140-626: The Brest Congress was the eighteenth national congress of the French Socialist Party ( Parti socialiste or PS). It took place from November 21 to 23, 1997. François Hollande was elected as First Secretary, defeating Jean-Luc Mélenchon . Socialist Party (France) The Socialist Party ( French : Parti socialiste , [paʁti sɔsjalist] , PS ) is a centre-left to left-wing political party in France. It holds social-democratic and pro-European views. The PS
280-544: A cohabitation government from 1997 to 2002, when he was again defeated by Chirac in the presidential election. In the 2007 presidential election , the PS's candidate, Ségolène Royal , was defeated by conservative Nicolas Sarkozy . In 2012, François Hollande , the leader of the party from 1997 to 2008, was elected president, and the party also won a governing majority. During his term, Hollande battled with high unemployment, multiple Jihadi terrorist attacks , poor opinion ratings and
420-573: A sex assault complaint in New York and was de facto eliminated from the primary. Eventually, former party leader François Hollande won the primary and ran as the official Socialist Party candidate for President of France. He narrowly defeated incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy, becoming president-elect of France on Sunday 6 May 2012. The idea for holding an open primary to choose the Socialist Party presidential candidate had first been suggested in 2008, by
560-640: A "bourgeois government". Three years later, Jaurès, Allemane and the possibilists founded the possibilist French Socialist Party , which supported participation in government, while Guesde and Vaillant formed the Socialist Party of France , which opposed such co-operation. In 1905, during the Globe Congress , the two groups merged in the French Section of the Workers International (SFIO). Leader of
700-408: A Presidential primary and a special low membership rate, the party's membership grew from 127,000 to 217,000 between 2005 and 2006. Many potential candidates appeared for the 2007 presidential election : François Hollande , Laurent Fabius (from the left wing of the party), Dominique Strauss-Kahn (who claimed to represent "social democracy"), Jack Lang , Martine Aubry and Ségolène Royal , who
840-498: A candidate for the 1965 presidential election . Consequently, it supported the candidacy of François Mitterrand , a former minister of the Fourth Republic who had been a conservative, then a leftist independent. He was resolutely anti-Gaullist. Supported by all the left-wing parties, he obtained a good result and faced De Gaulle in an unexpected second ballot, becoming the leader of the non-Communist left. In order to exist between
980-475: A charismatic professional revolutionary who had spent most of his adult life in prison. He had about a thousand followers, many of them armed and organized into cells of ten persons each. Each cell operated independently and was unaware of the members of the other groups, communicating only with their leaders by code. Blanqui had written a manual on revolution, Instructions for an Armed Uprising , to give guidance to his followers. Though their numbers were small,
1120-583: A delegation of mayors of the Paris arrondissements , led by Clemenceau, to negotiate with Thiers in Versailles to obtain a special independent status for Paris. On 22 March 1871, demonstrators holding banners declaring them to be "Friends of Peace" were blocked from entering the Place Vendôme by guardsmen who, after being fired on, opened fire on the crowd. At least 12 people were killed and many wounded. The event
1260-548: A euphoric mood. The members adopted a dozen proposals, including an honorary presidency for Blanqui; the abolition of the death penalty ; the abolition of military conscription ; a proposal to send delegates to other cities to help launch communes there; and a resolution declaring that membership in the Paris Commune was incompatible with being a member of the National Assembly. This was aimed particularly at Pierre Tirard ,
1400-517: A few hundreds of persons, mostly quite young". He noted, however, that "working-men, as a class, took no part in the proceedings." A coup was attempted in early 1870, but tensions eased significantly after the plebiscite in May . The war with Prussia, initiated by Napoleon III in July, was initially met with patriotic fervour. Paris was the traditional home of French radical movements. Revolutionaries had gone into
1540-454: A good image in the polls, a strong loyalty to the party (as former First Secretary) and governmental experience (as former Education Minister, and the teachers were numerous and influential in the PS), he defeated Emmanuelli in the internal ballot. Then, he was defeated by Jacques Chirac in the run-off election but, given the PS crisis, his result was judged good and he returned as First Secretary. In
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#17328875482971680-539: A moderate text and obtained 55%. Fabius's allies ("To Rally the Left") advocated more radical policies and gained 20%. Finally, another faction ("New Socialist Party") claimed it was necessary to renovate the party by proposing left-wing policies and a profound reform of French institutions. It obtained 25% of the vote. Virtually all factions agreed on a common agenda, broadly based on the moderate and pro-European majority's position with some left-wing amendments. In anticipation of
1820-521: A referendum for the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty . He left domestic policy to his prime ministers: Michel Rocard, Édith Cresson and Pierre Bérégovoy . The party was hit by scandals about its financing and weakened by the struggle between the heirs of " Mitterrandism ". In 1990, during the Rennes Congress , the " Mitterrandist group" split between the supporters of Laurent Fabius and
1960-428: A splinter group of Socialist MPs known as frondeurs (rebels). Facing the emergence of centrist Emmanuel Macron and left-winger Jean-Luc Mélenchon , PS candidate Benoît Hamon finished 5th in the 2017 presidential election . The PS also declined to the 4th largest party in the 2017 legislative election , and to the 6th largest in 2022 . Several figures who acted at the international level have also been members of
2100-452: A split and the foundation of the dissident Unified Socialist Party (PSU). The SFIO returned to opposition in 1959. Discredited by its fluctuating policy during the Fourth Republic, it reached its lowest ebb in the 1960s. Both because of its opposition to the principle of presidential election by universal suffrage and because De Gaulle's re-election appeared inevitable, the SFIO did not nominate
2240-635: A year, however, his government collapsed over economic policy and also over the issue of the Spanish Civil War . The fall of the Popular Front caused a new split from the SFIO, with the departure of the left wing of the party, led by Marceau Pivert , to the Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party . The demoralised Left fell apart and was unable to resist the collapse of the French Third Republic after
2380-716: The 1956 elections . Consequently, he was Prime Minister at the head of a minority government. But the party was in decline, as were the Radicals, and the left never came close to forming a united front. Indeed, this led Mollet to assert, "the Communist Party is not on the left, but in the East". The repressive policy of Mollet in the Algerian War and his support for Charles de Gaulle 's come-back in 1958 (the party lead called to vote "yes" in referendum on Fifth Republic 's constitution) caused
