from Mill Houses and Tian farm, runs the museum and carries out research. Plesiosauria The Plesiosauria or plesiosaurs are an order or clade of extinct Mesozoic marine reptiles , belonging to the Sauropterygia . Plesiosaurs first appeared in the latest Triassic Period , possibly in
1885-468: The British Museum of Natural History; this is today referred to Thalassiodracon . In the early nineteenth century, plesiosaurs were still poorly known and their special build was not understood. No systematic distinction was made with ichthyosaurs , so the fossils of one group were sometimes combined with those of the other to obtain a more complete specimen. In 1821, a partial skeleton discovered in
1950-616: The IFÖ insignia. IFÖ Sanitär is, since 2002, owned by the Swedish venture capital company EQT AB . Also important is the Nymölla Sylvamo paper mill, producing fine paper for the world. Bromölla has remains from the Stone Age , and even some findings of dinosaurs . More recent remains also attract visitors, among them old churches, mills and some other curiosities that have survived modernisation. In
2015-479: The Palaeontological Institute of Lund in 1961 from a borehole, while archaeology has uncovered cremation urns from pits estimated as Late Bronze Age . Ivetofta Church was probably built in the 12th century; the tower (built in stone and decorated with carved sandstone) on the western side was added in the 13th century. The altar, pulpit, pews and the baptismal font were donated by Sophia Brahe in
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2080-425: The Plesiosauria into two suborders, the long-necked Plesiosauroidea and the short-neck Pliosauroidea . Modern research, however, indicates that several "long-necked" groups might have had some short-necked members or vice versa. Therefore, the purely descriptive terms "plesiosauromorph" and "pliosauromorph" have been introduced, which do not imply a direct relationship. "Plesiosauroidea" and "Pliosauroidea" today have
2145-576: The collection of Colonel Thomas James Birch , was described by William Conybeare and Henry Thomas De la Beche , and recognised as representing a distinctive group. A new genus was named, Plesiosaurus . The generic name was derived from the Greek πλήσιος, plèsios , "closer to" and the Latinised saurus , in the meaning of "saurian", to express that Plesiosaurus was in the Chain of Being more closely positioned to
2210-471: The collector Thomas Hawkins : Memoirs of Ichthyosauri and Plesiosauri of 1834 and The Book of the Great Sea-Dragons of 1840. Hawkins entertained a very idiosyncratic view of the animals, seeing them as monstrous creations of the devil, during a pre-Adamitic phase of history. Hawkins eventually sold his valuable and attractively restored specimens to the British Museum of Natural History. During
2275-526: The earlier Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus as it is derived from πλεῖος, pleios , "more fully", reflecting that according to Owen it was closer to the Sauria than Plesiosaurus . Its specific name means "with a short neck". Later, the Pliosauridae were recognised as having a morphology fundamentally different from the plesiosaurids. The family Plesiosauridae had already been coined by John Edward Gray in 1825. In 1835, Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville named
2340-527: The early 17th century, who had moved to the area with her second husband and was known for her work in Danish genealogy. These features have been retained in the renovated church. Brahe had planned on being buried there but returned to her native Denmark, settling in Helsingør before she died. Her planned headstone is on display at Ivetofta church. Major extensions were completed in the 1850s in order to accommodate
2405-454: The early twenty-first century, with about three or four plesiosaurs being named each year. This implies that about half of the known plesiosaurs are relatively new to science, a result of a far more intense field research. Some of this is taking place away from the traditional areas, e.g. in new sites developed in New Zealand , Argentina , Chile , Norway , Japan , China and Morocco , but
2470-579: The entire edition of the textbook and, when this failed, immediately published an improved edition with a correct illustration but an identical date of publication. He excused his mistake by claiming that he had been misled by Leidy himself, who, describing a specimen of Cimoliasaurus , had also reversed the vertebral column. Marsh later claimed that the affair was the cause of his rivalry with Cope: "he has since been my bitter enemy". Both Cope and Marsh in their rivalry named many plesiosaur genera and species, most of which are today considered invalid. Around
2535-463: The evolutionary tree . One way to define a clade is to let it consist of the last common ancestor of two such species and all its descendants. Such a clade is called a " node clade ". In 2008, Patrick Druckenmiller and Anthony Russell in this way defined Plesiosauria as the group consisting of the last common ancestor of Plesiosaurus dolichocheirus and Peloneustes philarchus and all its descendants. Plesiosaurus and Peloneustes represented
2600-511: The first fossil reptiles discovered. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, scientists realised how distinctive their build was and they were named as a separate order in 1835. The first plesiosaurian genus, the eponymous Plesiosaurus , was named in 1821. Since then, more than a hundred valid species have been described. In the early twenty-first century, the number of discoveries has increased, leading to an improved understanding of their anatomy, relationships and way of life. Plesiosaurs had
