Martha Joan Hart (née Patterson ; born October 31, 1966) is a Canadian philanthropist and researcher who is the widow of professional wrestler Owen Hart . After her husband's death in an accident at Over the Edge , Hart sued the World Wrestling Federation (now, WWE). She later wrote a bestselling book about her husband's life and founded a charity in his name. She has subsequently been involved in several legal cases involving her husband's image and has worked as a philanthropist and researcher.
169-515: Hart was born Martha Joan Patterson on October 31, 1966, the youngest of eleven children. Her mother, Joan, battled breast cancer before Martha and her sister Virginia were born; her father left her mother when Martha was young. She completed two degrees at the University of Calgary in Psychology (with distinction) and Sociology (1st-class honours) before moving to England to complete a master's degree and
338-503: A satellite campus of the University of Alberta . The 1970s energy crisis resulted in significant investment and growth in Calgary. By 1981, 45 percent of the Calgary labour force was made up of management, administrative or clerical staff, above the national average of 35 percent. Calgary's population grew with the opportunity the oil boom brought. The 20-year period from 1966 to 1986 saw
507-496: A 1987 loss to former champion Marty Jones for the vacant World Mid-Heavyweight Championship. He remained with Stampede for the next couple of years while honing his skills. During 1986, Hart teamed with Ben Bassarab and won the Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship. The success of the team and Hart's in-ring skills earned him Pro Wrestling Illustrated ' s Rookie of
676-594: A PhD in Social and Development Psychology at Cambridge University. She has since worked as a university researcher in the area of pediatrics. In 1982, she met her husband Owen Hart at the age of 15, while they were both still in high school. She attended a Stampede Wrestling event with a friend, and met Owen after recognizing him as one of the wrestlers who attended her school for a wrestling practice. They married on July 1, 1989, and had two children together: Oje Edward Hart and Athena Christie Hart. Owen died while performing
845-499: A baseball bat, picked him up and threw him back into the ring where Triple H put Hart in a reverse ankle lock to his injured right ankle to win the European Championship under referees discretion in controversial fashion. Four weeks after WrestleMania, during a tag team match with Ken Shamrock against Mark Henry and Rocky Maivia (later known as The Rock ), Hart turned on Shamrock, "snapping" his ankle and "biting his ear" in
1014-544: A bill in the Alberta Legislature to incorporate the "Calgary University", however there was significant opposition to two degree-granting institutions in such a small province. A commission was appointed to evaluate the Calgary proposal which found the second university to be unnecessary, however, the commission did recommend the formation of the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art in Calgary ( SAIT ), which
1183-578: A bylaw requiring all large downtown buildings to be built with sandstone , which was readily available nearby in the form of Paskapoo sandstone . Following the fire several quarries were opened around the city by prominent local businessmen including Thomas Edworthy, Wesley Fletcher Orr , J. G. McCallum, and William Oliver. Prominent buildings built with sandstone following the fire include Knox Presbyterian Church (1887), Imperial Bank Building (1887), Calgary City Hall (1911), and Calgary Courthouse No. 2 (1914). In February 1887, Donald Watson Davis , who
1352-561: A character in AEW's console game, AEW Fight Forever . Calgary Calgary is the largest city in the Canadian province of Alberta . It is the largest metro area within the three prairie provinces . As of 2021, the city proper had a population of 1,306,784 and a metropolitan population of 1,680,000 making it the third-largest city and fifth-largest metropolitan area in Canada. Calgary
1521-560: A detailed design and construction start on the south leg of a light rail transit system, which opened on May 25, 1981, and dubbed the CTrain . The University of Calgary gained autonomy as a degree-granting institution in 1966 with the passage of the Universities Act by the Alberta Legislature. The campus provided as a one-dollar lease from the City of Calgary in 1957 had previously served as
1690-692: A feud with D-Generation X (DX) and challenged Shawn Michaels for the WWF Championship on the December 29, 1997 episode of Raw Is War : Hart had Michaels locked in the Sharpshooter when Triple H interfered in order to save Michaels' title, giving Hart the victory by disqualification. He later won the European title from Triple H, although not directly. Goldust dressed up as Triple H in an attempt to swerve Hart, but Commissioner Slaughter considered him to be
1859-402: A legitimate replacement. Hart later suffered a kayfabe ankle injury during a match against Barry Windham involving Triple H. When Hart joined the commentary at ringside, Triple H managed to draw Owen into an impromptu title match and regained the title. Chyna interfered while the referee wasn't looking and while Triple H was distracting the referee, she struck Hart behind the left knee with
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#17328689149972028-678: A long-standing relationship with this non-profit international special interest film festival and is also the Monaco International Film Festival 's Vice President of the Angel Film Awards. In her spare time, she writes a popular movie blog, titled, "Movie Meanings – Main Messages" about how to find the meaning of life through the movies we watch. Hart is a researcher at the University of Calgary/Alberta Children's Hospital. Her present research includes co-creating and pilot testing
2197-501: A match in which Hart "accidentally injured" Dan Severn , Hart seemingly quit the WWF. Playing off the legitimate injury Hart had inflicted on Austin the year before, the angle blurred the lines between reality and "storyline." Yet as soon as Hart "quit," the Blue Blazer appeared in the WWF claiming to in no way be Hart despite it being very obvious who was under the mask. Unlike the first run of
2366-645: A natural location for the founding meeting of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (precursor to the New Democratic Party ). The organizational meeting was held in Calgary on July 31, 1932, with attendance exceeding 1,300 people. Pat Lenihan was elected to the Calgary City Council in 1939, in part due to the use of Proportional Representation in city elections. He is the only Communist Party member elected to Calgary council. (He
2535-501: A pair of specialty matches on pay-per-view, but nothing was ever conclusively settled between them. Hart remained with the Nation throughout the year until the stable slowly dissolved. After SummerSlam , he teamed with Jeff Jarrett . Hart and Jarrett had Jarrett's manager Debra in their corner. During this time a storyline was proposed that Hart was supposed to have an on-screen affair with Debra, something which Owen turned down. After
2704-547: A pay-per-view shot at the tag team titles at In Your House 10 . Owen and Bulldog left with the gold after defeating the Smoking Gunns. They also left with a new manager as Clarence Mason had conned Jim Cornette into signing over the contracts of the new champions. Signs of dissension, however, slowly started to show. One occasion where this was evident was at the Royal Rumble when Hart accidentally eliminated Bulldog. After
2873-514: A provisional capital in Edmonton , it would be left up to the Legislature to choose the permanent location. One of the first decisions of the new Alberta Legislature was the capital, and although William Henry Cushing advocated strongly for Calgary, the resulting vote saw Edmonton win the capital 16–8. Calgarians were disappointed on the city not being named the capital, and focused their attention on
3042-635: A public apology by the publishers, who were also required to give an undisclosed amount as a donation to the Owen Hart Foundation as stated in the settlement agreement. On June 22, 2010, Martha filed another lawsuit against Vince and Linda McMahon, this time for wrongfully using Owen's name and likeness in numerous DVDs under the WWE name, as well as for deceptive business practices, and not paying royalty payments to Owen's estate and his children. On April 4, 2012, Judge Underhill agreed that Martha's claims against
3211-464: A racetrack. It held a lavish parade as well as rodeo , horse racing, and trick roping competitions as part of the event. The exhibition was a success, drawing 100,000 people to the fairgrounds over seven days despite an economic recession that afflicted the city of 25,000. Calgary had previously held a number of Agricultural exhibitions dating back to 1886, and recognizing the city's enthusiasm, Guy Weadick , an American trick roper who participated in
3380-663: A ranked transferable ballot. The UFA government elected in 1921 changed the provincial election law so that Calgary could elect its MLAs through PR as well. Calgary elected its MLAs through PR until 1956 and its councillors through PR until 1971 (although mostly using instant-runoff voting , not STV, in the 1960s). Calgary endured a six-year recession following the First World War . The high unemployment rate from reduced manufacturing demand, compounded with servicemen returning from Europe needing work, created economic and social unrest. By 1921, over 2,000 men (representing 11 percent of
