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28-639: (Redirected from Briganti ) Briganti is an Italian surname, associated with the Italian word Brigantaggio . Notable people with the surname include: Giuliano Briganti (1918–1922), Italian art historian Marco Briganti (born 1982), Italian footballer Vince Briganti (born 1942), Italo-Belgian footballer Vincenzo Briganti (1766– 1836), Italian naturalist and mycologist See also [ edit ] Giovanni De Briganti (1892–1937), Italian aviator [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

56-497: A historical agent: this is the country of Midday » (from Italian “Mezzodì” or “Mezzogiorno”, the name for Southern Italy during the 19th century) . There is a thesis that the brigandage in southern Italy was a popular revolt against Italian unification and the House of Savoy , but after 1865–1870 the brigandage movement was never followed by any anti-Savoy or anti-unification movement. Many southern Italians held high positions in

84-572: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Brigantaggio Following the upheaval during Sicily 's transition out of feudalism in 1812, a lack of an effective police force made banditry a serious problem in much of rural Sicily during the 19th century. Rising food prices , the loss of public and church lands, and the loss of feudal common rights pushed many desperate peasants into banditry. With no police to call upon, local elites in countryside towns recruited young men into "companies-at-arms" to hunt down thieves and negotiate

112-526: The Italian army by local brigands. In total, several thousand brigands were arrested and executed , while many more were deported or fled the country (see Italian diaspora ). In Palermo in 1866, 40,000 Italian soldiers were needed to put down The Seven and a Half Days Revolt . An indication of the number of deaths during the conflict, including killings and other damages caused by brigandage, can be found in "Result of Operations", signed by colonel Bariola of

140-626: The Kingdom of Italy ), and Francis II was deposed. Francis and Maria Sophie first lived in Rome as guests of the Pope, where they maintained a government in exile that was recognised by some Catholic powers, including France , Spain , Austria-Hungary and Bavaria . After the Prussian victory against Austria in 1866 and the subsequent expansion of Italian territory, they disbanded this government and left Rome before it

168-458: The strait of Messina and was advancing northward. After long hesitations and even an appeal to Garibaldi himself and on the advice of Romano, Francis II left Naples on 6 September with his wife, Maria Sophie; the court; and the diplomatic corps (except the French and British ministers) and went by sea to Gaeta , where a large part of the army was concentrated. The next day, Garibaldi entered Naples,

196-456: The surname Briganti . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Briganti_(surname)&oldid=1220377377 " Categories : Surnames Italian-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

224-421: The unification of Italy had only benefited the land-owning bourgeoisie , so many turned to brigandage in the mountains of Basilicata , Campania , Calabria and Abruzzo . However, the brigands were not a homogeneous group, nor did they operate with any common cause. The brigands consisted of a mixture of people with different backgrounds and motives. They included former prisoners; bandits and other people who

252-584: The 1870s. Brigands such as Giuseppe Musolino and Francesco Paolo Varsallona , both operating at the turn of the 20th century, as well as Salvatore Giuliano and Gaspare Pisciotta , operating in Sicily from the 1940s to 1950s, all formed bands of brigands in Southern Italy and gained significant status as local folk heroes . Sardinian bandits and the Anonima sarda also continued to practice forms of brigandage into

280-702: The 20th century. In 2024, Netflix released a series about Italian brigandage titled Brigands: The Quest for Gold . Francis II of the Two Sicilies Francis II ( Neapolitan and Italian : Francesco II , Sicilian : Francischieddu ; christened Francesco d'Assisi Maria Leopoldo ; 16 January 1836 – 27 December 1894) was King of the Two Sicilies . He was the last King of the Two Sicilies as successive invasions by Giuseppe Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia ultimately brought an end to his rule, as part of Italian unification . After he

308-494: The 6th Military Department in Naples , for the first nine months of 1863: 421 brigands had been killed in combat, 322 were shot by firing squad, 504 arrested and 250 surrendered. During the same period, the brigands killed 228 soldiers and wounded 94, killed 379 other persons and kidnapped 331, and killed or stole 1,821 head of cattle. Whilst brigandage was virtually non-existent in the annexed states of northern and central Italy after

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336-837: The Italian government regarded as common criminals; former soldiers and loyalists from the former Bourbon army; foreign mercenaries in the pay of the Bourbon king in exile ; some nobility ; poverty stricken farmers; and peasants who wanted land reforms . Both men and women took up arms. Brigands launched attacks, not just against the Italian authorities and the landowners, but also against common people, frequently looting villages, towns and farms, and committing armed robberies against both individuals and groups, including farmers, townspeople and rival brigand bands. Robberies by brigand bands were often accompanied by other acts of violence and vandalism, such as arsons, murders, rapes, kidnappings, extortions and crop burnings. An extremely harsh repression of

364-490: The Piedmontese began on 6 November 1860. Both Francis II and his wife behaved with great coolness and courage. Even after the French fleet, whose presence had prevented an attack by sea, was withdrawn, they still resisted. It was not until 13 February 1861 that the fortress capitulated. Thus, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ceased to exist, and its territory was incorporated into that of the Kingdom of Sardinia (soon renamed

392-551: The Thousand , he conquered the island with astonishing ease. Those events at last coaxed Francis II into granting a constitution, but its promulgation was followed by disorders in Naples and the resignation of several ministers; Liborio Romano became head of the government. The disintegration of the army and navy proceeded apace, and Cavour sent a Piedmontese squadron carrying troops on board to watch over these events. Garibaldi had crossed