2520-489: The 1994 European Parliament election . He was overthrown by a motley coalition led by Henri Emmanuelli , a "Mitterrandist" left-winger. One year before the 1995 presidential election , the PS was affected by a leadership crisis. Rocard lost the most part of his followers after his 1994 electoral crash, Fabius was weakened by the infected blood scandal , the presidentiability of Emannuelli was questioned. The hope of some party members transferred to Jacques Delors , president of
2660-725: The Blanquists provided many of the most disciplined soldiers and several of the senior leaders of the Commune. By 20 September 1870, the German army had surrounded Paris and was camped just 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) from the French front lines. The regular French Army in Paris, under General Trochu 's command, had only 50,000 professional soldiers of the line; the majority of the French first-line soldiers were prisoners of war, or trapped in Metz , surrounded by
2800-657: The Common Programme and the PCF leader Georges Marchais denounced a "turn towards the Right" of the PS. In spite of positive polls, the "Union of the Left" lost the 1978 legislative election . For the first time since 1936 , the Socialists scored better in the polls than the Communists, becoming the main left-wing party, but their defeat caused an internal crisis. Mitterrand's leadership
2940-519: The European Commission and a favourite according to the polls, but he declined due to the radicalisation of the party which prevented his centrist strategy. Finally, Lionel Jospin , who had announced his political retirement after the loss of his parliamentary seat in 1993, came back and proposed to "take stock" of Mitterrand's inheritance. For the first time, the party members were called to nominate their candidate for presidency. Benefiting from
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#17328875482973080-678: The Faubourg Saint-Antoine , and the Faubourg du Temple —marched to the centre of the city and demanded that a new government, a Commune, be elected. They were met by regular army units loyal to the Government of National Defence, and the demonstrators eventually dispersed peacefully. On 5 October, 5,000 protesters marched from Belleville to the Hôtel de Ville , demanding immediate municipal elections and rifles. On 8 October, several thousand soldiers from
3220-646: The Federation of the Socialist Workers of France (FTSF), was founded in 1879. It was characterised as "possibilist" because it promoted gradual reforms . Two parties split off from it: in 1882, the French Workers' Party (POF) of Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue (the son-in-law of Karl Marx ), then in 1890 the Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party (POSR) of Jean Allemane . At the same time,
3360-472: The National Assembly proclaimed the new French Republic , and formed a Government of National Defence with the intention of continuing the war. The Prussian army marched swiftly toward Paris. In 1871, France was deeply divided between the large rural, Catholic, and conservative population of the French countryside and the more republican and radical cities of Paris, Marseille, Lyon and a few others. In
3500-445: The National Assembly , leaving it in 4th place in terms of seats, and with 7.44% of the 1st round vote. The Parliamentary left group that it dominated (with 30 out of 45 seats after the election, down from 280 out of 331 seats before) finished as the 3rd largest group in the National Assembly. Following the election, Cambadélis resigned from the post of first secretary and Rachid Temal was appointed as acting secretary. The Socialist group
3640-555: The National Guard , numbering about 300,000 men. They also had very little training or experience. They were organised by neighbourhoods; those from the upper- and middle-class arrondissements tended to support the national government, while those from the working-class neighbourhoods were far more radical and politicised. Guardsmen from many units were known for their lack of discipline; some units refused to wear uniforms, often refused to obey orders without discussing them, and demanded
3780-616: The Republican-Socialist Party , which supported socialist participation in liberal governments. Together with the Radicals, who wished to install laicism , the SFIO was a component of the Left Block ( Bloc des gauches ) without to sit in the government. In 1906, the General Confederation of Labour trade union claimed its independence from all political parties. The French socialists were strongly anti-war, but following
3920-591: The Seine froze for three weeks. Parisians suffered shortages of food, firewood, coal and medicine. The city was almost completely dark at night. The only communication with the outside world was by balloon, carrier pigeon , or letters packed in iron balls floated down the Seine. Rumours and conspiracy theories abounded. Because supplies of ordinary food ran out, starving denizens ate most of the city zoo 's animals, then resorted to feeding on rats. By early January 1871, Bismarck and
4060-603: The Socialist Republican Union . In 1934, the Communists changed their line, and the four left-wing parties came together in the Popular Front , which won the 1936 elections and brought Blum to power as France's first SFIO Prime Minister. Indeed, for the first time in its history, the SFIO obtained more votes and seats than the Radical Party and it formed the central axis of a left-wing parliamentary majority. Within
4200-412: The 1972 Common Program . Workers' wages were increased and working hours reduced to 39, and many other sweeping reforms carried out, but the economic crisis continued. Reforms included the abolition of death penalty , creation of a solidarity tax on wealth (ISF), introduction of proportional representation in legislative elections (which was applied only at the 1986 election ), decentralization of
4340-618: The 7th and 8th arrondissements; 68 percent in the 15th, 66 percent in the 16th, and 62 percent in the 6th and 9th. But in the working-class neighborhoods, turnout was high: 76 percent in the 20th arrondissement, 65 percent in the 19th, and 55 to 60 percent in the 10th, 11th, and 12th. A few candidates, including Blanqui (who had been arrested when outside Paris, and was in prison in Brittany), won in several arrondissements . Other candidates who were elected, including about twenty moderate republicans and five radicals, refused to take their seats. In
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4480-616: The Central Committee of the National Guard ordered the three battalions to seize the Hôtel de Ville, where they believed the government was located. They were not aware that Thiers, the government, and the military commanders were at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where the gates were open and there were few guards. They were also unaware that Marshal Patrice MacMahon , the future commander of
4620-511: The Central Committee, led by the Blanquists, demanded an immediate march on Versailles to disperse the Thiers government and to impose their authority on all of France; but the majority first wanted to establish a more solid base of legal authority in Paris. The Committee officially lifted the state of siege, named commissions to administer the government, and called elections for 23 March. They also sent