3549-618: A regular basis. Bret even secured the two a shot at the WWF Tag Team Championship . They faced the Quebecers for the title at the Royal Rumble in January 1994. Initially everything was fine between the brothers, but when Bret hurt his knee ( kayfabe ) and was unable to tag Owen in for a long period of time, the younger Hart got frustrated. When the referee stopped the match due to Bret's damaged knee, Owen snapped; he kicked his brother in
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#17328689149973718-405: A second chance at regaining the tag team titles after Michaels vacated his half of the championship due to an injury. On the edition of July 14, 1997 of Raw the two entered a tournament and won to face Austin and a partner of his choice that evening for the vacant titles. That partner turned out to be Dude Love , who declared himself to be Austin's partner and helped him defeat Hart and Bulldog for
3887-399: A shocking moment, the recently turned heel Bret Hart appeared at ringside and stopped the match. Bret appealed to both Owen and Bulldog, talking about the importance of family. They agreed to put their differences aside and join with Bret to form the new Hart Foundation, an anti-American stable that also included Hart in-law Jim Neidhart and Hart family friend Brian Pillman . After forming
4056-541: A storyline injury, he joined Owen to form a team known as The New Foundation. Owen and Neidhart first feuded with the Beverly Brothers . They then had their only pay-per-view match at the Royal Rumble in January 1992 where they beat The Orient Express . Neidhart left the WWF shortly afterward, and Hart set out on a very short run as a singles wrestler, including a victorious match at WrestleMania VIII when he faced off against Skinner . Shortly after WrestleMania, Hart
4225-617: A stunt on May 23, 1999, at the World Wrestling Federation (WWF)'s Over the Edge pay-per-view. As a result of the charitable contributions achieved through the Owen Hart Foundation, Martha was named Individual Philanthropist of the Year in 2004 by the AFP. She was Calgary's 2011 Champions of Learning. Hart was named the 2017 Goodwill Ambassador for the Monaco International Film Festival . Hart has had
4394-423: A title match; the partner turned out to be former world champion Yokozuna . After the victory Owen took Jim Cornette and Mr. Fuji as his managers, who already managed Yokozuna. The team defended the title for five months until they lost them to Shawn Michaels and Diesel at In Your House 3 . They would briefly hold the title a second time when the belts were handed back to them before the Smoking Gunns regained
4563-411: A week before the election to find the town in disarray. Shortly before the 1886 election, G. E. Marsh brought a charge of corruption against Murdoch and council over irregularities in the voters' list. Travis found Murdoch and the councillors guilty, disqualifying them from running in the 1886 election, barring them from municipal office for two years, and fining Murdoch $ 100, and the councillors $ 20. This
4732-500: Is also a past recipient of the University of Calgary's Eyes High Post-Doctoral Award. In December 2000, she announced the opening of the Owen Hart Foundation, a Calgary -based charity that provides university/college scholarships for children in need, as well as housing for low income families. The Owen Hart Foundation also supports a number of other worthwhile charities in the Calgary community and provides "scholarships, housing and various forms of assistance to at-risk communities around
4901-690: Is at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the southwest of the province, in the transitional area between the Rocky Mountain Foothills and the Canadian Prairies , about 80 km (50 mi) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km (186 mi) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km (150 mi) north of
5070-582: Is the subject of the book Patrick Lenihan from Irish Rebel to Founder of Canadian Public Sector Unionism, edited by Gilbert Levine (Athabasca University Press).) In 1922, Civic Government Association formed in opposition to the power of labour groups, endorsing its own competing slate of candidates. Labour's influence was short-lived on the City Council, with Labour as a whole failing to receive substantial support after 1924. Calgary gained further political prominence when R. B. Bennett 's Conservative Party won
5239-687: The Dominion Lands Act , which became a catalyst for immigration to the settlement. The I. G. Baker Company drove the first herd of cattle to the region in the same year for the Cochrane area by order of Major James Walker. The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) reached the area in August 1883 and constructed a railway station on the CPR-owned Section 15, neighbouring the townsite across the Elbow River to
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5408-400: The 1921 provincial election . It was elected to form the province's first non-Liberal government. By that time Calgary was using single transferable vote (STV), a form of proportional representation, to elect its city councillors. Calgary was the first city in Canada to adopt PR for its city elections. Councillors were elected in one at-large district. Each voter cast just a single vote using
5577-487: The 1930 federal election and formed government and became Canada's 11th prime minister . Bennett arrived in Calgary from New Brunswick in 1897, was previously the leader of the provincial Conservative Party, advocated for Calgary as the capital of Alberta, and championed the growing city. Calgary had to wait another decade to have a sitting premier represent the city, when sitting Social Credit Premier William Aberhart moved from his Okotoks-High River to Calgary for
5746-456: The 1940 provincial election after his Okotoks-High River constituents began a recall campaign against him as their local MLA. Only a little over a decade after shuttering the municipal tram lines, Calgary City Council began investigating rapid transit. In 1966 a heavy rail transit proposal was developed, however the estimated costs continued to grow rapidly, and the plan was re-evaluated in 1975. In May 1977, Calgary City Council directed that
5915-581: The Calgary Protestant Public School District No. 19 was formed by the Legislature on March 2, 1885. On November 27, 1884, Lieutenant Governor Dewdney proclaimed the incorporation of The Town of Calgary . Shortly after on December 3, Calgarians went to the polls to elect their first mayor and four councillors. The North-West Municipal Ordinance of 1884 provided voting rights to any male British subject over 21 years of age who owned at minimum $ 300 of property. Each elector
6084-580: The Calgary electoral district representative on the 1st Council of the North-West Territories . As for education, Calgary moved quickly: the Citizen's Committee raised $ 125 on February 6, 1884, and the first school opened for twelve children days later on February 18, led by teacher John William Costello. The private school was not enough for the needs of the town and following a petition by James Walker
6253-657: The Canada–United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada -defined urban area, the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor . Calgary's economy includes activity in many sectors: energy; financial services; film and television; transportation and logistics; technology; manufacturing; aerospace; health and wellness; retail; and tourism. The Calgary Metropolitan Region is home to Canada's second-largest number of corporate head offices among
6422-627: The First World War further dampened the oil craze as more men and resources left for Europe and agricultural prices for wheat and cattle increased. Turner Valley's oil fields would boom again in 1924 and 1936, and by the Second World War the Turner Valley oilfield was producing more than 95 per cent of the oil in Canada. however the city would wait until 1947 for Leduc No. 1 to definitively shift Calgary to an oil and gas city. While Edmonton would see significant population and economic growth with
6591-649: The Isle of Mull in Scotland . Colonel James Macleod , the Commissioner of the North-West Mounted Police , had been a frequent summer guest there. In 1876, shortly after returning to Canada , he suggested its name for what became Fort Calgary . The Indigenous peoples of Southern Alberta refer to the Calgary area as "elbow", in reference to the sharp bend made by the Bow River and the Elbow River . In some cases,
6760-532: The National Energy Program implemented by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau 's government and the drop in world oil prices , and the end of the construction boom in Calgary is associated with the completion of the Petro-Canada Centre in 1984. The two-tower granite Petro-Canada Centre, which some locals called "Red Square" alluding to the city's hostile view of the state-owned petroleum company, saw
6929-499: The (pre-taped) episode of Raw that aired on April 5, 1999. However, Hart and Jarrett continued to team together until Hart's death in May during the Over the Edge pay-per-view event. Hart met Martha Joan Patterson in 1982. They married on July 1, 1989, and had two children together: Oje Edward Hart (born March 5, 1992) and Athena Christie Hart (born September 23, 1995). On May 28, 2011, Hart