2665-568: The first fossils of extinct reptiles recognised as such. In 1605, Richard Verstegen of Antwerp illustrated in his A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence plesiosaur vertebrae that he referred to fishes and saw as proof that Great Britain was once connected to the European continent. The Welshman Edward Lhuyd in his Lithophylacii Brittannici Ichnographia from 1699 also included depictions of plesiosaur vertebrae that again were considered fish vertebrae or Ichthyospondyli . Other naturalists during
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2730-419: The first half of the nineteenth century, the number of plesiosaur finds steadily increased, especially through discoveries in the sea cliffs of Lyme Regis. Sir Richard Owen alone named nearly a hundred new species. The majority of their descriptions were, however, based on isolated bones, without sufficient diagnosis to be able to distinguish them from the other species that had previously been described. Many of
2795-423: The group, traditionally called " pistosaurids ", were still largely coastal animals. Their shoulder girdles remained weak, their pelves could not support the power of a strong swimming stroke, and their flippers were blunt. Later, a more advanced pistosaurian group split off: the Plesiosauria. These had reinforced shoulder girdles, flatter pelves, and more pointed flippers. Other adaptations allowing them to colonise
2860-488: The locations of the more original discoveries have proven to be still productive, with important new finds in England and Germany. Some of the new genera are a renaming of already known species, which were deemed sufficiently different to warrant a separate genus name. In 2002, the " Monster of Aramberri " was announced to the press. Discovered in 1982 at the village of Aramberri , in the northern Mexican state of Nuevo León , it
2925-514: The longest plesiosaurs, reaching up to fifteen metres (fifty feet) in length due to very long necks containing as many as 76 vertebrae, more than any other known vertebrate. Pliosauridae were still present as is shown by large predators, such as Kronosaurus . At the beginning of the Late Cretaceous , the Ichthyosauria became extinct; perhaps a plesiosaur group evolved to fill their niches:
2990-519: The main subgroups of the Plesiosauroidea and the Pliosauroidea and were chosen for historical reasons; any other species from these groups would have sufficed. Another way to define a clade is to let it consist of all species more closely related to a certain species that one in any case wishes to include in the clade than to another species that one to the contrary desires to exclude. Such a clade
3055-463: The middle of the Jurassic, very large Pliosauridae evolved. These were characterized by a large head and a short neck, such as Liopleurodon and Simolestes . These forms had skulls up to three metres (ten feet) long and reached a length of up to seventeen metres (56 feet) and a weight of ten tonnes. The pliosaurids had large, conical teeth and were the dominant marine carnivores of their time. During
3120-479: The middle of the twentieth century, the USA remained an important centre of research, mainly through the discoveries of Samuel Paul Welles . Whereas during the nineteenth and most of the twentieth century, new plesiosaurs were described at a rate of three or four novel genera each decade, the pace suddenly picked up in the 1990s, with seventeen plesiosaurs being discovered in this period. The tempo of discovery accelerated in
3185-739: The mill. There are 5 urban areas (also called a Tätort or locality) in Bromölla Municipality. In the table they are listed according to the size of the population as of 31 December 2005. The municipal seat is in bold characters. A small part of Valje is situated in Sölvesborg Municipality . This is a demographic table based on Bromölla Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT 's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics. In total there were 12,634 residents, including 9,567 Swedish citizens of voting age resident in
3250-504: The municipality are several cultural houses, rural museums and mansions that can be visited. Ivetofta Ivetofta is a village and a suburb of Bromölla , in Skåne County in southern Sweden . With a history going back to the 12th century, it was once a rural municipality in the former Kristianstad County . It lies on the eastern bank of Ivö Lake , between Ivö and the smaller lake Levrasjön . The Ivetofta Local Historical Society
3315-486: The municipality. 35.8% voted for the left coalition and 63.1% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income. These are the election results since the 1972 municipal reform. The results of Sweden Democrats were not published by the SCB between 1988 and 1998 due to the party's small size nationally so has been denoted as "0.0". Bromölla has traditionally seen outright majorities for
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#17328806016193380-419: The new species described at this time have subsequently been invalidated . The genus Plesiosaurus is particularly problematic, as the majority of the new species were placed in it so that it became a wastebasket taxon . Gradually, other genera were named. Hawkins had already created new genera, though these are no longer seen as valid. In 1841, Owen named Pliosaurus brachydeirus . Its etymology referred to
3445-460: The old church. Arup Manor, a small estate in the parish of Ivetofta, was the home of Sophia Brahe from 1618, when she was widowed. The main building has a tower and two wings. The building was extended in 1796 under the ownership of Ulrika Sparre. A pulp mill was opened in Ivetofta in the 1960s. Tiansgården, an 18th-century thatched farmhouse, houses the local history museum with artifacts from