4760-597: The Committee of Vigilance of the 18th arrondissement , who demanded that they be tried and executed. At 5:00 in the afternoon, the National Guard had captured another important prisoner: General Jacques Leon Clément-Thomas . An ardent republican and fierce disciplinarian, he had helped suppress the armed uprising of June 1848 against the Second Republic. Because of his republican beliefs, he had been arrested by Napoleon III and exiled, and had only returned to France after
4900-623: The Communist International (SFIC) to join the Third International founded by Vladimir Lenin . The right wing, led by Léon Blum , kept the "old house" and remained in the SFIO. In 1924 and in 1932, the Socialists joined with the Radicals in the Coalition of the Left ( Cartel des Gauches ), but refused to join the non-Socialist governments led by the Radicals Édouard Herriot and Édouard Daladier . These governments failed because
5040-614: The Communist Party, leading the left, and the Gaullist Party , leading the country, the SFIO, Radicals, and left-wing republican groups created the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left under Mitterrand's leadership. But unable to benefit from the May 1968 events, it imploded after its disastrous defeat at the June 1968 legislative elections . One year later, the SFIO candidate Gaston Defferre
5180-534: The European Constitution , where the proposed Constitution was rejected. Fabius was ejected from the executive office of the party. The split over the European Constitution, as well as party leaders' competing ambitions to win the presidential nomination in 2007, led the party into considerable disarray. In November 2005, during the Le Mans Congress , three main groups were present. The majority supported
5320-681: The French National Guard had defended Paris, and working-class radicalism grew among its soldiers. Following the establishment of the French Third Republic in September 1870 (under French chief-executive Adolphe Thiers from February 1871) and the complete defeat of the French Army by the Germans by March 1871, soldiers of the National Guard seized control of the city on March 18. The Communards killed two French army generals and refused to accept
5460-420: The Germans themselves were tired of the prolonged siege. They installed seventy-two 120- and 150-mm artillery pieces in the forts around Paris and on 5 January began to bombard the city day and night. Between 300 and 600 shells hit the centre of the city every day. Between 11 and 19 January 1871, the French armies had been defeated on four fronts and Paris was facing a famine. General Trochu received reports from
5600-526: The Germans. Regular soldiers would give up their arms, but would not be taken into captivity. Paris would pay an indemnity of 200 million francs. At Jules Favre 's request, Bismarck agreed not to disarm the National Guard, so that order could be maintained in the city. The national government in Bordeaux called for national elections at the end of January, held just ten days later on 8 February. Most electors in France were rural, Catholic and conservative, and this
5740-454: The Germans. The regulars were thus supported by around 5,000 firemen, 3,000 gendarmes , and 15,000 sailors. The regulars were also supported by the Garde Mobile , new recruits with little training or experience. 17,000 of them were Parisian, and 73,000 from the provinces . These included twenty battalions of men from Brittany , who spoke little French. The largest armed force in Paris was
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5880-461: The Government of National Defence. "Yes" votes totalled 557,996, while 62,638 voted "no". Two days later, municipal councils in each of the twenty arrondissements of Paris voted to elect mayors; five councils elected radical opposition candidates, including Delescluze and a young Montmartrean doctor, Georges Clemenceau . In September and October, Adolphe Thiers , the leader of the National Assembly conservatives, had toured Europe, consulting with
6020-405: The Hôtel de Ville, one narrowly missing Trochu, and the demonstrators crowded into the building, demanding the creation of a new government, and making lists of its proposed members. Blanqui, the leader of the most radical faction, established his own headquarters at the nearby Prefecture of the Seine , issuing orders and decrees to his followers, intent upon establishing his own government. While
6160-615: The Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress, Alain Savary was elected First Secretary with the support of his predecessor Guy Mollet. He proposed an "ideological dialogue" with the Communists. The new party inherited the old daily Le Populaire from the SFIO, but it ceased publication soon after on 28 February 1970. Two years later, during the Epinay Congress , pro-François Mitterrand clubs ( Convention of Republican Institutions ), joined
6300-633: The Left" died and the Communist ministers resigned. Although there were two periods of mild economic reflation (first from 1984 to 1986 and again from 1988 to 1990), monetary and fiscal restraint was the essential policy orientation of the Mitterrand presidency from 1983 onwards. The PS lost its majority in the French National Assembly in 1986, forcing Mitterrand to "cohabit" with the conservative government of Jacques Chirac . Nevertheless, Mitterrand
6440-589: The National Guard, led by Eugène Varlin of the First International, marched to the centre chanting 'Long Live the Commune!", but they also dispersed without incident. Later in October, General Louis Jules Trochu launched a series of armed attacks to break the German siege, with heavy losses and no success. The telegraph line connecting Paris with the rest of France had been cut by the Germans on 27 September. On 6 October, Defense Minister Léon Gambetta departed
6580-580: The PS by the end of the Seventies. One was represented by the Mitterrandists who wanted reform but not a complete break with capitalism. A second faction was led by Michel Rocard and his supporters, who sought social democracy with a strong measure of autogestion, while a third faction formed around Jean-Pierre Chevènement and the CERES group which stood for revolutionary socialism. In 1981, Mitterrand defeated
6720-746: The PS, including Jacques Delors , who was the president of the European Commission from 1985 to 1994 and the first person to serve three terms in that office; Dominique Strauss-Kahn , who was the managing director of the International Monetary Fund from 2007 to 2011; and Pascal Lamy , who was Director-General of the World Trade Organization from 2005 to 2013. Party membership has declined precipitously, standing at 22,000 members in 2021, down from 42,300 in 2016, 60,000 in 2014 and 173,486 members in 2012. However, before
6860-426: The PS. They represented the "left-wing Christian" and non-Marxist group. The most conservative members of the PS, they advocated an alignment of French socialism along the lines of European social democracy , that is, a clear acceptance of the market economy . While the "Union of the Left" triumphed at the 1977 municipal election, the electoral rise of the PS worried the Communist Party. The two parties failed to update
7000-631: The Paris Commune. That was the Dictatorship of the Proletariat." On 2 September 1870, France was defeated in the Battle of Sedan , and Emperor Napoleon III was captured. When the news reached Paris the next day, shocked and angry crowds came out into the streets. Empress Eugénie , the acting Regent, fled the city, and the government of the Second Empire swiftly collapsed. Republican and radical deputies of