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7098-570: The 1980s prevented a full economic recovery until the 1990s. In May 1980, Nelson Skalbania announced that the Atlanta Flames hockey club would relocate and become the Calgary Flames . Skalbania represented a group of Calgary businessmen that included oil magnates Harley Hotchkiss , Ralph T. Scurfield , Norman Green , Daryl Seaman and Byron Seaman , and former Calgary Stampeders player Norman Kwong . Atlanta team owner Tom Cousins sold
7267-479: The 1980s, 70 percent within Alberta, as a result of capital spending, increased tourism and new sporting opportunities created by the facilities. Thanks in part to escalating oil prices, the economy in Calgary and Alberta was booming until the end of 2009, and the region of nearly 1.1 million people was home to the fastest-growing economy in the country. While the oil and gas industry comprise an important part of
7436-519: The 2015 event. Elvis Costello performed on December 10, 2016, for the 17th anniversary of the OHF. In 2017, for Canada's 150th birthday, The Owen Hart Foundation wanted to honor a Canadian artist and therefore featured Sarah McLachlan on December 1, 2017, to mark their 18th anniversary. Famed actor and SNL superstar Alec Baldwin performed for the OHF's 19th anniversary annual event on November 30, 2018. In 2020, comedian Jerry Seinfeld made his return again as
7605-472: The 76 kg weight class. Wrestling was not Hart's first choice for a career; as Martha explained in her book Broken Harts , Owen tried numerous times to find a profitable living outside of wrestling. Owen is quoted as saying, in the WWE Home Video "Owen Hart of Gold" that "during his time in the University, he wrestled incognito (under a mask) as the original British Bulldog. Then, after he graduated from
7774-780: The Attachment and Child Health (ATTACH) Intervention, which explores links between parental reflective function (RF) and parent/child attachment led by Nicole Letourneau . Hart presented findings on the program at a number International Attachment Related Conferences in New York, London, Miami, Prague; and in Vancouver. The ATTACH Program is funded by Harvard University's Centre for the Developing Child as one of their Frontiers of Innovation projects. In 2019, Hart and Nicole Letourneau launched their ATTACH™ Program online. Hart completed two degrees at
7943-638: The Blackfoot name of the city, Mohkínstsis . In 2017, the Stoney Nakoda sent an application to the Government of Alberta, to rename Calgary as Wichispa Oyade meaning "elbow town"; however, this was challenged by the Piikani Blackfoot . The Calgary area was inhabited by pre- Clovis people whose presence traces back at least 11,000 years. The area has been inhabited by multiple First Nations ,
8112-412: The Blue Blazer gimmick. He also returned to Stampede, until it shut down in December 1989. In 1991, Hart lost the Blue Blazer mask in a mascara contra mascara match against Mexican wrestler El Canek , and would not utilize the gimmick again until 1998. He also returned to New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). In 1990 he went to Germany and worked Catch Wrestling Association . He also wrestled again in
8281-514: The CPR, August 1883 brought Calgary the first edition of the Calgary Herald published on the 31st under the title The Calgary Herald, Mining and Ranche Advocate and General Advertiser by teacher Andrew M. Armour and printer Thomas B. Braden, a weekly newspaper with a subscription price of $ 1 per year. Over a century later, the CPR headquarters moved to Calgary from Montreal in 1996. Residents of
8450-668: The Centre Street Bridge over the Bow River) opened in 1907 which provided for residential expansion north of the Bow River. The early-1910s saw real estate speculation hit Calgary once again, with property prices rising significantly with growing municipal investment, CPR's decision to construct a car shop at Ogden set to employ over 5,000 people, the projected arrival of the Grand Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern Railways in
8619-494: The City of Calgary Charter elevated the frontier town to the status of a full-fledged city. Calgary became the first city in the North-West Territories, receiving its charter a decade before Edmonton and Regina . The Calgary charter remained in force until it was repealed with the Cities Act in 1950. The charter came into effect in such a way as to prevent the regularly scheduled municipal election in December 1893, and recognizing
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#17328689149978788-516: The District Court. Cayley published articles critical of Travis and his judgment, in which Travis responded by calling Cayley to court, dismissing him from his position as Clerk, ordering Cayley to apologize and pay a $ 100 fine. Cayley refused to pay the fine, which Travis increased to $ 500, and on January 5, the day after the January 1886 Calgary town election , Cayley was imprisoned by Travis. Murdoch returned to Calgary on December 27, 1885, only
8957-760: The Dominion Exhibition as part of the Miller Brothers 101 Ranch Real Wild West Show, returned to Calgary in 1912 to host the first Calgary Stampede in the hopes of establishing an event that more accurately represented the "wild west" than the shows he was a part of. He initially failed to sell civic leaders and the Calgary Industrial Exhibition on his plans, but with the assistance of local livestock agent H. C. McMullen, Weadick convinced businessmen Pat Burns , George Lane , A. J. McLean , and A. E. Cross to put up $ 100,000 to guarantee funding for
9126-480: The Elbow River and west to Eighth Street, and the first federal census listed the boom town at 3,876 inhabitants. The economic conditions in Calgary began to deteriorate in 1892, as development in the downtown slowed, the streetcar system started in 1889 was put on hold and smaller property owners began to sell. The first step in connecting the District of Alberta happened in Calgary on July 21, 1890, as Minister of
9295-458: The Games, resulting in the facility earning praise as "the fastest ice on Earth". Canada Olympic Park was built on the western outskirts of Calgary and hosted bobsled , luge , ski jumping and freestyle skiing . It was the most expensive facility built for the games, costing $ 200 million. Despite Canada failing to earn a gold medal in the Games, the events proved to be a major economic boom for
9464-711: The Hart Foundation, Owen quickly gained singles gold of his own as he pinned Rocky Maivia to win his first WWF Intercontinental Championship . This meant that the Hart Foundation held every WWF title except the WWF Championship, cementing their dominance over the federation. It was not all success for Owen, though, as he and the British Bulldog lost the WWF Tag Team Championship to Stone Cold Steve Austin and Shawn Michaels on May 26, 1997. He began feuding with Austin shortly thereafter. Owen and Bulldog got
9633-447: The Interior Edgar Dewdney turned the first sod for the Calgary and Edmonton Railway in front of two thousand residents. The railway was completed in August 1891. Although its end-of-steel was on the south side of the river opposite Edmonton , it immensely shortened travel time between the two communities. Previously stagecoach passengers and mail could arrive in five days and animal pulled freight anywhere between two and three weeks,
9802-408: The Leduc discovery, many corporate offices established in Calgary after Turner Valley refused to relocate north. Consequently, by 1967, Calgary had more millionaires than any other city in Canada, and per capita, more cars than any city in the world. Early-20th-century Calgary served as a hotbed for political activity. Historically Calgarians supported the provincial and federal conservative parties,
9971-456: The NWT Lieutenant-governor, organized a public meeting in the NWMP barracks room on the issue of getting a representative in the NWT Council. Walker wrote the clerk of the Council that he was prepared to produce evidence that Calgary and environs (an area of 1000 square miles) held 1000 residents, the requirement for having a Council member. A by-election was held on June 28, 1884, where James Davidson Geddes defeated James Kidd Oswald to become
10140-408: The Nakoda or Stoney language , the area is known as Wîchîspa Oyade or Wenchi Ispase , both meaning "elbow". In the Cree language , the area is known as otôskwanihk ( ᐅᑑᐢᑿᓂᕽ ) meaning "at the elbow" or otôskwunee meaning "elbow". In the Tsuutʼina language (Sarcee), the area is known as Guts’ists’i (older orthography, Kootsisáw ) meaning "elbow". In Kutenai language ,
10309-527: The National Energy Program marked the end of Calgary's boom. In 1983 Calgary City Council announced service cuts to ease the $ 16 million deficit, 421 city employees were laid off, unemployment increased from 5 to 11 percent between November 1981 and November 1982, eventually peaking at 14.9 percent in March 1983. The decline was so swift that the city's population decreased for the first time in history from April 1982 to April 1983, and 3,331 homes were foreclosed by financial institutions in 1983. Low oil prices in
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#173286891499710478-417: The Niitsitapi (Blackfoot Confederacy; Siksika , Kainai , Piikani ), îyârhe Nakoda , Tsuutʼina peoples and Métis Nation, Region 3. In 1787, David Thompson , a 17-year-old cartographer with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), spent the winter with a band of Piikani Nation encamped along the Bow River. He was also a fur trader and surveyor and the first recorded European to visit the area. John Glenn
