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63-463: PC Brian John Bishop (24 July 1947 – 27 August 1984) was a British police officer who was shot in the head by an armed robber in Frinton-on-Sea , Essex, on 22 August 1984. He died from his injuries five days later in a London hospital. Brian Bishop joined the former Essex Constabulary in 1962 as a fifteen-year-old cadet. Bishop was 6 ft 7 in tall when he became PC 389 on 11 August 1966 and

126-554: A police station , traffic police constables control road traffic, telecommunication constables manage communications, whereas armed police constables are attached to armed police units. The types of constables are based on nature of their duties. The Indian police constables do a wide range of duties like patrol, beat system, crime detection, escorting of prisoners and VIPs, guarding vital offices and installations, vehicle traffic control on roads, riot control, assisting civil administration during disasters, epidemics and elections. Generally

189-457: A constable, that of the collation of evidence , comes from Bracton , a jurist writing between 1220 and 1250: In whatever way they come and on whatever day, it is the duty of the constable to enroll everything in order, for he has record as to the things he sees; but he cannot judge, because there is no judgment at the Tower , since there the third element of a judicial proceeding is lacking, namely

252-414: A horizontal bar), and leading senior constable (two chevrons and two horizontal bars). A senior constable is senior to a constable but junior to an incremental senior constable. Promotion to senior constable can occur after a minimum of five years' service (one year as a probationary constable in addition to four years as constable) and then upon passing probity checks and an exam. Incremental senior constable

315-449: A judge and jurisdiction. He has record as to matters of fact, not matters of judgment and law. In Bracton's time, anyone seeing a "misdeed" was empowered to make an arrest. The role of the constable in Bracton's description was as the "eyes and ears" of the court, finding evidence and recording facts on which judges could make a ruling. By extension, the constable was also the "strong arm" of

378-476: A lawyer, junior police prosecutor, outranks the most senior rank for a policeman, chief superintendent, as the former is the most junior of the "higher ranks" whereas the latter is the most senior of the "lower ranks". The fire brigades (all municipal) still use "konstabel" as in "brannkonstabel" (fire-constable). In 2016 the Royal Norwegian Navy started using "konstabel" to describe the enlisted ranks in

441-400: A police constable does his duty in his jurisdiction area, but can be assigned anywhere by his superiors depending on the situation or need. The duty hours of Indian police constables are erratic, many times without weekly time off or leave. Police recruitment is based on a written test, plus physical and medical tests. After appointment all police constables have to undergo compulsory training;

504-556: A portion of its cargo to the Constable, as payment for the protection afforded by the Tower's cannon. These dues included oysters, mussels, cockles, rushes, and wine. The tradition is still maintained today by the Royal Navy , at the annual Ceremony of the Constable's Dues, when one large vessel presents the Constable with a barrel of rum. Since 1784 the tradition has been for the Constable to be

567-467: A senior military officer, usually a general officer. Perhaps the most famous Constable was Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington , who served from 1825 to 1852. During his tenure, the royal menagerie and record office were removed and many buildings were restored to their medieval state. The moat was drained and converted into a parade ground. Yeomen Warders were no longer permitted to buy and sell their places but were to be drawn only from sergeants in

630-418: A state. A constable may be an official responsible for service of process , such as summonses and subpoenas for people to appear in court in criminal and/or civil matters; on the other hand, they can be fully empowered law enforcement officers. Constables may also have additional specialized duties unique to the office. In some states, a constable may be appointed by the governor or a judge or magistrate of

693-462: A unique importance as the person in charge of the principal fortress defending the capital city of England . Today the role of Constable is a ceremonial one and mainly involves taking part in traditional ceremonies within the Tower as well as being part of the community that lives within its perimeter. The Constable is also a trustee of Historic Royal Palaces and of the Royal Armouries . Under

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756-571: Is marshal . The titles of sparapet and spaspet , derived from the ancient Iranian spahbod , were used to designate the supreme commander of the armed forces in the medieval kingdoms of Armenia and Georgia, respectively. The position of constable originated from the Roman Empire ; by the 5th century AD the Count of the Stable ( Latin : comes stabuli ) was responsible for the keeping of horses at

819-530: Is also, when preceded by the term sworn , used to describe any police officer with arrest and other powers), while in the United States a constable is generally an elected peace officer with lesser jurisdiction than a sheriff ; however, in the Channel Islands a constable is an elected office-holder at the parish level. Historically, a constable could also refer to a castellan , the officer charged with