7140-399: The Republic and Union for French Democracy ), as well as the Communist Party. Mitterrand attempted to carry out socialist-inspired reforms (the 110 Propositions ), furthering the dirigiste economic planning trends of the preceding conservative governments. The Prime Minister Pierre Mauroy nationalised the banks, the insurance industry and the defence industries, in accordance with
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#17328875482977280-418: The Socialist Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election . The nominations for the candidacy were opened on 28 June. Though he had not officially declared his candidacy, Dominique Strauss-Kahn , a prominent member of the Socialist Party and the managing director of the International Monetary Fund was the polls' clear favorite to defeat the incumbent conservative president, Nicolas Sarkozy. But he faced
7420-425: The Socialist Party has experienced considerable difficulty in formulating an alternative to right-wing policy. On 1 December 2004, 59% of Socialist Party members approved the proposed European Constitution . However, several well-known members of the Party, including Laurent Fabius , and left-wingers Henri Emmanuelli and Jean-Luc Mélenchon , asked the public for a "no" vote in the 29 May 2005 French referendum on
7560-460: The Socialist Party won 186 out of 577 seats, and about 10 affiliated, gain of 40 seats. After the winning March 2008 municipal election, the campaign with a view to the Reims Congress started. Some candidates proposed to succeed François Hollande , who had announced he will not compete for another term as First Secretary: In the pre-vote, the text of Royal arrived the first with 29%, followed by Delanoë (25%), Aubry (25%) and Hamon (19%). A part of
7700-423: The Socialist Prime Minister Paul Ramadier dismissed the Communist ministers. Blum proposed the construction of a Third Force with the centre-left and the centre-right, against the Gaullists and the Communists. However, his candidate to lead of the SFIO, Daniel Mayer , was defeated by Guy Mollet . Mollet was supported by the left wing of the party. Paradoxically, he spoke a Marxist language without questioning
7840-420: The Socialists and the Radicals could not agree on economic policy, and also because the Communists, following the policy laid down by the Soviet Union, refused to support governments presiding over capitalist economies. The question of the possibility of a government participation with Radicals caused the split of " neosocialists " at the beginning of the 1930s. They merged with the Republican-Socialist Party in
7980-413: The alliance with the centre and the centre-right. His leadership was shaken when the party divided in 1954 about the European Defence Community . Half of the SFIO parliamentary group voted "no", against the instructions of the party leaders. This led to the failure of the project. But later, Mollet got involved the SFIO in the build of a centre-left coalition, the Republican Front , which won a plurality in
8120-427: The angry crowd of national guardsmen and deserters from Lecomte's regiment at rue des Rosiers seized Clément-Thomas, beat him with rifle butts, pushed him into the garden, and shot him repeatedly. A few minutes later, they did the same to General Lecomte. Doctor Jean Casimir Félix Guyon , who examined the bodies shortly afterwards, found forty bullets in Clément-Thomas's body and nine in Lecomte's back. By late morning,
8260-421: The armistice was signed. At the end of the war, 400 obsolete muzzle-loading bronze cannons , paid for by the Paris public via a subscription, remained in the city. The new Central Committee of the National Guard, now dominated by radicals, decided to put the cannons in parks in the working-class neighborhoods of Belleville , Buttes-Chaumont and Montmartre , to keep them away from the regular army and to defend
8400-413: The assassination of Jaurès in 1914 they were unable to resist the wave of militarism which followed the outbreak of World War I. They suffered a severe split over participation in the wartime government of national unity. In 1919 the anti-war socialists were heavily defeated in elections. In 1920, during the Tours Congress , the majority and left wing of the party broke away and formed the French Section of
8540-424: The authority of the Third Republic; instead, the radicals set about establishing their own independent government. The Commune governed Paris for two months, promoting policies that tended toward a progressive , anti-religious system of their own self-styled socialism , which was an eclectic mix of many 19th-century schools of thought. These policies included the separation of church and state , self-policing ,
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#17328875482978680-423: The banner of La France insoumise . The primary was won by Socialist rebel Benoît Hamon , who defeated ex-Prime Minister Manuel Valls in the second round of the primary on 29 January 2017. Hamon finished fifth in the subsequent Presidential election, with 6.36% of the vote. In the 2017 legislative election that followed the election of President Emmanuel Macron , the Socialist party dropped from 280 to 30 seats in
8820-477: The cannon away did not arrive, and the army units were immobilized. As the soldiers were surrounded, they began to break ranks and join the crowd. General Lecomte tried to withdraw, and then ordered his soldiers to load their weapons and fix bayonets. He thrice ordered them to fire, but the soldiers refused. Some of the officers were disarmed and taken to the city hall of Montmartre, under the protection of Clemenceau. General Lecomte and his staff officers were seized by
8960-461: The cannons became a symbol of that authority. The Assembly also refused to prolong the moratorium on debt collections imposed during the war; and suspended two radical newspapers, Le Cri du Peuple of Jules Valles and Le Mot d'Ordre of Henri Rochefort , which further inflamed Parisian radical opinion. Thiers also decided to move the National Assembly and government from Bordeaux to Versailles, rather than to Paris, to be farther away from
9100-434: The cannons. The plan was initially opposed by War Minister Adolphe Le Flô , d'Aurelle de Paladines, and Vinoy, who argued that the move was premature, because the army had too few soldiers, was undisciplined and demoralized, and that many units had become politicized and were unreliable. Vinoy urged that they wait until Germany had released the French prisoners of war, and the army returned to full strength. Thiers insisted that
9240-467: The city against any attack by the national government. Thiers was equally determined to bring the cannons under national-government control. Clemenceau, a friend of several revolutionaries, tried to negotiate a compromise; some cannons would remain in Paris and the rest go to the army. However, neither Thiers nor the National Assembly accepted his proposals. The chief executive wanted to restore order and national authority in Paris as quickly as possible, and
9380-415: The city by balloon to try to organise national resistance against the Germans. On 28 October, the news arrived in Paris that the 160,000 soldiers of the French army at Metz, which had been surrounded by the Germans since August, had surrendered. The news arrived the same day of the failure of another attempt by the French army to break the siege of Paris at Le Bourget , with heavy losses. On 31 October,