10647-426: The North-West Territories , who happened to be in Calgary at the time, to discuss an allowance for a school, an increase from $ 300 to $ 1,000 grant for a bridge over the Elbow River, incorporation as a town, and representation for Calgary in the Legislative Council of the North-West Territories . The committee was successful in getting an additional $ 200 for the bridge, In May, Major Walker, acting on instructions from
10816-428: The Owen Hart Foundation announced a partnership with All Elite Wrestling (AEW) to honour Owen Hart's legacy. The partnership will entail AEW hosting an annual tournament called the " Owen Hart Cup " along with the production of Owen Hart-branded merchandise include action figures, apparel, posters, and an appearance in a console video game being developed by AEW. At Double or Nothing in May 2022, Martha Hart appeared at
10985-411: The Rumble, they had miscommunication in matches against Doug Furnas and Phil LaFon and Bulldog fired Mason after losing a match to Crush who was also managed by Mason, something which did not sit well with Hart. Another bone of contention between the two was the newly created WWF European Championship ; both men had fought their way to the finals to crown the first champion with Bulldog coming out as
11154-467: The Swedish community of Falun and Italian community of Cortina d'Ampezzo . On September 30, 1981, the International Olympic Committee voted to give Calgary the right to host the 1988 Olympic Winter Games , becoming the first Canadian host for the winter games. The Games' five primary venues were all purpose-built, however, at significant cost. The Olympic Saddledome was the primary venue for ice hockey and figure skating. Located at Stampede Park ,
11323-583: The UK, losing to Danny Boy Collins in Bath 1991 in a match for the World Middleweight championship, as well as wrestling in France on TV matches for Eurosport 's New Catch program. Hart debuted in World Championship Wrestling 's self-titled TV show on March 16, 1991, the first of five TV matches he competed in, all of which were against preliminary talent such as Mark Kyle . One of the bouts saw him team with Ricky Morton . He also teamed with Brian Pillman , getting several wins over The Freebirds . Hart had been engaged in contract discussions with WCW but
11492-516: The United Kingdom, with the United States release the day after. WWE wrestler Kevin Owens named his son after Hart and incorporated the name into his own ring name as tribute to both of them. On September 20, 2021, All Elite Wrestling (AEW) announced the Owen Hart Cup Tournament, in partnership with the Owen Hart Foundation, wherein the winner will receive a trophy called "The Owen". The company also announced production and distribution of original Owen Hart merchandise, action figures and Hart as
11661-440: The University of Calgary before moving to England to join the Centre for Family Research at the University of Cambridge where she completed her master's degree and Ph.D. programs in Social & Developmental Psychology under supervisor Claire Hughes. Hart worked as a researcher at the University of Cambridge with Ruth Gaunt for several years researching the division of labor in the family and parents’ child care choices before joining
11830-436: The University of Minnesota, and Marinus van IJzendoorn at Cambridge University in the ABCD model of attachment, William Whelan in the MAC attachment measure at University of Virginia, as well as Patricia Crittenden in the DMM; she is a certified reliable coder in various attachment measures, RF measures, as well as a number of other parent/child interaction measures. She is also trained and certified in Suicide Prevention. Hart
11999-420: The University, he wrestled as "Bronco" Owen Hart at Royal Albert Hall in London , England . As those attempts were unsuccessful, Hart was trained in his father's Hart Dungeon and worked for his father's federation, Stampede Wrestling and wrestled in England for Max Crabtree's Joint Promotions in matches that got broadcast on ITV's World of Sport and the later standalone wrestling program including
12168-413: The WWE should go forward regarding the use of family/personal photos without her permission – copyright infringement, as well as breach of contract for not paying royalties from money made (and kept) by the WWE from merchandise sold with Owen's likeness since his death in 1999. In April 2013, the lawsuit was settled. On April 9, 2014, Nancy Grace of CNN/HLN ran a show on the death of The Ultimate Warrior ;
12337-492: The WWF , and was widely regarded as one of the company's best in-ring performers. Hart died on May 23, 1999, during his entrance from the rafters of Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri , United States. The equipment that was lowering him to the ring malfunctioned and he fell to his death in front of a live audience and live on Pay Per View during WWF's Over the Edge event. Owen was born on May 7, 1965, in Calgary, Alberta
12506-449: The WWF as The Blue Blazer (initially The Blue Angel), with his early appearances seeing him defeat the likes of Terry Gibbs , Steve Lombardi and Barry Horowitz . The Blue Blazer made his pay-per-view debut at Survivor Series '88 , teaming with The Ultimate Warrior , Brutus Beefcake , Jim Brunzell and Sam Houston against The Honky Tonk Man , Greg Valentine , Outlaw Ron Bass , Bad News Brown and Dangerous Danny Davis . The Blazer
12675-466: The WWF. In the end she remained friends with only Keith , Wayne and Bret Hart out of Owen's ten living siblings. There is real-life tension between Martha and her sister-in-law Diana Hart-Smith . Martha sued Diana and claims that Diana's book, Under the Mat: Inside Wrestling's Greatest Family , is both slanderous and libelous, and had it removed from markets everywhere; Martha was issued
12844-603: The Year Award in 1987. After he and Bassarab lost the tag team title, he feuded with Johnny Smith . In 1987, Hart branched out to Japan where he wrestled for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) on several tours. In NJPW, he wrestled Keiichi Yamada, both before and after he debuted the Jushin Liger gimmick . On May 27, 1988, Hart defeated Hiroshi Hase for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship , becoming
13013-470: The area was named after the reeds that grew along the riverbanks, reeds that had been used to fashion bows . In the Blackfoot language (Siksiká) the area is known as Mohkínstsis akápiyoyis , meaning "elbow many houses", reflecting its strong settler presence. The shorter form of the Blackfoot name, Mohkínstsis , simply meaning "elbow", is the popular Indigenous term for the Calgary area. In
13182-512: The beginning of the oil and gas age in Calgary. Archibald Wayne Dingman and Calgary Petroleum Product's discovery was heralded as the "biggest oil field in the British Empire" at around 19 million cubic metres, and in a three-week period an estimated 500 oil companies sprang into existence. Calgarians were enthusiastic to invest in new oil companies, with many losing life savings during the short 1914 boom in hastily formed companies. Outbreak of
13351-418: The bid for Calgary and spent two years building local support for the project, selling memberships to 80,000 of the city's 600,000 residents. It secured CA$ 270 million in funding from the federal and provincial governments while civic leaders, including Mayor Ralph Klein , crisscrossed the world attempting to woo International Olympic Committee (IOC) delegates. Calgary was one of three finalists, opposed by
13520-473: The character, the Blazer was now an overbearing, self-righteous heel who treated the edgy Attitude Era WWF with disdain. Hart and Jarrett ended up making the storyline comical. To prove that Hart was not the Blazer, he showed up beside the Blue Blazer, who was a masked Jarrett. In a later attempt to prove that neither Hart or Jarrett was the Blazer, they both appeared next to a man in the Blue Blazer mask; however, it
13689-621: The city and Calgary's growing reputation as a growing economic hub. The period between 1906 and 1911 was the largest population growth period in the city's history, expanding from 11,967 to 43,704 inhabitants in the five-year period. Several ambitious projects were started during this period including a new City Hall , the Hudson's Bay Department Store , the Grain Exchange Building, and the Palliser Hotel , this period also corresponded to
13858-673: The city is referred to as ʔaknuqtapȼik’ . In the Slavey language , the area is known as Klincho-tinay-indihay meaning "many horse town", referring to the Calgary Stampede and the city's settler heritage. There have been several attempts to revive the Indigenous names of Calgary. In response to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada , local post-secondary institutions adopted "official acknowledgements" of Indigenous territory using
14027-478: The city, which had fallen into its worst recession in 40 years following the collapse of both oil and grain prices in the mid-1980s. A report prepared for the city in January 1985 estimated the games would create 11,100 man-years of employment and generate CA$ 450 -million in salaries and wages. In its post-Games report, OCO'88 estimated the Olympics created CA$ 1.4 billion in economic benefits across Canada during
