A breed is a specific group of breedable domestic animals having homogeneous appearance ( phenotype ), homogeneous behavior , and/or other characteristics that distinguish it from other organisms of the same species . In literature, there exist several slightly deviating definitions. Breeds are formed through genetic isolation and either natural adaptation to the environment or selective breeding , or a combination of the two. Despite the centrality of the idea of "breeds" to animal husbandry and agriculture, no single, scientifically accepted definition of the term exists. A breed is therefore not an objective or biologically verifiable classification but is instead a term of art amongst groups of breeders who share a consensus around what qualities make some members of a given species members of a nameable subset.
18-622: The Brogna or Brogne is a breed of domestic sheep from the province of Verona , in the Veneto in north-eastern Italy. It is well adapted to the local upland environment. The name of the breed may derive from that of the suppressed comune of Breonio, now part of Fumane . The origins of the Brogna are unknown. It is raised principally in Lessinia , the plateau which extends from the Monti Lessini to
36-558: A brood or progeny . This can refer to a set of simultaneous offspring, such as the chicks hatched from one clutch of eggs , or to all offspring produced over time, as with the honeybee . Offspring can occur after mating , artificial insemination , or as a result of cloning . Human offspring ( descendants ) are referred to as children ; male children are sons and female children are daughters (see Kinship ). Offspring contains many parts and properties that are precise and accurate in what they consist of, and what they define. As
54-482: A wither height of 57 cm (22 in). The Brogna was traditionally a triple-purpose breed, raised for meat, milk and wool; however the demand for wool is now low and it is raised principally for meat. After the lambs are weaned, ewes yield about 100 kg of milk in 100 days. Lambs reach about 17 kg at 60 days, and are slaughtered at a weight of 15–20 kg . In a feeding trial of the lambs, comparing them to other regional breeds under three different feeding regimes,
72-550: Is one of the forty-two autochthonous local sheep breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia , the Italian national association of sheep-breeders. The area of Verona was formerly famous for its woollen goods, but from the sixteenth century its importance began to decline. Sheep-farming became secondary to cattle-raising in the area; from about 30,000 head of sheep on
90-538: The Po valley , in the comuni of Grezzana , Illasi , Mezzane di Sotto , Rovere Veronese , Selva di Progno and Tregnago . This area coincides with an enclave of Cimbrian language and culture, and the origins of the breed may be closely linked to those people, who arrived from Bavaria in the early thirteenth century. Alternatively, the Brogna may have originated as a composite of the Bergamasca and Lamon breeds. The Brogna
108-488: The nucleus from an egg, which holds the genetic material. In order to clone an organ, a stem cell is to be produced and then utilized to clone that specific organ. A common misconception of cloning is that it produces an exact copy of the parent being cloned. Cloning copies the DNA/genes of the parent and then creates a genetic duplicate. The clone will not be a similar copy as they will grow up in different surroundings from
126-544: The Brogna was found to have more fat and better cooking qualities than the Alpagota but a slower growth rate and smaller carcase size than the Foza . All three breeds were worth preserving to provide regional products to local markets. Breed Another point of view is that a breed is consistent enough in type to be logically grouped together and when mated within the group produce the same type. When bred together, individuals of
144-484: The breeder mates the most desirable representatives of the breed from his or her point of view, aiming to pass such characteristics to their progeny . This process is known as selective breeding . A written description of desirable and undesirable breed representatives is referred to as a breed standard . Breed specific characteristics, also known as breed traits, are inherited, and purebred animals pass such traits from generation to generation. Thus, all specimens of
162-402: The formation of the parent offspring is the chromosome , which is a structure of DNA which contains many genes. To focus more on the offspring and how it results in the formation of the f1 generation, is an inheritance called sex linkage , which is a gene located on the sex chromosome , and patterns of this inheritance differ in both male and female. The explanation that proves the theory of
180-455: The level of breed/cultivar (i.e. between species, subspecies , botanical variety , even different genera ) are referred to as hybrids . The breeder (or group of breeders) who initially establishes a breed does so by selecting individual animals from within a gene pool that they see as having the necessary qualities needed to enhance the breed model they are aiming for. These animals are referred to as foundation stock . Furthermore,
198-406: The male, depending on the situation, will either give an X chromosome or a Y chromosome . If a male offspring is produced, the gene will consist of an X and a Y chromosome, and if a female offspring is produced, the gene will consist of two X chromosomes. Cloning is the production of an offspring which represents the identical genes to its parent. Reproductive cloning begins with the removal of
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#1732875873928216-464: The offspring having genes from both parent generations is proven through a process called crossing over , which consists of taking genes from the male chromosomes and genes from the female chromosome, resulting in a process of meiosis occurring, and leading to the splitting of the chromosomes evenly. Depending on which genes are dominantly expressed in the gene will result in the sex of the offspring. The female will always give an X chromosome , whereas
234-404: The offspring of a new species, also known as a child or f1 generation, consist of genes of the father and the mother, which is also known as the parent generation. Each of these offspring contains numerous genes which have coding for specific tasks and properties. Males and females both contribute equally to the genotypes of their offspring, in which gametes fuse and form. An important aspect of
252-490: The parent and may encounter different opportunities and experiences that can result in epigenetic changes. Although mostly positive, cloning also faces some setbacks in terms of ethics and human health. Though cell division and DNA replication is a vital part of survival, there are many steps involved and mutations can occur with permanent change in an organism's and their offspring's DNA. Some mutations can be good as they result in random evolution periods which may be good for
270-473: The plateau in the late eighteenth century, numbers had fallen to 5334 in a census of 1881. In the early 1980s a census of the Brogna breed counted 50 head and it was considered to be close to extinction. By 1994 numbers had risen to over 4500. In 2013 total numbers for the breed were 2193. The Brogna is a medium-sized breed, with rams averaging about 60 kg (130 lb) with a wither height of 67 cm (26 in) and ewes about 47 kg (100 lb) with
288-430: The same breed carry several genetic characteristics of the original foundation animal(s). In order to maintain the breed, a breeder would select those animals with the most desirable traits to achieve further maintenance and developing of such traits. At the same time, the breed would avoid animals carrying characteristics undesirable or not typical for the breed, including faults or genetic defects. The population within
306-425: The same breed pass on these predictable traits to their offspring, and this ability – known as " breeding true " – is a requirement for a breed. Plant breeds are more commonly known as cultivars . The offspring produced as a result of breeding animals of one breed with other animals of another breed are known as crossbreeds or mixed breeds. Crosses between animal or plant variants above
324-530: The same breed should consist of a sufficient number of animals to maintain the breed within the specified parameters without the necessity of forced inbreeding . Domestic animal breeds commonly differ from country to country, and from nation to nation. Breeds originating in a certain country are known as "native breeds" of that country. Offspring In biology , offspring are the young creation of living organisms , produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction . Collective offspring may be known as
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