9520-404: The city. In February, while the national government had been organising in Bordeaux, a new rival government had been organised in Paris. The National Guard had not been disarmed as per the armistice, and had on paper 260 battalions of 1,500 men each, a total of 390,000 men. Between 15 and 24 February, some 500 delegates elected by the National Guard began meeting in Paris. On 15 March, just before
9660-426: The city. While he was at the railway station, national guardsmen sent by the Central Committee arrived at his house looking for him. On the advice of General Vinoy, Thiers ordered the evacuation to Versailles of all the regular forces in Paris, some 40,000 soldiers, including those in the fortresses around the city; the regrouping of all the army units in Versailles; and the departure of all government ministries from
9800-463: The confrontation between the National Guard and the regular army over the cannons, 1,325 delegates of the federation of organisations created by the National Guard elected a leader, Giuseppe Garibaldi (who was in Italy and respectfully declined the title), and created a Central Committee of 38 members, which made its headquarters in a school on the rue Basfroi, between Place de la Bastille and Rue de la Roquette [ fr ] . The first vote of
9940-475: The council were 33 workers; five small businessmen; 19 clerks, accountants and other office staff; twelve journalists; and a selection of workers in the liberal arts. 20 members were Freemasons . All were men; women were not allowed to vote. The winners were announced on 27 March, and a large ceremony and parade by the National Guard was held the next day in front of the Hôtel de Ville, decorated with red flags. The new Commune held its first meeting on 28 March in
10080-451: The downfall of the Empire. He was particularly hated by the national guardsmen of Montmartre and Belleville because of the severe discipline he imposed during the siege of Paris. Earlier that day, dressed in civilian clothes, he had been trying to find out what was going on, when he was recognized by a soldier and arrested, and brought to the building at rue des Rosiers. At about 5:30 on 18 March,
10220-522: The elections, the Central Committee and the leaders of the International gave out their lists of candidates, mostly belonging to the extreme left. The candidates had only a few days to campaign. Thiers' government in Versailles urged Parisians to abstain from voting. When the voting was finished, 233,000 Parisians had voted, out of 485,000 registered voters, or forty-eight percent. In upper-class neighborhoods many abstained from voting: 77 percent of voters in
10360-475: The end, the council had just 60 members. Nine of the winners were Blanquists (some of whom were also from the International); twenty-five, including Delescluze and Pyat, classified themselves as "Independent Revolutionaries"; about fifteen were from the International; the rest were from a variety of radical groups. One of the best-known candidates, Clemenceau, received only 752 votes. The professions represented in
10500-568: The first round of the 1869 parliamentary elections held under the French Empire, 4,438,000 had voted for the Bonapartist candidates supporting Napoleon III, while 3,350,000 had voted for the republicans or the legitimists . In Paris, however, the republican candidates dominated, winning 234,000 votes against 77,000 for the Bonapartists. Of the two million people in Paris in 1869, according to
10640-619: The followers of Blanqui, who went quickly to the Latin Quarter and took charge of the gunpowder stored in the Panthéon , and to the Orléans railway station . Four battalions crossed the Seine and captured the prefecture of police , while other units occupied the former headquarters of the National Guard at the Place Vendôme , as well as the Ministry of Justice. That night, the National Guard occupied
10780-457: The forces against the Commune, had just arrived at his home in Paris, having just been released from imprisonment in Germany. As soon as he heard the news of the uprising, he made his way to the railway station, where national guardsmen were already stopping and checking the identity of departing passengers. A sympathetic station manager hid him in his office and helped him board a train, and he escaped
10920-492: The foreign ministers of Britain , Russia , and Austria-Hungary , and found that none of them were willing to support France against the Germans. He reported to the government that there was no alternative to negotiating an armistice. He travelled to German-occupied Tours and met with Otto von Bismarck on 1 November. The German Chancellor demanded the cession of all of Alsace , parts of Lorraine , and enormous reparations. The Government of National Defence decided to continue
11060-488: The formation of the new government was taking place inside the Hôtel de Ville, however, units of the National Guard and the Garde Mobile loyal to General Trochu arrived and recaptured the building without violence. By three o'clock, the demonstrators had been given safe passage and left, and the brief uprising was over. On 3 November, city authorities organized a plebiscite of Parisian voters, asking if they had confidence in
11200-626: The friends of Lionel Jospin . Furthermore, a part of the left wing of the party, led by Jean-Pierre Chevènement split off due to his opposition to the Gulf War and the Maastricht Treaty. This section created the Citizen and Republican Movement (MDC). Finally, many on the left were disappointed by the results of the Socialist governments. At the 1993 legislative election , the PS did poorly, returning to
11340-454: The goal of his strategy was "to regain 3 million of the 5 million of PCF voters". The left, and notably the Socialist Party, experienced an electoral recovery at the 1973 legislative election . Mitterrand, the candidate of the left-wing alliance, came close to winning the 1974 presidential election . Indeed, he obtained 49.2% of votes in the second round. At the end of 1974, some PSU members, including leader Michel Rocard , re-joined
11480-525: The guardsmen and his mutinous soldiers and taken to the local headquarters of the National Guard under the command of captain Simon Charles Mayer at the ballroom of the Chateau-Rouge . The officers were pelted with rocks, struck, threatened, and insulted by the crowd. In the middle of the afternoon, Lecomte and the other officers were taken to 6 rue des Rosiers by members of a group calling themselves
11620-562: The heirs of Louis Auguste Blanqui , a symbol of the French revolutionary tradition, created the Central Revolutionary Committee (CRC) led by Édouard Vaillant . There were also some declared socialist deputies such as Alexandre Millerand and Jean Jaurès who did not belong to any party. In 1899, the participation of Millerand in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau 's cabinet caused a debate about socialist participation in
11760-546: The incumbent conservative, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing , to become the first socialist of the Fifth Republic to be elected President of France by universal suffrage. He dissolved the National Assembly and, for the first time in their history, the French Socialists won an absolute majority of the seats. This landslide victory for the Socialists took place to the detriment of the right-wing parliamentary parties ( Rally for