14196-627: The country's 800 largest corporations. In 2015, Calgary had the largest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city. In 2022, Calgary was ranked alongside Zürich as the third most livable city in the world, ranking first in Canada and in North America. In 1988, it became the first Canadian city to host the Olympic Winter Games . Calgary was named after Calgary Castle (in Scottish Gaelic, Caisteal Chalgairidh ) on
14365-451: The deal was never struck, as Owen was not willing to move himself and his family to the company's headquarters in Atlanta. Instead, he signed with the WWF for a second time. In the WWF the popular Hart Foundation , composed of his brother Bret and real-life brother-in-law Jim Neidhart , had split up; Bret set out on a singles career while Neidhart was used sparingly. When Neidhart returned from
14534-464: The east on Section 14. The difficulty in crossing the river and the CPR's efforts to persuade residents resulted in the core of the Calgary townsite moving onto Section 15, with the fate of the old townsite sealed when the post office was anonymously moved across the icy Elbow River during the night. The CPR subdivided Section 15 and began selling lots surrounding the station, $ 450 for corner lots and $ 350 for all others; and pioneer Felix McHugh constructed
14703-513: The end of the "Sandstone City" era as steel frames and terracotta facades such as the Burns Building (1913) which were prevalent in other North American cities overtook the unique sandstone character of Calgary. The growing City and enthusiastic residents were rewarded in 1908 with the federally funded Dominion Exhibition . Seeking to take advantage of the opportunity to promote itself, the city spent CA$ 145,000 to build six new pavilions and
14872-503: The episode of Raw for May 31, 1999. During that show, Jeff Jarrett defeated The Godfather to win the WWF Intercontinental Championship, the title Hart was booked to win for a third time at Over the Edge. Celebrating his victory, Jarrett screamed Hart's name. On October 4, 1999, five months after Hart's death, Bret Hart faced Chris Benoit on WCW Monday Nitro in a tribute to his brother. The match took place in
15041-543: The evening, Bret won the WWF Championship against Yokozuna while Owen stood by and watched in anger and jealousy as Bret celebrated in the ring. Owen won the 1994 King of the Ring tournament turning back Razor Ramon in the finals with an elbow drop to the back and with an assist from Jim Neidhart. After the victory, Owen dropped "The Rocket" nickname and took the nickname "The King of Harts." Owen and Bret feuded throughout
15210-508: The event to congratulate the Owen Hart Cup's inaugural male and female winners, Adam Cole and Dr. Britt Baker ; Martha and her children previously were shown on the May 11, 2022 episode of AEW Dynamite , but did not have a live television appearance. In 2002, Martha Hart started writing a book titled Broken Harts: The Life and Death of Owen Hart that was released in 2004, which is about their life together from when they met as teens and
15379-514: The event. The Big Four , as they came to be known, viewed the project as a final celebration of their life as cattlemen. The city constructed a rodeo arena on the fairgrounds and over 100,000 people attended the six-day event in September 1912 to watch hundreds of cowboys from Western Canada, the United States, and Mexico compete for $ 20,000 in prizes. The event generated $ 120,000 in revenue and
15548-441: The facility was expected to cost $ 83 million, but cost overruns pushed the facility to nearly $ 100 million. The Olympic Oval was built on the campus of the University of Calgary . It was the first fully enclosed 400-metre speed skating venue in the world as it was necessary to protect against the possibility of either bitter cold temperatures or ice-melting chinook winds . Seven world and three Olympic records were broken during
15717-543: The first non-Japanese wrestler to win the title. His reign would end nearly a month later, as he lost the title to Shiro Koshinaka on June 24, 1988. Hart's success in Japan and Stampede's working relationship with the World Wrestling Federation led to Hart signing with the company in the summer of 1988. Instead of promoting Owen as Bret Hart 's younger brother, the WWF decided to create a masked " superhero " type gimmick for him which played to his high-flying style. He broke into
15886-467: The first private building on the site. Earlier in the decade it was not expected that the railway would pass near Calgary; instead, the preferred route put forward by people concerned with the young nation's defence was passing near Edmonton and through the Yellowhead Pass . However, in 1881 CPR changed the plans preferring the direct route through the prairies by way of Kicking Horse Pass . Along with
16055-568: The formation of the provincial university. However, the efforts by the community could not sway the government, and the University of Alberta was founded in the City of Strathcona , Premier Rutherford's home, which was subsequently amalgamated into the City of Edmonton in 1912. Calgary was not to be left without higher education facilities as the provincial Normal School opened in the McDougall School building in 1905. In 1910, R. B. Bennett introduced
16224-703: The frontier town, in early 1884 Jack Campbell was appointed as a constable for the community, and in early 1885 the Town Council passed By-law Eleven creating the position of Chief Constable and assigning relevant duties, a precursor to the Calgary Police Service . The first chief constable, John (Jack) S. Ingram, who had previously served as the first police chief in Winnipeg, was empowered to arrest drunken and disorderly people, stop all fast riding in town, attend all fires and council meetings. Calgary Town Council
16393-518: The harness and his cape on, Hart unintentionally triggered an early release. Television viewers did not see the incident. During the fall, a pre-taped vignette was being shown on the pay-per-view broadcast as well as on the monitors in the darkened arena. Afterward, while Hart was being worked on by medical personnel inside the ring, the live event's broadcast showed only the audience. Meanwhile, WWF television announcer Jim Ross repeatedly told those watching live on pay-per-view that what had just transpired
16562-488: The headliner to commemorate the OHF's 20th Anniversary. In 2021, OHF hosted a sold-out performance featuring the Canadian Comedian, Russell Peters . Hart has stated that she started the Owen Hart Foundation to create a meaningful legacy for Owen and because she knew he would be happy that she was helping people in his name, especially in the area of education which was very important to both of them. In September 2021,
16731-658: The impact on children's social (problem) behaviour and mental states (e.g. self-esteem) and prosocial behaviour in single/non-single mother households. She has published various peer-reviewed papers, including a top cited article in the 2020–2021 Infant Mental Health Journal on the effect of parental reflective function and has co-edited Development and Adaptation: Seminal Papers on the Dynamic-Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation , published by Waterside Press, and she has also co-authored with another book in publication titled Parenting and Child Development. Hart
16900-468: The importance of the moment, the entire Town Council resigned to ensure the new city could choose the first Calgary City Council . Calgary's first municipal election as a city saw Wesley Fletcher Orr garner 244 votes, narrowly defeating his opponent William Henry Cushing 's 220 votes, and Orr was named the first mayor of the City of Calgary. By late 19th century, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) expanded into
17069-503: The interior and established posts along rivers that later developed into the modern cities of Winnipeg, Calgary and Edmonton. In 1884, the HBC established a sales shop in Calgary. HBC also built the first of the grand "original six" department stores in Calgary in 1913; others that followed were Edmonton, Vancouver , Victoria , Saskatoon , and Winnipeg. In October 1899 the Village of Rouleauville
17238-444: The ire of property owners on the east side of town. Property owners on both sides of Centre Street sought to bring development to their side of Calgary, lost successfully by eastsider James Walker who convinced the Town Council to purchase land on the east side to build a stockyard, guaranteeing meat packing and processing plants would be constructed on the east side. By 1892 Calgary had reached present-day Seventeenth Avenue , east to
17407-468: The knee and then walked off, berating Bret on the Titantron shortly after as Bret was being helped backstage. This started his run as a heel . After the act, an infuriated Owen accused his brother of being selfish and holding him down. Owen admitted that it felt good to take out his brother. The two brothers faced off for the first time at WrestleMania X , where Owen cleanly pinned his older brother. Later in
17576-448: The larger 53-storey west tower rise to 215 m (705 ft) and become the largest building in Calgary for 26 years, and a smaller 32-storey east tower rise 130 m (430 ft). The city further expanded the CTrain system, planning began in 1981, and the northeast leg of the system was to be operational in time for the 1988 Olympics. The 1980s oil glut caused by falling demand and
17745-519: The lawful mayor of the growingly disorganized Town of Calgary, both holding council meetings and attempting to govern. Word of the issues in Calgary reached the Minister of Justice John Sparrow David Thompson in Ottawa who ordered Justice Thomas Wardlaw Taylor of Winnipeg to conduct an inquiry into the "Case of Jeremiah Travis" . The federal government acted before receiving Taylor's report, Jeremiah Travis