882-436: Is attained after ten years of service automatically. One is appointed to the rank of leading senior constable on a qualification basis, but must have a minimum of seven years' service amongst other criteria in order to be eligible. Leading senior constable is a specialist position of which there are limited allocated numbers within any section/unit or local area command. If an officer is transferred to another duty type or station,

945-461: Is called nuorempi konstaapeli , translated into English as (junior) constable. The next rank is vanhempi konstaapeli or senior constable. The next highest rank (equivalent to a police sergeant in the English-speaking world) is ylikonstaapeli ( yli- "leading"), literally "over-constable". The Hong Kong Police Force have two ranks for constables: Senior constable is not a rank: it

1008-728: Is centralised under the Volunteer Special Constabulary in Singapore. In South Africa , this rank is the lowest in the South African Police Service In Sri Lanka , the Sri Lanka Police have the rank of "police constable", with four classes. There are two main definitions of a constable in the United Kingdom: The latter usage is mainly in formal contexts, including legislation such as

1071-492: Is merely a designation for officers who have served for 18 years. Police constable (abbreviated PC) is the lowest police rank in India, below head constable . General law and order being a state subject in India, each state government recruits police constables. A police constable has no shoulder insignia, while a head constable has one or more stripes or chevrons, depending on the state. Since each state has its own police force,

1134-528: Is permissible to be promoted to sergeant direct from senior constable. The general form of address for both senior constable and leading senior constable is "senior", and this is acceptable even in courts. In Canada, as in the United Kingdom, constable is the lowest rank in most law enforcement services, including the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . In Newfoundland the provincial police are

1197-569: The King's Regulations for the Army , the office of Constable is conferred upon a field marshal or a retired general officer for a five-year term. The Constable appointed in 2022 is General Sir Gordon Messenger . The Constable's ceremonial deputy is the Lieutenant of the Tower of London , currently Lieutenant General Sir George Norton ; this office is generally entrusted to a general officer of lower rank than

1260-597: The Constable of France , in French Connétable de France , who was the commander-in-chief of all royal armed forces (second to the king) until Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu abolished the charge in 1627). Most constables in modern jurisdictions are law enforcement officers. In the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth of Nations and some Continental European countries, a constable is the lowest rank of police officer (it

1323-516: The Danish Defence , constables are the lowest rank group. The ranks of Konstabel , Overkonstabel and Overkonstabel af 1. grad are used for professional enlisted soldiers, sailors and airmen. However, Overkonstabel af 1. grad is only used within the army, as both the navy and air force use a specialist rank instead. In the Finnish Police , the lowest rank of police officer

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1386-603: The French monarchy , was the First Officer of the Crown of France and was originally responsible for commanding the army . His symbol of office was a longsword held by a hand issuing out of a cloud, a reference to the constable's duty of carrying the king's sword during a coronation ceremony. Some constables were prominent military commanders in the medieval period, such as Bertrand du Guesclin who served from 1370 to 1380. The office of

1449-473: The Great Officers of State , was established in the kingdoms of England and Scotland during the reigns of King Stephen (1135–1154) and King David (1124–1154) respectively, and was responsible for the command of the army. However, the term was also used at the local level within the feudal system , describing an officer appointed to keep order. One of the first descriptions of one of the legal duties of

1512-489: The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 . By this definition all police officers are constables, even those that do not hold the actual rank of constable. The head of most police forces is a chief constable , volunteer officers of any rank are known as special constables , and some police forces have the word "Constabulary" in their name. In the United States, use of the term constable is inconsistent, and use may even vary within

1575-653: The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary , whereby all officers are addressed by the term "constable". In addition, the chief officers of some municipal police services in Canada, notably Vancouver Police Department , carry the title of chief constable . In Canadian French , constable is translated to agent , except in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police where it is translated as gendarme . Appointments can further be separated into: Within

1638-537: The Army. To Wellington's displeasure, tourism at the Tower increased during his Constableship. Each Constable is now appointed for five years. The new Constable is handed the keys as a symbol of office. On state occasions the Constable has custody of the crown and other royal jewels. A deputy lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets was commissioned by the Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets. Deputy lieutenants support

1701-428: The Constable became a ceremonial sinecure . The Lieutenant in turn became a ceremonial post, with real function delegated to a Deputy-Lieutenant and a Major ; the latter post evolved into the current Resident Governor. The five-year term of office was introduced in 1932. For two centuries prior it was typically held for life, although some holders resigned. The Constable also held the office of Lord Lieutenant of