11900-401: The independent left-leaning think tank Terra Nova . The Socialist Party decided to hold a presidential primary in 2017, against the backdrop of the unprecedented unpopularity of incumbent François Hollande , with a 4 percent approval rating, who announced on 1 December 2016 that he would not seek re-election, making him the first president of the Fifth Republic not to seek a second term. It
12040-528: The lack of industrial activity due to the war and the siege; they formed the bedrock of the Commune's popular support. The Commune resulted in part from growing discontent among the Paris workers. This discontent can be traced to the first worker uprisings, the Canut revolts (a canut was a Lyonnais silk worker, often working on Jacquard looms ), in Lyon and Paris in the 1830s. Many Parisians, especially workers and
12180-560: The large cities. The killing of journalist Victor Noir incensed Parisians, and the arrests of journalists critical of the Emperor did nothing to quiet the city. The German military attaché, Alfred von Waldersee , wrote in his diary in February: "Every night isolated barricades were thrown up, constructed for the most part out of disused conveyances, especially omnibuses, a few shots were fired at random, and scenes of disorder were taken part in by
12320-413: The leaders of the main revolutionary groups in Paris, including Blanqui, Félix Pyat and Louis Charles Delescluze , called new demonstrations at the Hôtel de Ville against General Trochu and the government. Fifteen thousand demonstrators, some of them armed, gathered in front of the Hôtel de Ville in pouring rain, calling for the resignation of Trochu and the proclamation of a commune. Shots were fired from
12460-523: The left wing split and founded the Left Party . During the Reims Congress , which happened in a very tense climate, the leaders of the factions failed to form a majority. Consequently, the PS members had to elect directly the next First Secretary. Disappointed by his result in the pre-vote, Delanoë renounced and called to vote for Aubry. On 22 November 2008, it was announced that Aubry had defeated Royal by
12600-638: The legislature, the PS reconstructed a coalition with other left-wing parties: the French Communist Party , the Greens , the Radical Party of the Left , and the MDC. This " Plural Left " won the 1997 legislative election and Jospin became Prime Minister of the third " cohabitation ". His policy was broadly progressive. The Aubry laws reduced the working time to 35 hours a week, while Universal medical insurance
12740-440: The levels of the SFIO in the 1960s. The Socialist group of the National Assembly numbered 53 deputies against 260 during the previous term. Rocard became First Secretary of the party, and was considered the "natural candidate" for the next presidential election. He called for a political "big bang", an agreement with the centre and the centre-right, but his efforts were in vain. One year later, his party obtained only 14% of votes at
12880-577: The lower-middle classes, supported a democratic republic. A specific demand was that Paris should be self-governing with its own elected council, something enjoyed by smaller French towns but denied to Paris by a national government wary of the capital's unruly populace. Socialist movements, such as the First International , had been growing in influence with hundreds of societies affiliated to it across France. In early 1867, Parisian employers of bronze-workers attempted to de-unionise their workers. This
13020-585: The military defeat of 1940. After the liberation of France in 1944, the SFIO re-emerged in a coalition with a powerful French Communist Party (PCF), which became the largest left-wing party, and the Christian democratic Popular Republican Movement (MRP). This alliance installed the main elements of the French welfare state and the French Fourth Republic , but it did not survive the Cold War. In May 1947,
13160-399: The morning of 18 March, two brigades of soldiers climbed the butte of Montmartre , where the largest collection of cannons, 170 in number, were located. A small group of revolutionary national guardsmen were already there, and there was a brief confrontation between the brigade led by General Claude Lecomte , and the National Guard; one guardsman, named Turpin, was shot, later dying. Word of
13300-445: The narrow margin of 42 votes, and Royal asked for a recount. After checking, Martine Aubry was elected by a margin of 102 votes and 50.03% of votes. Denouncing frauds, Royal's team threatened to lodge a complaint before to renounce. After that, the public image of the party was deteriorated. In the 2009 European Parliament election , the PS did not succeed to benefit from the unpopularity of President Sarkozy. It obtained only 16.5% of
13440-705: The national French Army suppressed the Commune during the semaine sanglante ("bloody week") beginning on 21 May 1871. The national forces still loyal to the Third Republic government either killed in battle or executed an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 Communards, though one unconfirmed estimate from 1876 put the toll as high as 20,000. In its final days, the Commune executed the Archbishop of Paris , Georges Darboy , and about one hundred hostages, mostly gendarmes and priests. National army forces took 43,522 Communards as prisoners, including 1,054 women . More than half of
13580-454: The native French population, there were about 100,000 immigrant workers and political refugees, the largest number being from Italy and Poland. During the war and the Siege of Paris , various members of the middle and upper classes departed the city. At the same time, there was an influx of refugees from parts of France occupied by the Germans. The working class and immigrants suffered the most from
13720-461: The new Central Committee was to refuse to recognise the authority of General D'Aurelle de Paladines, the official commander of the National Guard appointed by Thiers, or of General Vinoy, the Military Governor of Paris. Late on 18 March, when they learned that the regular army was leaving Paris, units of the National Guard moved quickly to take control of the city. The first to take action were
13860-526: The offices vacated by the government; they quickly took over the Ministries of Finance, the Interior, and War . At eight in the morning the next day, the Central Committee was meeting in the Hôtel de Ville. By the end of the day, 20,000 national guardsmen camped in triumph in the square in front of the Hôtel de Ville, with several dozen cannons. A red flag was hoisted over the building. The extreme-left members of
14000-403: The official census, there were about 500,000 industrial workers, or fifteen percent of all the industrial workers in France, plus another 300,000–400,000 workers in other enterprises. Only about 40,000 were employed in factories and large enterprises; most were employed in small industries in textiles, furniture and construction. There were also 115,000 servants and 45,000 concierges. In addition to
14140-421: The operation to recapture the cannons had failed, and crowds and barricades were appearing in all the working-class neighborhoods of Paris. General Vinoy ordered the army to pull back to the Seine, and Thiers began to organise a withdrawal to Versailles, where he could gather enough troops to take back Paris. On the afternoon of 18 March, following the government's failed attempt to seize the cannons at Montmartre,
