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45-610: Bridgeport Public Schools is a school district headquartered in Bridgeport , Connecticut , United States . The city's public school system has 30 elementary schools, three comprehensive high schools, two alternative programs and an interdistrict vocational aquaculture school. The system has about 23,000 students, making the Bridgeport Public Schools the second largest school system in Connecticut. The school system employs

90-454: A school board ) may be elected, appointed by a political office holder, serve ex officio , or a combination of any of these. An independent school district is a legally separate body corporate and political . Most school districts operate as independent local governmental units with exclusive authority over K–12 public educational operations and policies. The extent of their control is set by state-level law. Litigation against school districts

135-481: A "board of trustees," "board of education," "school committee," etc.. This body usually appoints or hires an experienced public school administrator to function as the district's superintendent of schools – a district's chief executive . The superintendent oversees daily operations, decisions and implements the policies of the board. The school board may also exercise a quasi-judicial function in serious employee or student discipline matters. School districts in

180-603: A certain degree comparable to a school district. Other arrangements are possible: certain types of special schools in North Rhine-Westphalia are run by the Landschaftsverbände . There also exist private schools , mostly funded by the States, but run by private entities like churches or foundations. In Italy , school districts were established in 1974 by the " Provvedimenti Delegati sulla scuola " ("Assigned Laws [to

225-561: A decline in property tax revenues during and after the Great Recession . By 2016 there were about 13,000 school districts, and the average student population was about 5,000. Although these terms can vary slightly between various states and regions, these are typical definitions for school district constitution: These terms may not appear in a district's name, even though the condition may apply. In England and Wales , school boards were established in 1870, and abolished in 1902, with

270-411: A decrease of 38,127 or 35%. Many states had passed laws facilitating school district consolidation. In 1951 the majority of the school districts in existence were rural school districts only providing elementary education, and some school districts did not operate schools but instead provided transportation to other schools. The Midwest had a large number of rural school districts. Previously areas of

315-698: A district-provided device to use in school and at home. Black Rock School is now a Pre-K-8 elementary school that is warm and inviting with a hum of learning throughout the building. Bridgeport is one of the seven public school systems in District Reference Group I, a classification made by the state Department of Education for the purpose of comparison with the achievement levels of similar schools and districts. District reference groups are defined as "districts whose students' families are similar in education, income, occupation and need, and that have roughly similar enrollment". The other six school districts in

360-793: A member of the House of Lords. This entitlement was abolished in 1999 . Since then, only the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Chamberlain (offices that are themselves hereditary) remain ex officio ; another 90 hereditary peers are elected by and from among those eligible. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is ex officio the First Lord of the Treasury . The Lord President of the Court of Session

405-632: A minority of secondary schools , a few primary schools, and much further education . (Most schools are neither organized geographically nor publicly managed, although the Department of Education inspects and funds them and pays teachers' salaries.) Each ETB area comprises one or more local authority areas , with city or county councilors forming the bulk of the ETB board. The ETBs was formed in 2005 by amalgamating Vocational Education Committees established in 1930, also based on local government areas. In Hong Kong ,

450-409: A professional staff of more than 1,700. The city has started a large school renovation and construction program, with plans for new schools and modernization of existing buildings. The current superintendent is Dr. Carmela M. Levy-David. Bassick Junior High School opened in 1929 with 1,034 students in grades seven through nine and was soon thereafter converted to a senior high school. A new addition

495-450: A school system that is separate but similar to a town's or a county's powers. These include the power to enter contacts, use eminent domain , and to issue binding rules and regulations affecting school policies and operations. The power of school districts to tax and spend is generally more limited. For example, many school districts in New York state require a majority of voters living in

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540-706: A single school district." Noting that most modern school districts were formed by consolidating one-room school districts in the first seven decades of the 20th century, Fischel argues that "outside the South, these consolidations were consented to by local voters" who "preferred districts whose boundaries conformed to their everyday interactions rather than formal units of government" and that "[t]he South ended up with county-based school districts because segregation imposed diseconomies of scale on district operations and required larger land-area districts." In New York , most school districts are separate governmental units with

585-449: A state), most American school districts operate as independent local governmental units under a grant of authority and within geographic limits created by state law. The executive and legislative power over locally-controlled policies and operations of an independent school district are, in most cases, held by a school district's board of education. Depending on state law, members of a local board of education (often referred to informally as

630-465: A wing was added to accommodate the growing number of students. For many years, it was customary for elementary schools to have a fife and drum corps. Black Rock School was the first school in Bridgeport to have a band consisting of numerous brass and percussion instruments. After a fire damaged the school, it was renovated and a rededication program was held on May 13, 1977. Subsequently, Black Rock School

675-574: Is ex officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha , the Upper House of the Indian Parliament. The Prime Minister of India is ex officio Chairman of NITI Aayog . Other ex officio members of NITI Aayog are the Minister of Home Affairs , the Minister of Finance , the Minister of Railways , and the Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare . Former Presidents are ex officio members for life of