1764-738: The Constable. At the conclusion of the Constable's installation ceremony, the Lord Chamberlain symbolically hands over the King's House to the Constable. He in turn entrusts it to the Resident Governor , who is responsible for the day-to-day running of the Tower of London. The office of Constable of the Tower is one of the oldest in England, dating back to within a few years of the Norman Conquest , and has always been one of great honour and dignity. In

1827-473: The Indian railway network. RPF personnel are responsible for protecting railway property, preventing accidents, and ensuring passenger safety. Nearly all the police constables wear khaki -coloured uniforms, which indicate that they are police personnel. Generally there are three types of constables in India, depending upon the unit, wing, branch or section they are attached to. Civil police constables are attached to

1890-495: The London gangsters Ronnie and Reggie Kray were the last official prisoners, for a few days in 1952, for refusing to do their National Service . They were sent to the Tower as it was the barracks of the 1st Battalion Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) to which they had been assigned. The Constable's responsibility for prisoners was made clear in the words with which he was entrusted with them: "You are to guard them securely in

1953-594: The Sovereign. Since 1784 the Constable has always been a senior military officer. During the medieval period the Constable ran the Tower, which included building maintenance, soldiers' pay and, as the Royal menagerie was housed in the Tower, supervision of the 'Keeper of the King's Animals'. He was also ultimately responsible for the prisoners kept there. The first known prisoner was the Norman bishop Ranulf Flambard in 1100, and

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2016-569: The Tower Hamlets (listed below ) are not to be confused with the above mentioned Deputy-Lieutenant of the Tower. The County of London created in 1889 included the area of Tower Hamlets, and the new Lord Lieutenant of the County of London took over the Tower Hamlets lieutenancy's functions. In the Middle Ages it was a profitable position; among the Constable's entitlements were: Every ship that came upstream to London had to moor at Tower Wharf to give

2079-536: The Tower Hamlets , which existed from the Restoration until 1889, and had authority with the Tower division of the hundred of Ossulstone . In the 17th century, Ossulstone, the urbanising part of Middlesex which bordered the City of London , was split into four divisions, of which the Tower division lay east of the city, compassing all the modern London Borough of Tower Hamlets and most of that of Hackney . The division

2142-493: The Tower for the time being to continue to levy the Trained Bands of the said Division or Hamlets of the Tower in such manner and form as to the number and quality of persons as was observed in forming the present Forces thereof Any thing in this Act to the contrary notwithstanding The offices of Constable and Lord Lieutenant were awarded by separate letters patent , usually simultaneously. Exceptionally, in 1715, Hatton Compton

2205-527: The constable ( Polish : posterunkowy ) is the lowest rank in the Police . The next rank in hierarchy is the senior constable ( Polish : starszy posterunkowy ), and then, the sergeant . To be promoted, the police officer has to serve as a constable for a year, and again for a year as a senior constable. In Singapore , a police constable (abbreviated to PC) is the lowest rank in the Singapore Police Force . The rank of special constable exists, but

2268-458: The constable was introduced in England following the Norman Conquest of 1066 and was responsible for the keeping and maintenance of the king's armaments and those of the villages as a measure of protecting individual settlements throughout the country. Some authorities place the origins of constables in England earlier, attributing the creation of the office to during the reign of King Alfred (871 A.D.). The office of Lord High Constable , one of

2331-770: The constable was the highest-ranking officer of the army, and was responsible for the overseeing of martial law . Village -level Chinese officials – known as tingzhang during the Qin and Han dynasties , lizheng , during the Sui and Tang , baozheng during the Song , and dibao and shoubao during the Qing  – are sometimes translated constable for their functions of reporting crimes and administering local justice, although they also served as tax agents and notaries . The Constable of France ( Connétable de France ), under

2394-410: The court (i.e., of the common law ), marking the basic role of the constable that continues into the present day. Constable of the Tower of London The Constable of the Tower is the most senior appointment at the Tower of London . In the Middle Ages a constable was the person in charge of a castle when the owner—the king or a nobleman—was not in residence. The Constable of the Tower had

2457-405: The court which he or she serves; in others the constable is an elected or appointed position at the state or local level of local government. Their jurisdiction can vary from statewide to county/parish and local township boundaries based on the state's laws. The office developed from its British counterpart during the colonial period. Prior to the modernization of law enforcement which took place in