17914-454: The lawsuit, which was settled out of court for approximately $ 18 million on November 2, 2000. She set aside millions of the settlement to establish the Owen Hart Foundation. She has managed the foundation since 1999. She gave $ 2 million to Owen Hart's parents. After the lawsuit, Martha separated herself from the majority of the Hart family. She criticized those family members who worked against her with
18083-468: The life they created for their two children. Her book was a #1 Best Seller in Canada, and is now published in several countries including the United States and the United Kingdom, with all of her proceeds allocated to charity. Three weeks after Owen's death, Hart launched a wrongful death lawsuit against the WWF by the help of aviation lawyer Gary C. Robb; she included her children and Owen's parents on
18252-614: The male workforce) were officially unemployed. Labour organizations began endorsing candidates for Calgary City Council in the late 1910s and were quickly successful in electing sympathetic candidates to office, including Mayor Samuel Hunter Adams in 1920 . As well the Industrial Workers of the World and its sequel, the One Big Union , found much support among Calgary workers. The city's support of labour and agricultural groups made it
18421-514: The match between Bret and new champion Diesel . In the weeks after the Royal Rumble, Bret and Owen clashed again with Bret soundly defeating his brother, thus putting an end to their feud for the time being. Owen rebounded from the loss to Bret by winning the WWF Tag Team Championship from The Smoking Gunns at WrestleMania XI . Owen, who was joined by a "Mystery Partner", had challenged the Gunns to
18590-506: The memory of Owen." In 2002, Martha wrote a book about Hart's life called Broken Harts: The Life and Death of Owen Hart . In June 2010, Martha filed a lawsuit against WWE over its use of Hart's name and likeness as well as personal photos of Hart's family in the WWE Hart & Soul DVD, as well as the failure to make royalty payments. The matter was scheduled to go to trial in June 2013 before
18759-568: The middle of 1993, when Bret Hart's feud with Jerry Lawler ignited, Owen stood by his brother's side and fought against Lawler in the United States Wrestling Association where most of the WWF talent were considered the heels . Owen won the USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship from Papa Shango . Owen's participation in the WWF vs. USWA feud was cut short when he suffered a knee injury in
18928-427: The nickname "Slammy Award Winner" and the "King of Harts," though this nickname was rarely used. Owen was also a color commentator for the 1996 King of the Ring (exhibiting clear partisan support for Vader and Smith) and during this time wore a cast on his right forearm for several months, feigning a nagging injury to subsequently use his cast as a weapon during his matches. In September 1996, Bulldog and Hart earned
19097-522: The now-eight-year-old settlement sought to form a local government of their own. In the first weeks of 1884, James Reilly who was building the Royal Hotel east of the Elbow River circulated 200 handbills announcing a public meeting on January 7, 1884, at the Methodist Church. At the full meeting Reilly advocated for a bridge across the Elbow River and a civic committee to watch over the interests of
19266-533: The office of Mayor of Calgary. Calgary had only a couple days' peace following the November election before the Calgary Fire of 1886 destroyed much of the community's downtown. Part of the slow response to the fire can be attributed to the absence of functioning local government during 1886. As neither George Murdoch or James Reilly was capable of effectively governing the town, the newly ordered chemical engine for
19435-471: The only Hart family member remaining in the WWF, due to his contractual obligations. Hart was not seen or mentioned on WWF programming until he made a surprise appearance after Shawn Michaels retained his title following a disqualification loss to Ken Shamrock at In Your House: D-Generation X where he attacked Shawn Michaels. Now a fan favourite, but with a new edgy, antisocial attitude, Hart became known as "The Lone Hart" and also "The Black Hart". Owen had
19604-474: The open traffic of liquor, gambling and prostitution in Calgary despite prohibition in the North-West Territories. Travis' view was accurate as the Royal Commission of Liquor Traffic of 1892 found liquor was sold openly, both day and night during prohibition. Travis associated Clarke with the troubles he saw in Calgary and found him guilty, and sentenced Clarke to six months with hard labour . Murdoch and
19773-608: The opposite of the Liberal-friendly City of Edmonton. However, Calgarians were sympathetic to the cause of workers and supported the development of labour organizations. In 1909, the United Farmers of Alberta (UFA) formed in Edmonton through the merger of two earlier farm organizations as a non-partisan lobbying organization to represent the interests of farmers. The UFA eventually dropped its non-partisan stance when it contested
19942-522: The other members of Council were shocked, and a public meeting was held at Boynton's Hall in which a decision was made to send a delegation to Ottawa to seek an overruling of Travis' judgement by the Department of Justice. The community quickly raised $ 500, and Murdoch and a group of residents headed east. The punishment of Clarke did not escape Hugh Cayley the editor of the Calgary Herald and Clerk of
20111-470: The phrase "I am not a nugget "; this was in response to Shawn Michaels referring to Owen as a nugget of feces in a toilet bowl that, no matter how many times Michaels flushed, he was unable to get rid of. "Nugget" became a derisive term that followed Hart for the rest of his career. Hart's participation in the DX feud was sidetracked when Shamrock returned from injuries dead set on getting revenge on Hart. The two split
20280-518: The pink and black tights, sunglasses and Sharpshooter finisher to send a message to his brother. Owen, angry with being in Bret's shadow, challenged his brother which Bret declined. Instead the brothers seemed to reunite by the holidays. According to Bret, the original plan was to have brother Bruce turn on Bret and have Owen leave the WWF alongside Keith, but Bret suggested that he'd feud with Owen instead. Bret tried to make amends with Owen, teaming with him on
20449-460: The population increase from 330,575 to 636,107. Population growth became a source of pride, the June 1980 Calgary Magazine exclaimed "Welcome to Calgary! Calgary almost specializes in newcomers..." . High-rise buildings were erected during the economic boom, and more office space opened in Calgary in 1979 than in New York City and Chicago combined. The end of the oil boom is associated with
20618-424: The process, and becoming a heel once again. After the attack on Shamrock, Hart became the co-leader, with The Rock , of the Nation of Domination, claiming that "Enough is enough and it's time for a change". The Nation's first big feud after Hart joined was against DX. It was during this feud that D-Generation X parodied the Nation of Domination. The imitation was complete with an actor dressing up as Hart and uttering
20787-602: The public until Calgary could be incorporated. The attendees were enthusiastic about the committee and on the next evening a vote was held to elect the seven members. A total of 24 candidates were nominated, which equalled 10 per cent of Calgary's male population. Major James Walker received 88 votes, the most amongst the candidates, the other six members were Dr. Andrew Henderson, George Clift King , Thomas Swan, George Murdoch, J. D. Moulton, and Captain John Stewart. The civic committee met with Edgar Dewdney , Lieutenant Governor of
20956-503: The recently organized Calgary Fire Department (Calgary Hook, Ladder and Bucket Corps) was held in the CPR's storage yard due to lack of payment. Members of the Calgary Fire Department broke into the CPR storage yard on the day of the fire to retrieve the engine. In total, fourteen buildings were destroyed with losses estimated at $ 103,200, although no one was killed or injured. The new Town Council sprung into action, drafting
21125-413: The ring from the rafters of Kemper Arena for a booked Intercontinental Championship match against The Godfather . In keeping with the Blazer's new "buffoonish superhero" character, he was to begin a dramatic entrance, being lowered to just above ring level, at which time he would act "entangled", then release himself from the safety harness and fall flat on his face for comedic effect —this necessitated
21294-452: The same arena in which Hart had fallen to his death. After a lawsuit that lasted over a year and a half, a settlement was reached on November 2, 2000, which saw WWF pay the estate of Owen Hart US$ 18 million with the help of Pamela Fischer . The manufacturer of the harness system was also a defendant against the Hart family, but they were dismissed from the case after the settlement was reached. Owen Hart's widow Martha used some of
21463-505: The segment focused on wrestlers who had died of drug abuse. During the discussion, a list of wrestlers who died 'young' scrolled up in the background, which included Owen Hart's name. Martha Hart wrote to CNN/HLN about the implication, which resulted in Nancy Grace delivering an on-air retraction/apology on April 14, 2014, about the mistake relating specifically to Owen Hart. Owen Hart Owen James Hart (May 7, 1965 – May 23, 1999)