720-455: Is a member of a body (notably a board, committee, or council) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office. The term ex officio is Latin , meaning literally 'from the office', and the sense intended is 'by right of office'; its use dates back to the Roman Republic . According to Robert's Rules of Order , the term denotes only how one becomes a member of a body. Accordingly,

765-715: Is by virtue of office appointed as Lord Justice General of Scotland. As such, they are both head of the judiciary of Scotland , president of the Court of Session (the most senior civil court in Scotland ), and president of the High Court of Justiciary (the most senior criminal court in Scotland). The Vice President of the United States , who also serves as President of the Senate , may vote in

810-427: Is common and some law firms specialize in education law. Districts typically maintain professional liability insurance in order to pay its settlements and legal liabilities. As of 2023 in most U.S. states, public school districts may lay taxes to fund their operations. In others, such as Maine , some school districts are able to lay taxes and others are not. Independent school districts often exercise authority over

855-649: The Education Bureau divides primary schools into 36 districts, known as school nets, for its Primary One Admission System . Of the 36 districts, districts 34 and 41 in Kowloon and districts 11 and 12 in Hong Kong Island are considered the most prestigious. In Iranian cities school kids normal registrations are limited by school districts, register is online at my.medu.ir and the parent sees schools within range online. Ex officio An ex officio member

900-773: The Midwest and West tend to cross municipal boundaries, while school districts in New England and the Mid-Atlantic regions tend to adhere to city, township, and/or county boundaries. As of 1951 school districts were independent governmental units in 26 states, while in 17 states there were mixes of independent school districts and school districts subordinate to other local governments. In nine states there were only school districts subordinate to local governments. In most Southern states, school systems operate either as an arm of county government or at least share coextensive boundaries with

945-811: The President of Botswana and the Speaker of the National Assembly serve as the chamber's two ex-officio members. In the Empire of Brazil , some princes became members by right of the Imperial Senate once they turned 25. In the current Constitution of Brazil , the President of the Federal Senate is an ex officio President of the National Congress , even though this office doesn't exist officially. Judges of

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990-564: The Senate . In Congress , the presiding officers and their deputies, and the majority and minority leaders, are ex officio members of all committees. The chairman on each chamber's committee on rules is the majority leader. The Senate President is the ex officio chairman of the Commission on Appointments , but can only vote on ties. In the Judicial and Bar Council , several positions are due to occupying another office. In provincial boards ,

1035-671: The Unorganized Borough of Alaska were not served by school districts but instead served by schools directly operated by the Alaska Department of Education and by Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) schools. The state schools were transferred to the Alaska State-Operated School System (SOS) after the Alaska Legislature created it in 1971; that agency was terminated in 1975, with its schools transferred to

1080-505: The barangay council . The ex officio members have the same rights and privileges as the regular members of each legislature. The deputies of local chief executives (vice governors and vice mayors) are ex officio presiding officers of their respective legislatures, but can only vote when there is a tie . Russian Prime Minister , chairmans of State Duma and Federation Council , Chief of Staff and heads of federal subjects are ex officio members of State Council (an advisory body to

1125-442: The county council and county borough councils becoming the local education authorities . In France, the system of the carte scolaire was dismantled by the beginning of the 2007 school year. More school choice has been given to French students; however, priority is given to those who meet the following criteria: In Germany , schools and teachers are predominately funded by the states of Germany , which also are in control of

1170-708: The ex officio members include the secretaries of departments , i.e. the Chief Secretary , the Financial Secretary and the Secretary for Justice . Since 2002 all secretaries of bureaux are also appointed by the Chief Executive to be official members of the Executive Council. But since 2005 the secretaries of bureaux attend only when items on the agenda concern their portfolios. The Vice-President of India

1215-809: The Federal Court are ex officio members of the Federal Court of Appeal, and vice-versa. According to the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party , the General Secretary of the Central Committee must be a member of Politburo Standing Committee . As of 2022 , the Executive Council of Hong Kong is still composed of ex officio members (official members since 1997) and unofficial members (non-official members since 1997). By practice

1260-546: The Government] about the school"). Each district must contain a minimum of 10,000 inhabitants. The national government attempted to link the local schools with local society and culture and local governments. The school districts were dissolved in 2003 by the "legge finanziaria" (law about the government budget) in an attempt to trim the national budget. In the Republic of Ireland, 16 Education and Training Boards (ETBs) administer

1305-519: The Senate on matters decided by a majority vote (as opposed to a three-fifths vote or two-thirds vote ), if the votes for passage and rejection are equally divided. Also the leader of the parties in both houses are ex officio members of the House and Senate intelligence committees . Many committee chairs in the House of Representatives are ex officio members of subcommittees . In most Colorado counties,

1350-403: The United States tend to be different from the demographics of the students. This difference is "most pronounced in majority nonwhite jurisdictions and school districts with the largest racial achievement gaps ." There were 130,000 school districts in the country in 1930, with an average student population of 150. From 1942 to 1951 the number of school districts declined from 108,579 to 70,452,