2520-408: The defence of a castle. Even today, there is a Constable of the Tower of London . An equivalent position is that of marshal , which derives from Old High German marah ('horse') and schalh ('servant'), and originally meant "stable keeper", which has a similar etymology. In Australia, as in the United Kingdom, constable is the lowest rank in most police services. It is often categorised into

2583-570: The duration of training may vary from nine months to one year depending on state. The training and duty of police is physically and mentally strenuous in India. In the Norwegian Police Service the rank politikonstabel was until 2003 the lowest rank in the police, the next ranks being "politioverkonstabel", "politibetjent", "politiførstebetjent", "politioverbetjent" and "politistasjonssjef", "lensmann" or "sysselmannsoverbetjent" (all officially translated as chief superintendent). In 2003,

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2646-755: The field. A 1662 act of Parliament restricting the power of levying militia to [lord-]lieutenants had a saver for the Constable: whereas the Militia of the Tower Division in the County of Middlesex comonly knowne by the name of the Tower Hamletts are and alwaies have beene under the co[m]mand of His Majesties Constable or Leiutenant of the Tower for the Service and Preservation of that His Royall Fort [...] it shall and may be lawfull for His Majesties Constable or Leiutenant of

2709-527: The following (from lowest to highest): probationary constable; constable; constable first class; senior constable; leading senior constable. These variations depend on the individual state or territory police force in question. Senior constable generally refers to a police officer of the rank above constable, and is denoted by way of two chevrons or stripes. The New South Wales Police Force has three grades of senior constable, namely senior constable (two chevrons), incremental senior constable (two chevrons and

2772-573: The imperial court. The West European term "constable" itself was adopted, via the Normans , as konostaulos in the Komnenian and Palaiologan periods, when it became a high military office of dignity. Late Roman administrative titles were used by Charlemagne in developing his empire; the position of Constable, along with the similar office of Marshal , spread throughout the emerging states of Western Europe during this period. In most medieval nations,

2835-508: The mid-19th century, local law enforcement was performed by constables and watchmen . Constables were appointed or elected at the local level for specific terms and, like their UK counterparts the parish constable , were not paid and did not wear a uniform. However, they were often paid a fee by the courts for each writ served and warrant executed. Following the example of the British Metropolitan Police established in 1829,

2898-507: The navy. Other ranks (OR) 2 to 4+ all use the term "konstabel": In Pakistan , constable and head constable are, respectively, the lowest and second-lowest ranks in the police force. The police constables in Pakistan do a wide range of duties like patrol, crime detection, escort of prisoners and VIPs, vehicle traffic control on roads, riot control, assisting civil administration during disasters, epidemic, elections and other tasks. In Poland ,

2961-549: The officer is then relieved of the position of leading senior constable: it is primarily a position for field training officers who oversee the training and development of inexperienced probationary constables or constables. Within the Victoria Police , senior constable is the rank above constable, while above senior constable is leading senior constable. When first introduced into the Victoria Police, leading senior constable

3024-517: The past, this appointment has been held by eminent prelates of the Church, prominent politicians and distinguished soldiers. The first Constable, Geoffrey de Mandeville was appointed by William the Conqueror (AD 1066–87) in the 11th century. Formerly, in the absence of the Sovereign, the Constable would have been among the most powerful men in London. Today the Constable retains the right of direct access to

3087-485: The police lawyers, who all hold higher ranks, require the law degree " candidatus/candidata juris " or "Master of Laws" ( master i rettsvitenskap ), awarded after five or six years of law studies. Following reforms of the police, a law degree is no longer required by law for all higher ranks, although only lawyers can act as prosecutors and supervise criminal investigations, for which reason it is still common for those holding higher ranks to be lawyers. The entry-level rank for

3150-456: The prison of our said tower in such a way that you shall answer for them body for body ... Fail in no part of this on pain of forfeiture of life and limb and all property you hold in our realms." Until the expulsion of the Jews in 1290, the Constable was responsible for the regulation and protection of London's Jewry . The Lieutenant of the Tower was the Constable's deputy, and de facto head once

3213-469: The ranks "politikonstabel", "politioverkonstabel" and "politibetjent" were renamed "politibetjent 1", "politibetjent 2" and "politibetjent 3", where "politibetjent 1" is the entry-level rank for a policeman and most junior rank of the police service. All ranks higher than chief superintendent are commissioned ranks, known simply as "higher ranks", and traditionally required a law degree. The Norwegian Police Service has an integrated prosecution service in which