21632-533: The settlement to establish the Owen Hart Foundation . In 2001, Hart's sister Diana released her first book named Under the Mat which discussed the Hart family. The book was written partially in response to Hart's death. Martha Hart pursued legal action, stating that the book was "filled with distortions, misstatements and unjustified slurs that attempt to destroy the reputation of my family and me, and undermine
21801-611: The settlement was reached in April 2013 for an undisclosed amount. Hart was widely regarded as one of the best in-ring performers in the WWE; Fox Sports dubbed him a "genius". He went on to be considered one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time by many industry colleagues. Hart is a playable character in Legends of Wrestling II (2002) and Showdown: Legends of Wrestling (2004), both published by Acclaim . WWE released Owen: Hart of Gold on DVD and Blu-ray on December 7, 2015, in
21970-580: The show began, all footage and mention of Hart was edited out. A special episode of Raw Is War that aired on May 24, 1999, the night after Hart's death, was dubbed Raw Is Owen . It was broadcast live from the Kiel Center in St. Louis . The tribute show scored a 7.2 Nielsen rating , making it the highest-rated special episode in Raw history and the third highest-rated episode of Raw overall. The next day, WWF taped
22139-580: The situation and suggesting the name "Calgary" put forward by Colonel Macleod. Edward Blake , at the time Minister of Justice , agreed with the name and in the spring of 1876, Fort Calgary was officially established. In 1877, the First Nations ceded title to the Fort Calgary region through Treaty 7. In 1881 the federal government began to offer leases for cattle ranching in Alberta (up to 400 km (100,000 acres) for one cent per acre per year) under
22308-452: The structures to the ground. The local police did not attempt to intervene. Mayor Alexander Lucas had inexplicably left town during the riot, and when he returned home he called the NWMP in to patrol Calgary for three weeks to prevent further riots. Finally on January 1, 1894, Calgary was granted a charter by the 2nd North-West Legislative Assembly , officially titled Ordinance 33 of 1894 ,
22477-429: The summer of 1993 and was forced to take some time away from the ring. Hart returned to the WWF ring in the fall of 1993, at a time when Bret's feud with Lawler was temporarily sidetracked. Bret, along with Owen and their brothers Bruce and Keith , were scheduled to face Lawler and his team at Survivor Series . However, Lawler was unable to make it to the show, and as a result could not appear on WWF television. Lawler
22646-446: The summer of 1994, clashing many times both in singles and later in tag team matches (with Bret joined by the returning British Bulldog ). Two prominent matches took place in this feud: first, their steel cage match in the co-main event of SummerSlam for Bret's WWF Championship, which Bret won. This match later received a five-star rating from Dave Meltzer . The second was a lumberjack match on August 17 that Owen initially won and
22815-409: The tag team championship. At SummerSlam in August, Hart was to defend his Intercontinental Championship against Austin in a "Kiss My Ass" match, where Hart put the title up against Austin having to kiss his buttocks if he lost. During the match, Hart botched a piledriver and dropped Austin on the top of his head, injuring his neck. Austin won the title from Hart that evening, but due to the injury
22984-461: The team at the University of Calgary. Hart's past research also consisted of working on a University of Cambridge-based longitudinal project investigating the early origins of children's problem behaviour/self-esteem within a diverse sample, and how social correlates predicts such characteristics, while focusing on children's friendship/sibling/teacher relationships, as well as mother's parenting style and mental states (e.g. self-esteem, depression) and
23153-402: The team to Skalbania for US$ 16 million, a record sale price for an NHL team at the time. The team reached the playoffs each year in its first 10 years in Calgary and won the team's only Stanley Cup in 1989 . Public concern existed regarding the potential long-term debt implications that had plagued Montreal following the 1976 Olympics . The Calgary Olympic Development Association led
23322-681: The title when he returned and would not allow Faarooq or anyone else to beat him. After Hart retained the title twice by disqualification between Bad Blood and Survivor Series in Montreal, Austin got his wish and defeated Hart for the Intercontinental Championship again. Later that night, the Montreal Screwjob took place. Bret left the WWF after Survivor Series and both the British Bulldog and Jim Neidhart were granted quick releases from their contracts to jump to WCW. This left Owen as
23491-470: The title. Owen and Yokozuna would continue to team off and on until the end of the year. In 1995, Owen's brother-in-law Davey Boy Smith turned heel and joined the Camp Cornette stable. During the summer of 1996 the two brothers in law started to team up more and more, sometimes alongside Vader who was also a member of Camp Cornette. Owen also won a Slammy Award for injuring Shawn Michaels and began using
23660-489: The train was able to make the trip in only a few hours. Smallpox arrived in Calgary in June 1892 when a Chinese resident was found with the disease, and by August nine people had contracted the disease with three deaths. Calgarians placed the blame for the disease on the local Chinese population, resulting in a riot on August 2, 1892. Residents descended on the Town's Chinese-owned laundries, smashing windows and attempting to burn
23829-512: The use of a quick release mechanism. It was an elaboration on a Blue Blazer stunt done previously on the Sunday Night Heat before Survivor Series in 1998. Before being lowered into the ring, Hart fell 78 feet (24 m), landing chest-first on the top rope (approximately a foot from the nearest turnbuckle ). Hart had performed the stunt a few times before. Hart's widow Martha has suggested that, by moving around to get comfortable with both
23998-501: The victor. After retaining the tag team title against the Headbangers by disqualification on the edition of March 24, 1997 of Monday Night Raw , the tension between the two bubbled over. An incensed Hart demanded a shot at Bulldog's European title the next week. The match was booked for March 31; on the night, the two went at it with such intensity that many thought the tag team champions had finally gone their separate ways. Then in
24167-487: The western plains from US whisky traders, and to protect the fur trade , and Inspector Éphrem-A. Brisebois led fifty Mounties as part of F Troop north from Fort Macleod to establish the site. The I. G. Baker Company of Fort Benton, Montana , was contracted to construct a suitable fort, and after its completion, the Baker company built a log store next to the fort. The NWMP fort remained officially nameless until construction
24336-887: The world, including doing food drives, backpack giveaways and Christmas projects". Every year, as a tribute to Owen Hart, Martha hosts a high-profile fundraising event for the Owen Hart Foundation. The 2000–2003 charity events were in support of YouVille Women's Residence, a shelter for abused women. Starting in 2004, the charity events have included a guest star; guest stars have included, Bob Newhart , 2004; Paul Anka , 2005; Neil Sedaka , 2006; Bill Cosby , 2007; Howie Mandel , 2008; Jerry Seinfeld , 2009–10th Anniversary; Ringo Starr and his All Starr Band, 2010; Russell Brand , 2011; Robin Williams (with special guest David Steinberg ), 2012; Steve Martin and Martin Short , 2013; Dane Cook , 2014–15th Anniversary. Seth Meyers performed on October 2 for
24505-475: The youngest of 12 children to Canadian-born father Stu and American-born mother Helen Hart of the Hart wrestling family . His siblings entailed: Ellie, Georgia, and fellow wrestling familials; Smith , Bruce , Keith , Wayne, Dean , Ellie, Georgia, Bret , Alison, Ross and Diana . Hart's family background was Greek descent through his maternal grandmother and Irish through his maternal grandfather. His father
24674-459: Was 34 years old. WWF and Vince McMahon drew controversy when the company chose to continue the pay-per-view event after Jim Ross announced Owen Hart's death on the live broadcast. Over the Edge was never commercially released on WWF Home Video , although it was available on the WWE Network in 2014 for the first time since its original air date. Other than a short memorial that was added before
24843-420: Was a Canadian-American professional wrestler who worked for several promotions including Stampede Wrestling , New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). He received most of his success in the WWF, where he wrestled under both his own name and the ring names The Blue Angel and The Blue Blazer . A member of the Hart wrestling family , he
25012-504: Was able to cast one vote for the mayor and up to four votes for the councillors ( plurality block voting ). George Murdoch won the mayoral race in a landslide victory with 202 votes over E. Redpath's 16, while Simon Jackson Hogg, Neville James Lindsay, Joseph Henry Millward, and Simon John Clarke were elected councillors. The next morning the Council met for the first time at Beaudoin and Clarke's Saloon. Law and order remained top of mind in