14280-410: The parliamentary group and director of the party paper L'Humanité , Jaurès was its most influential figure. The party was hemmed in between the middle-class liberals of the Radical Party and the revolutionary syndicalists who dominated the trade unions. Furthermore, the goal to rally all the Socialists in one single party was partially reached: some elects refused to join the SFIO and created
14420-617: The party. Mitterrand defeated the Savary-Mollet duo by proposing an electoral programme with the Communists and took the lead. A new emblem, the fist and rose , was adopted to signal change in 1971. In 1972, the Common Programme was signed with the PCF and Radical Party of the Left . During the Socialist International conference, he explained the alliance of left-wing parties is a yearning of French left-wing voters. In this,
14560-633: The party; Faure announced the party would be in opposition to Macron and Philippe. Because of financial problems, the party was forced to sell its historical seat in Rue de Solférino and moved into a smaller one in Rue Molière , on Ivry-sur-Seine . Following the Benalla affair , the Socialist Party entered a motion of no confidence against the government, together with the French Communist Party and La France Insoumise . The motions obtained 63 ayes and failed to reach
14700-420: The planned operation must go ahead as quickly as possible, to have the element of surprise. If the seizure of the cannon was not successful, the government would withdraw from the centre of Paris, build up its forces, and then attack with overwhelming force, as they had done during the uprising of June 1848. The Council accepted his decision, and Vinoy gave orders for the operation to begin the next day. Early in
14840-517: The policies and outcome of the Commune had significant influence on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels , who described the régime in Paris as the first example of the dictatorship of the proletariat . Engels wrote: "Of late, the Social-Democratic philistine has once more been filled with wholesome terror at the words: Dictatorship of the Proletariat . Well and good, gentlemen, do you want to know what this dictatorship looks like? Look at
14980-439: The prefect of Paris that agitation against the government and military leaders was increasing in the political clubs and in the National Guard of the working-class neighbourhoods of Belleville, La Chapelle , Montmartre, and Gros-Caillou. At midday on 22 January, three or four hundred National Guards and members of radical groups—mostly Blanquists—gathered outside the Hôtel de Ville. A battalion of Gardes Mobiles from Brittany
15120-427: The pressure of demonstrations, which further enraged the National Guard and the radical political clubs. On 17 March 1871, there was a meeting of Thiers and his cabinet, who were joined by Paris mayor Jules Ferry, National Guard commander General Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines and General Joseph Vinoy , commander of the regular army units in Paris. Thiers announced a plan to send the army the next day to take charge of
15260-512: The prisoners had not fought, and were released immediately. The Third Republic tried around 15,000 in court, 13,500 of whom were found guilty, 95 were sentenced to death, 251 to forced labor, and 1,169 to deportation (mostly to New Caledonia ). Many other Commune supporters, including several of the leaders , fled abroad, mostly to England, Belgium or Switzerland. All the surviving prisoners and exiles received pardons in 1880 and could return home, where some resumed political careers. Debates over
15400-530: The quorum of 289 votes required in the National Assembly . Paris Commune Revolt suppressed [REDACTED] French Republic The Paris Commune ( French : Commune de Paris , pronounced [kɔ.myn də pa.ʁi] ) was a French revolutionary government that seized power in Paris on 18 March 1871 and controlled parts of the city until 28 May 1871. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71,
15540-500: The remission of rent, the abolition of child labor , and the right of employees to take over an enterprise deserted by its owner. The Commune closed all Catholic churches and schools in Paris. Feminist , communist , old-style social democracy (a mix of reformism and revolutionism), and anarchist / Proudhonist currents, among other socialist types, played important roles in the Commune. The various Communards had little more than two months to achieve their respective goals before
15680-412: The republican mayor of the 2nd arrondissement , who had been elected to both Commune and National Assembly. Seeing the more radical political direction of the new Commune, Tirard and some twenty republicans decided it was wisest to resign from the Commune. A resolution was also passed, after a long debate, that the deliberations of the council were to be secret, since the Commune was effectively at war with
15820-472: The right to elect their own officers. The members of the National Guard from working-class neighbourhoods became the main armed force of the Commune. As the Germans surrounded the city, radical groups saw that the Government of National Defence had few soldiers to defend itself, and launched the first demonstrations against it. On 19 September, National Guard units from the main working-class neighbourhoods— Belleville , Ménilmontant , La Villette , Montrouge ,
15960-450: The second round of voting but lost with 46.94% to Nicolas Sarkozy on 6 May 2007. Immediately after her defeat several party bosses (notably Strauss-Kahn), held Ségolène Royal personally responsible for the unsuccessful campaign. At the same time, some personalities of the right wing of the party (such as Bernard Kouchner ) accepted to join the government nominated by Nicolas Sarkozy. In the 10 and 17 June 2007 National Assembly elections ,
16100-483: The shooting spread quickly, and members of the National Guard from all over the neighbourhood, along with others including Clemenceau, hurried to the site to confront the soldiers. While the Army had succeeded in securing the cannons at Belleville and Buttes-Chaumont and other strategic points, at Montmartre a crowd gathered and continued to grow, and the situation grew increasingly tense. The horses that were needed to take
16240-436: The square. The government quickly banned two publications, Le Reveil of Delescluze and Le Combat of Pyat, and arrested 83 revolutionaries. At the same time as the demonstration in Paris, the leaders of the Government of National Defence in Bordeaux had concluded that the war could not continue. On 26 January, they signed a ceasefire and armistice, with special conditions for Paris. The city would not be occupied by
16380-496: The start of the 2023 Marseille Congress, the party announced that it had more than 41,000 members, almost double that of the previous count announced during the 2021 Villeurbanne Congress. By November 2024, the Socialist Party claimed 47,000 members. The defeat of the Paris Commune (1871) greatly reduced the power and influence of the socialist movements in France. Its leaders were killed or exiled. France's first socialist party,
16520-610: The state (1982–83 laws), repeal of price liberalization for books ( Lang Law of 1981), etc. As early as 1982, Mitterrand faced a clear choice between maintaining France's membership in the European Monetary System , and thus the country's commitment to European integration , and pursuing his socialist reforms. He chose the former, starting the Socialist Party's acceptance of the private market economy. In 1984, Mitterrand and his second Prime Minister, Laurent Fabius , clearly abandoned any further socialist measures. The "Union of