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3276-572: The same ranks as state police even though their jurisdiction varies considerably, with the constables recruited to the CAPF having to do duty all over India. They perform duties such as maintaining internal security, border guarding , and counter-insurgency operations and riot control . Similarly, the Railway Protection Force (RPF) maintains the ranks of Constable and Head Constable. However, their duties and jurisdiction are specifically focused on

3339-496: The states gradually enacted laws to permit municipalities to establish police departments. This differed from the UK in that the old system was not uniformly abolished in every state. Often the enacting legislation of the state conferred a police officer with the powers of a constable, the most important of these powers being the common law power of arrest. Police and constables exist concurrently in many jurisdictions. Perhaps because of this,

3402-571: The title "constable" is not used for police of any rank. The lowest rank in a police organization would be officer, deputy, patrolman, trooper and, historically, private , depending on the particular organization. In many states, constables do not conduct patrols or preventive policing activities. In such states the office is relatively obscure to its citizens. A constable may be assisted by deputy constables as sworn officers or constable's officers as civil staff, usually as process servers. In some states, villages or towns, an office with similar duties

3465-467: The title comes from the Latin comes stabuli ( attendant to the stables , literally 'count of the stable') and originated from the Roman Empire ; originally, the constable was the officer responsible for keeping the horses of a lord or monarch . The title was imported to the monarchies of medieval Europe, and in many countries developed into a high military rank and great officer of state (e.g.

3528-567: The uniforms and insignia of the police vary, though the rank structure is the same. In the Kerala State Police , the designations for personnel in the ranks of constable and head constable are Civil Police Officer (CPO) and Senior Civil Police Officer (SCPO), respectively. The Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF), under the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India , also maintain

3591-409: Was a classification not a rank, somewhat like "detective"; leading senior constables were appointed specifically to assist in the training and mentoring of more junior members. The last round of wage negotiations, however, saw leading senior constable become a rank in its own right, one that a lot of members pass through on their way from constable to sergeant, though this is not strictly necessary and it

3654-456: Was also called Tower Hamlets, after the hamlets (later to become parishes) of the ancient parish of Stepney . Each Ossulstone division had status equivalent to that of a hundred, while Tower division had some extra powers normally reserved for a county , in particular its own Lord Lieutenant . This enabled the Constable, as Lord Lieutenant, to raise local militia forces to supplement the Tower garrison at times of increased tension, or for use in

3717-689: Was called here to await the return of an armed robber to collect stolen money which he had hidden following post office raids in Walton and Frinton . Brian challenged the suspect who immediately opened fire causing extensive head injuries from which Brian subsequently died. A man was convicted of his murder. Five days after the shooting in Central Avenue near Frinton's seafront took place, Bishop died at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in Smithfield, London , on 27 August 1984. His colleague Sergeant Mervyn Fairweather, who

3780-557: Was made Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets and Lieutenant of the Tower, whereas Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle , made Constable in 1715, did not replace Compton as Lord Lieutenant until 1717. The Constable of the Tower is not to be confused with the "High Constable of the Tower Division": the High Constable of a hundred or division had charge of the parish constables of its constituent parishes. A Lord Lieutenant could commission deputy lieutenants . The Deputy Lieutenants of

3843-526: Was posted to Colchester . He joined the dog section as a handler in 1968 and moved to the Force Support Unit in 1975. Later, he became a firearms instructor. He had been assigned to the rank of Acting Sergeant before he died. The epitaph next to Bishop's memorial stone summarises the circumstances surrounding his death as follows: Brian Bishop, a member of the Essex Police tactical firearms group,

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3906-484: Was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum tariff of 20 years. On 19 February 1986, the then Home Secretary , Douglas Hurd , unveiled a brown granite memorial stone adjacent to the seafront site where Bishop was shot. Bishop's memorial was only the third to be funded and erected by the Police Memorial Trust , and was the first to be sited outside London. Constable#United Kingdom Historically,

3969-489: Was shot in the groin in the same incident, later recovered. Colin Richards, a 35-year-old man from Brentwood , was arrested at the scene after another of Bishop's colleagues returned fire. Richards's injuries resulted in paralysis from the waist downwards. He was found guilty of Bishop's murder and of wounding Fairweather (having been charged with the latter's attempted murder ) at Norwich Crown Court on 19 July 1985, and

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