25181-481: Was announced as WWF Champion; Bret won the match after it was ordered to continue due to interference. At the Survivor Series , Owen struck the most damaging blow against his brother as he conned his own mother Helen to throw in the towel for Bret. The ploy cost Bret the WWF Championship to Bob Backlund . Owen also prevented Bret from regaining the WWF Championship at the Royal Rumble in 1995 when he interfered in
25350-455: Was arrested for threatening a plain-clothes Mountie who entered his saloon to conduct a late-night search. When the officer failed to produce a search warrant , Clarke chased him off the premises; however, the Mountie returned with reinforcements and arrested Clarke. Clarke found himself before Stipendiary Magistrate Jeremiah Travis , a proponent of the temperance movement who was appalled by
25519-437: Was born in Calgary , Alberta , the youngest of twelve children of Stampede Wrestling promoters Stu and Helen Hart . Among other accolades, Owen was a one-time USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champion , a two-time WWF Intercontinental Champion , a one-time WWF European Champion , and a four-time WWF World Tag Team Champion , as well as the 1994 WWF King of the Ring . He headlined multiple pay-per-view events for
25688-430: Was complete, although it had been referred to as "The Mouth" by people at Fort Macleod. At Christmas dinner NWMP Inspector Éphrem-A. Brisebois christened the unnamed Fort "Fort Brisebois" , a decision which caught the ire of his superiors Colonel James Macleod and Major Acheson Irvine . Major Irvine cancelled the order by Brisebois and wrote Hewitt Bernard , the then Deputy Minister of Justice in Ottawa, describing
25857-447: Was despite the fact Murdoch was visiting Eastern Canada while the alleged tampering was occurring. Travis' disqualification did not dissuade Calgary voters, and Murdoch defeated his opponent James Reilly by a significant margin in early January to be re-elected as mayor. Travis accepted a petition from Reilly to unseat Murdoch and two of the elected councillors, and declare Reilly the mayor of Calgary. Both Murdoch and Reilly claimed to be
26026-475: Was eager to employ constables versus contracting the NWMP for town duty as the police force was seen as a money-making proposition. Constables received half of the fines from liquor cases, meaning Chief Constable Ingram could easily pay his $ 60 per month salary and the expense of a town jail. For the Town of Calgary, 1884 turned out to be a success. However, two dark years lay ahead for the fledgling community. The turmoil started in late 1885, when Councillor Clarke
26195-516: Was eliminated by Valentine, but his team went on to win the match. He continued to wrestle in the midcard, defeating enhancement talent but often falling short against other name talent; he lost to Ted DiBiase on the March 11, 1989 Saturday Night's Main Event XX and was defeated by Mr. Perfect at WrestleMania V . Shortly after WrestleMania, Hart left the WWF to tour the world both with and without
26364-554: Was forced to vacate the title. Although the entire situation was an accident, the WWF decided to make it part of the storyline as Owen began wearing a T-shirt patterned after Austin's that read "Owen 3:16/I Just Broke Your Neck". Hart was then entered into a tournament to crown a new champion. Hart fought his way to the finals of the tournament to crown the next Intercontinental Champion and was set to face Faarooq at Badd Blood: In Your House . Owen beat Faarooq with Austin's help. Afterward, Austin explained that he wanted to beat Hart for
26533-589: Was formed later in 1915. Built-up areas of Calgary between 1905 and 1912 were serviced by power and water, the city continued a program of paving and sidewalk laying and with the CPR constructed a series of subways under the tracks to connect the town with streetcars. The first three motor buses hit Calgary streets in 1907, and two years later the municipally owned street railway system , fit with seven miles of track opened in Calgary. The immediately popular street railway system reached 250,000 passengers per month by 1910. The privately owned MacArthur Bridge (precursor to
26702-527: Was hailed as a success. The Calgary Stampede has continued as a civic tradition for over 100 years, marketing itself as the "greatest outdoor show on earth" , with Calgarians sporting western wear for 10 days while attending the annual parade, daily pancake breakfasts. While agriculture and railway activities were the dominant aspects of Calgary's early economy, the Turner Valley Discovery Well blew South-West of Calgary on May 14, 1914, marked
26871-414: Was incorporated by French Catholic residents south of Calgary's city limits in what is now known as Mission . The town did not remain independent for long, and became the first incorporated municipality to be amalgamated into Calgary eight years later in 1907. The turn of the century brought questions of provincehood the top of mind in Calgary. On September 1, 1905, Alberta was proclaimed a province with
27040-546: Was inducted into the Legends Pro Wrestling "Hall of Fame" by Jack Blaze in Wheeling, West Virginia at their "LPW Hart & Soul Tour" event. The award was accepted by his brother-in-law Jim Neidhart, who was also inducted that night. On May 23, 1999, Hart fell to his death in Kansas City, Missouri , during the Over the Edge pay-per-view event. Hart was in the process of being lowered via harness and grapple line into
27209-403: Was mainly of Scots-Irish descent, but also had Scottish and German ancestry. Hart maintained dual American-Canadian citizenship. Hart first gained wrestling experience in the amateur wrestling division at high school, through which he met his wife, Martha . Hart continued amateur wrestling for the Dinos at the University of Calgary. He placed 4th at the 1984 Canada West championships in
27378-438: Was not a wrestling angle or storyline and that Hart was hurt badly, emphasizing the seriousness of the situation. Hart was transported to Truman Medical Center in Kansas City . While several attempts to revive him were made, he died due to his injuries. The cause of death was later revealed to be internal bleeding from blunt force trauma . The impact severed his aorta, resulting in Hart bleeding to death just minutes later; he
27547-400: Was obvious that a black man was under the mask (Hart's former tag team partner Koko B. Ware ). On January 25, 1999, in the midst of the Blue Blazer angle Hart and Jarrett defeated Ken Shamrock and The Big Boss Man for the WWF Tag Team Championship. The pair successfully defended the belts against Test and D'Lo Brown at WrestleMania XV . They lost the titles to the team of Kane and X-Pac on
27716-455: Was replaced with Shawn Michaels . During the match Owen and Bret inadvertently crashed into each other, causing Owen to be eliminated from the team. Owen showed up after the match and had a heated confrontation with Bret, while Keith, Bruce and Stu tried to calm things down. This confrontation resulted in Owen leaving the ring to boos while his brothers and father watched in dismay and mother Helen cried at ringside. The following night Owen adopted
27885-607: Was running the I.G. Baker store in Calgary, was elected MP for Alberta (Provisional District) . A former whisky trader in southern Alberta, he had turned his hand to building Fort Macleod and Fort Calgary. The main other contender for the job, Frank Oliver , was a prominent Edmontonian, so Davis's success was a sign that Calgary was surpassing Edmonton, previously the main centre on the western Prairies. Calgary continued to expand when real estate speculation took hold of Calgary in 1889. Speculators began buying and building west of Centre Street, and Calgary quickly began to sprawl west to
28054-405: Was suspended, and the government waited for his official tenure to expire, after which he was pensioned off. Justice Taylor's report, which was released in June 1887, found Travis had exceeded his authority and erred in his judgements. The Territorial Council called for a new municipal election to be held in Calgary on November 3, 1886. George Clift King defeated his opponent John Lineham for
28223-502: Was teamed up with Koko B. Ware (whom he had previously partnered while wrestling as the Blue Blazer) to form the duo known as High Energy. They had only one pay-per-view match as a team, at the Survivor Series where they lost to The Headshrinkers . The team was quietly dropped at the start of 1993 with Hart starting a singles career. Owen suffered a knee injury on April 17, 1993 in a match taped for Superstars, against Bam Bam Bigelow , which kept him sidelined for nearly two months. In
28392-407: Was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873. In spring 1875, three priests – Lacombe, Remus, and Scollen – built a small log cabin on the banks of the Elbow River. In the fall of 1875, the site became a post of the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) (now the Royal Canadian Mounted Police or RCMP). The NWMP detachment was assigned to protect
28561-407: Was trained to administer the PDI at Yale University and the AAI by Howard Steele and Miriam Steele at the New School University New York, as well as Erik Hesse and Mary Main at Berkeley University. Hart is also trained by Howard Steele in RF (PDI), and in Reflective Family Play by Dianne Philip – at The Hincks-Dellcrest Centre Toronto. In addition, Hart trained with Alan Sroufe, and Elizabeth Carlson at
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