420-520: The brigands by the Italian authorities began in 1863, especially after the passing of the Pica Laws , which permitted the arrest of relatives and those suspected of collaborating or helping a brigand. The villages of Pontelandolfo and Casalduni in the Province of Benevento became the site of a massacre of thirteen brigands by Italian Bersaglieri , as a reprisal after the massacre of forty-five soldiers of

448-595: The creation of the Italian Republic , the south voted overwhelmingly for the Savoy monarchy, while the north voted for a republic, and from 1946 to 1972 the monarchist parties (which merged into the Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity ) were especially strong in the south and in Naples (a city in which nearly 80% supported the Savoy monarchy). Brigandage in Southern Italy would continue sporadically after

476-642: The dynasty, but on the king's refusal, he resigned. Meanwhile, the revolutionary parties were conspiring for the overthrow of the Bourbons in Calabria and Sicily , and Giuseppe Garibaldi was preparing for a raid in the south of Italy. A conspiracy in Sicily was discovered and the plotters punished with brutal severity, but Rosalino Pilo and Francesco Crispi , who had organised the movement, escaped execution. When Garibaldi landed at Marsala (May 1860) with his Expedition of

504-467: The fall of the House of Bourbon 's Kingdom of Two Sicilies and its merger with the House of Savoy 's Kingdom of Sardinia in 1861, which created the Kingdom of Italy , the most famous form of brigandage emerged in Southern Italy . According to Marxist theoretician Nicola Zitara, Southern Italy experienced social unrest, especially among the lower classes, due to poor conditions and the fact that

532-485: The mutineers and shot them down. The incident resulted in the disbanding of the whole Swiss Guard, which was the strongest bulwark of the Bourbon dynasty . Cavour again proposed an alliance to divide the Papal States between Piedmont and Naples (the province of Rome excepted), but Francis rejected the idea, which to him seemed like heresy. Filangieri strongly advocated a constitution as the only measure which might save

560-420: The new Italian government, such as the 11th Prime Minister of Italy Francesco Crispi . Italians from southern Italy would also go on to play a key role in the ultra-nationalist Fascist movement , most notably the so-called 'philosopher of Fascism' Giovanni Gentile . The thesis that southern Italy was hostile to Savoy after the unification also doesn't explain the fact that in the referendum on 2 June 1946, about

588-498: The priests and the camarilla , the reactionary court set. On 3 February 1859 in Bari , Francis married Duchess Maria Sophie of Bavaria , of the royal Bavarian house of Wittelsbach (a younger sister of Empress Elisabeth "Sissi" of Austria ) However, their marriage was unhappy. Their only daughter, Maria Cristina, was born ten years after her parents married and lived only three months (24 December 1869 – 28 March 1870). Francis II took

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616-539: The return of stolen property in exchange for a pardon for the thieves and a fee from the victims - a development that is often seen as the genesis of the Mafia . These companies-at-arms were often made up of former bandits and criminals, usually the most skilled and violent of them. While this saved communities the trouble of maintaining their own policemen, this may have made the companies-at-arms more inclined to collude with their former brethren rather than destroy them. After

644-663: The throne on 22 May 1859, after the death of his father. For the post of prime minister, he at once appointed Carlo Filangieri , who realised the importance of the Franco-Piedmontese victories in Lombardy and advised Francis II to accept the alliance with the Kingdom of Sardinia proposed by Cavour . On 7 June, a part of the Swiss Guard mutinied, and while the king mollified them by promising to redress their grievances, General Alessandro Nunziante gathered his troops, who surrounded

672-503: The unification in 1861, such as the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia , the Duchy of Parma , the Duchy of Modena , the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Papal States , the situation in Southern Italy was very different, owing to the previous centuries of history. In his book Eroi e briganti (Heroes and brigands), the Italian historian and politician Francesco Saverio Nitti describes how brigandage

700-514: Was deposed, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the Kingdom of Sardinia were merged into the newly formed Kingdom of Italy . The only son and heir of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies by his first wife, Maria Christina of Savoy , Francis II was the last of the Bourbon kings of Naples , where he was born in 1836. His education had been much neglected and he proved a man of weak character, greatly influenced by his stepmother, Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria , whom he feared, and also by

728-525: Was endemic in southern Italy already before 1860: « … every part of Europe has had brigands and criminals who during wars and misfortune dominated the countryside and put themselves outside the law […] but there was only one country in Europe where brigandage has existed we can say always […] a country where brigandage for many centuries can look like a huge river of blood and hates […] a country where for centuries monarchy based itself on brigandage that became like

756-694: Was enthusiastically welcomed, and formed a provisional government. King Victor Emmanuel II had decided on the invasion of the Papal States and after occupying Umbria and the Marche , he entered the Neapolitan kingdom. Garibaldi's troops defeated the Neapolitan royalists at the Battle of Volturno , which took place on 1 October 1860, and the Piedmontese captured Capua . By late 1860, only Gaeta , Messina and Civitella del Tronto still held out. The Siege of Gaeta by

784-716: Was occupied by the Italians in 1870. They led a wandering life from then on by living in Austria, France and Bavaria. In 1894, Francis died at Arco in Trentino (now north-eastern Italy, but at the time in Austria-Hungary). His widow survived him by 31 years and died in Munich . Upon the death of Francis II, his half-brother, Prince Alfonso , became the pretender to the throne of the Kingdom of

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