3510-515: The open seas included stiff limb joints; an increase in the number of phalanges of the hand and foot; a tighter lateral connection of the finger and toe phalanx series, and a shortened tail. From the earliest Jurassic , the Hettangian stage, a rich radiation of plesiosaurs is known, implying that the group must already have diversified in the Late Triassic ; of this diversification, however, only
3575-768: The order Plesiosauria itself. In the second half of the nineteenth century, important finds were made outside of England. While this included some German discoveries, it mainly involved plesiosaurs found in the sediments of the American Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway , the Niobrara Chalk . One fossil in particular marked the start of the Bone Wars between the rival paleontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh . In 1867, physician Theophilus Turner near Fort Wallace in Kansas uncovered
3640-774: The same time, approximately 160 million years ago, the Cryptoclididae were present, shorter species with a long neck and a small head. The Leptocleididae radiated during the Early Cretaceous . These were rather small forms that, despite their short necks, might have been more closely related to the Plesiosauridae than to the Pliosauridae. Later in the Early Cretaceous, the Elasmosauridae appeared; these were among
3705-495: The seventeenth century added plesiosaur remains to their collections, such as John Woodward ; these were only much later understood to be of a plesiosaurian nature and are today partly preserved in the Sedgwick Museum . In 1719, William Stukeley described a partial skeleton of a plesiosaur, which had been brought to his attention by the great-grandfather of Charles Darwin , Robert Darwin of Elston . The stone plate came from
3770-456: The skeleton was bought by the British Museum of Natural History and catalogued as specimen NHMUK OR 22656 (formerly BMNH 22656). When the lecture was published, Conybeare also named a second species: Plesiosaurus giganteus . This was a short-necked form later assigned to the Pliosauroidea . Plesiosaurs became better known to the general public through two lavishly illustrated publications by
3835-462: The table above. The coalition or government mandate marked in bold formed the government after the election. New Democracy got elected in 1991 but are still listed as "other" due to the short lifespan of the party. IFÖ Sanitär was founded by William Abelgaard Nielsen in 1887 as a limestone and kaolin mining at the nearby Ivö island. Their main production is, and has been since 1936, to manufacture toilets and sinks. Toilets all around Sweden feature
3900-633: The traditional Pliosauroidea to be paraphyletic in relation to Plesiosauroidea. Rhomaleosauridae was found to be outside Neoplesiosauria, but still within Plesiosauria. The early Carnian pistosaur Bobosaurus was found to be one step more advanced than Augustasaurus in relation to the Plesiosauria and therefore it represented by definition the basalmost known plesiosaur. This analysis focused on basal plesiosaurs and therefore only one derived pliosaurid and one cryptoclidian were included, while elasmosaurids were not included at all. A more detailed analysis published by both Benson and Druckenmiller in 2014
3965-405: The turn of the century, most plesiosaur research was done by a former student of Marsh, Professor Samuel Wendell Williston . In 1914, Williston published his Water reptiles of the past and present . Despite treating sea reptiles in general, it would for many years remain the most extensive general text on plesiosaurs. In 2013, a first modern textbook was being prepared by Olivier Rieppel . During
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#17328806016194030-461: The way they hunted and swam, incorporating general modern insights about biomechanics and ecology . The many recent discoveries have tested these hypotheses and given rise to new ones. The Plesiosauria have their origins within the Sauropterygia , a group of perhaps archelosaurian reptiles that returned to the sea. An advanced sauropterygian subgroup, the carnivorous Eusauropterygia with small heads and long necks, split into two branches during
4095-521: Was discovered, by a local fisherman, at Bridgwater Bay National Nature Reserve in Somerset, UK. The fossil, dating from 180 million years ago as indicated by the ammonites associated with it, measured 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) in length, and may be related to Rhomaleosaurus . It is probably the best preserved specimen of a plesiosaur yet discovered. In 2005, the remains of three plesiosaurs ( Dolichorhynchops herschelensis ) discovered in
4160-515: Was founded in 1981 and as of 2013 has nearly 500 members. The village is located between Ivösjön and Hanöbukten, and consists of the forested Ryssberget hill and sandy plains which are cultivated. The habitats are characterised as pine forest, deciduous forest, meadow, pasture, and grassy heath . The name is first documented in 1319 as Ywätoffte. It stems from the old name Ivösjön , the Ivö Lake, and "toft" meaning farm. Bromölla, of which Ivetofta
4225-423: Was originally classified as a dinosaur . The specimen is actually a very large plesiosaur, possibly reaching 15 m (49 ft) in length. The media published exaggerated reports claiming it was 25 metres (82 ft) long, and weighed up to 150,000 kilograms (330,000 lb), which would have made it among the largest predators of all time. In 2004, what appeared to be a completely intact juvenile plesiosaur
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