1395-405: The boys and one for the girls. The second public Black Rock School was built circa 1865 at the intersection of Brewster Street and Grovers Avenue. It was a two-story brown frame building with a belfry. Originally, all eight grades were taught there, four grades on each floor. An annual event was all grades posing for their school pictures. The present Black Rock School site was built in 1905. In 1911,

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1440-590: The county sheriff is elected by the citizens of the county. However, in the City and County of Denver , the mayor of Denver appoints a "Manager of Safety" who oversees the Department of Safety (including the Fire, Police, and Sheriff Departments) and is the ex officio sheriff of the jurisdiction. Similarly, in the City and County of Broomfield, Colorado , near Denver, the police chief (an appointed position) also acts ex officio as

1485-464: The district or the local government to approval their annual budget, but school districts in Virginia have no taxing authority and must depend on another local government (county, city, or town) for funding. A district's governing body, usually called a school board , is typically elected by direct popular vote but may be appointed by other governmental officials. The governing body might also be known as

1530-433: The group are Hartford , New Britain , New Haven , New London , Waterbury and Windham. School district In the U.S., most K–12 public schools function as units of local school districts. A school district usually operates several elementary , middle , and high schools . The largest urban and suburban districts operate hundreds of schools. While practice varies significantly by state (and in some cases, within

1575-457: The head of state). President of Russia is an ex officio chairman of it, as well as Security Council . In the House of Lords , the bishops of the five Great Sees of Canterbury , York , London , Durham , and Winchester are ex officio members, and are entitled to vote just as any other Lord Spiritual. Formerly, anyone holding a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom was ex officio

1620-585: The newly created Alaska Unorganized Borough School District, which was broken apart into twenty-one school districts the following year. In the 2022 Census of Governments, the United States Census Bureau enumerated the following numbers of school systems in the United States: School districts in the US have reduced the number of their employees by 3.3%, or 270,000 between 2008 and 2012, owing to

1665-504: The overall education policies. On the other hand, school buildings are mostly run and funded by municipal governments on different levels of the municipal system (municipalities proper, districts), depending on the size and specialization of a certain school or the population size of a certain municipality. As with other fields of government, for more specialized schools, special government bodies ("Zweckverband") can be established, where municipalities, and not voters, are members; these are to

1710-441: The power to levy taxes and incur debt, except for the five cities with a population of over 125,000 ( Buffalo , Rochester , Syracuse , Yonkers , and New York City ), where the schools are operated directly by the municipalities. The Hawaii State Department of Education functions as a single statewide school district, unique among states. According to a 2021 study, the demographics of voters who elect local school boards in

1755-572: The provincial presidents of the League of Barangays (villages), Sangguniang Kabataan (youth councils) and of the Philippine Councilors League sit as ex officio board members. In city and municipal councils , the city and municipal presidents of the League of Barangays and the youth councils sit as ex officio councilors. In barangays, the youth council chairman is an ex officio member of

1800-536: The rights of an ex officio member are exactly the same as other members unless otherwise stated in regulations or bylaws. It relates to the notion that the position refers to the position the ex officio holds, rather than the individual that holds the position. In some groups, ex officio members may frequently abstain from voting. Opposite notions are dual mandate , when the same person happens to hold two offices or more, although these offices are not in themselves associated; and personal union , when two states share

1845-656: The same monarch. Any ex officio membership (for example, of committees, or of the board) is as defined by the nonprofit association's bylaws or other documents of authority. For example, the bylaws quite often provide that the organization's president will be ex officio a member of all committees, except the nominating committee. The President of the French Republic and the Catholic Bishop of Urgell are by virtue of office ( ex officio ) appointed Co-Princes of Andorra . In Botswana's unicameral National Assembly ,

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1890-551: The state's counties. A 2010 study by economist William A. Fischel found that "two-thirds of medium-to-large American cities have boundaries that substantially overlap those of a single school district" with substantial regional and state variations in the degree of overlap, "ranging from nearly perfect congruence in New England , New Jersey, and Virginia, to hardly any in Illinois, Texas, and Florida." Older and more populous municipalities "tend to have boundaries that closely match those of

1935-432: Was built in 1968 at a cost of $ 3.5 million. Original facility The original school was designed by C. Wellington Walker, and was located at 1734 Central Avenue.[5] Featuring Georgian style architecture and Greek columns, it was in service for 93 years.[6] Current facility Built at a cost of $ 107 million the new building was completed in 2018 and is a four-story 207,000 square feet (19,200 m2) square foot structure.[7] It

1980-514: Was built on a former General Electric factory site which underwent considerable environmental remediation .[8] The building has many security features, including bulletproof glass and 130 security cameras.[9] In later years, the Franklin Stove was replaced with a pot-bellied stove. The students sat on planked benches. These benches were drawn closer to the stove on cold, winter days. It was customary at that time to have two-door entrances - one for

2025-451: Was renovated again, which brought the school up to present-day standards and high technology usage for the school population. The rededication program was held on October 24, 1993. In 2015, a new wing was completed, including eight new state-of-the-art classrooms for kindergarten and first grade. There are computers in every classroom and WiFi throughout the building. Classrooms are equipped with Promethean board technology and each student has

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