16660-511: The streets and overthrown their governments during the popular uprisings of July 1830 and the French Revolution of 1848 , as well as subsequent failed attempts such as the 1832 June Rebellion and the uprising of June 1848 . Of the radical and revolutionary groups in Paris at the time of the Commune, the most conservative were the "radical republicans". This group included the young doctor and future prime minister Georges Clemenceau , who
16800-406: The support of the main Socialist personalities, against the left wing of the party. In the 2004 regional elections , the Socialists had a major comeback. In coalition with the former "Plural Left", they gained power in 20 of the 22 metropolitan regions (all except Alsace and Corsica ) and in the four overseas regions. The party benefited from increasing frustration with right-wing parties. However,
16940-449: The vote and only just got ahead of Europe Ecology (16.3%). However, the PS strengthened its network of local elects in winning comfortably the 2010 departmental and regional elections. In September 2011, for the first time a Socialist, Jean-Pierre Bel , was elected Chairman of the Senate of France . Candidates for the presidency of France contested an open primary on 9 October 2011 to select
17080-478: The vote. He announced his retirement from politics, and the PS called on its supporters to vote for Chirac in order to defeat the far-right National Front leader Jean-Marie Le Pen , who had surprisingly advanced to the run-off. Two months later, the "Plural Left" lost the 2002 legislative election . François Hollande , who became First Secretary in 1997, was re-elected in 2003 during the Dijon Congress with
17220-467: The war and raise a new army to fight the Germans. The newly organized French armies won a single victory at Coulmiers on 10 November, but an attempt by General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot on 29 November at Villiers to break out of Paris was defeated with a loss of 4,000 soldiers, compared with 1,700 German casualties. Everyday life for Parisians became increasingly difficult during the siege. In December, temperatures dropped to −15 °C (5 °F), and
17360-409: Was a member of the National Assembly and Mayor of the 18th arrondissement . Clemenceau tried to negotiate a compromise between the Commune and the government, but neither side trusted him; he was considered extremely radical by the provincial deputies of rural France, but too moderate by the leaders of the Commune. The most extreme revolutionaries in Paris were the followers of Louis Auguste Blanqui ,
17500-481: Was also set against the fragmentation of the left between three major candidates, with polls indicating that the party's candidate would come in fifth, behind the National Front 's Marine Le Pen , François Fillon of the centre-right Republicans , Emmanuel Macron , former economy minister under Hollande who founded his centrist political movement, En Marche! , and left-wing ex-Socialist Jean-Luc Mélenchon under
17640-475: Was challenged by Rocard, who wanted to abandon the Common Programme which he considered archaic and unrealistic. Mitterrand felt that the left could not win without the alliance between the Socialists and the Communists. In 1979, Mitterrand won the Metz Congress , then, despite Rocard's popularity, was chosen as PS candidate for the 1981 presidential election . Three major tendencies or factions emerged within
17780-545: Was defeated by a strike organised by the International. Later in 1867, a public demonstration in Paris was answered by the dissolution of its executive committee and the leadership being fined. Tensions escalated: Internationalists elected a new committee and put forth a more radical programme, the authorities imprisoned their leaders, and a more revolutionary perspective was taken to the International's 1868 Brussels Congress . The International had considerable influence even among unaffiliated French workers, particularly in Paris and
17920-614: Was dominant in Paris, where they won 37 of the 42 seats. On 17 February the new parliament elected the 74-year-old Thiers as chief executive of the Third Republic . He was considered to be the candidate most likely to bring peace and to restore order. Long an opponent of the Prussian war, Thiers persuaded parliament that peace was necessary. He travelled to Versailles , where Bismarck and the German Emperor were waiting, and on 24 February
18060-426: Was elected in 26 departments, the most of any candidate. There were an equal number of more radical republicans, including Jules Favre and Jules Ferry , who wanted a republic without a monarch, and who felt that signing the peace treaty was unavoidable. Finally, on the extreme left, there were the radical republicans and socialists, a group that included Louis Blanc , Léon Gambetta and Georges Clemenceau . This group
18200-544: Was eliminated in the first round of the 1969 presidential election , with only 5% of votes. In 1969, during the Alfortville Congress , the SFIO was replaced by the Socialist Party ( Parti socialiste or PS). It was joined by pro- Pierre Mendès-France clubs ( Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left led by Alain Savary ) and left-wing republican groups ( Union of Socialist Groups and Clubs of Jean Poperen ). During
18340-450: Was favoured according to the polls. Some Socialist leaders asked Jospin to return. He declared he was "available" then finally refused. On 16 November 2006, the members of the Socialist Party chose Ségolène Royal to be their candidate with a majority of 60%. Her challengers, Strauss-Kahn and Fabius, obtained 21% and 19% respectively. After obtaining 25.87% of the vote in the first round of France's presidential elections, Royal qualified for
18480-637: Was for decades the largest party of the " French Left " and used to be one of the two major political parties under the Fifth Republic , along with the Rally for the Republic in the late 20th century, and with the Union for a Popular Movement in the early 2000s. It is currently led by First Secretary Olivier Faure . The PS is a member of the Party of European Socialists , Progressive Alliance and Socialist International . The PS
18620-764: Was founded in 1969 from a merger of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), the Convention of Republican Institutions led by François Mitterrand , and other groups. In the 1970s, the PS surpassed the Communist Party 's share of the left-wing vote. It first won power in 1981, when Mitterrand was elected president . The PS achieved a governing majority in the National Assembly from 1981 to 1986, and again from 1988 to 1993. PS leader Lionel Jospin lost his bid to succeed Mitterrand as president in 1995 to conservative Jacques Chirac , but he served as prime minister in
18760-404: Was inside the building to defend it in case of an assault. The demonstrators presented their demands that the military be placed under civil control, and that there be an immediate election of a commune. The atmosphere was tense, and in the middle of the afternoon, gunfire broke out between the two sides; each side blamed the other for firing first. Six demonstrators were killed, and the army cleared
18900-505: Was instituted. However, the policy of privatisation was pursued. His coalition dissolved when the MDC leader Jean-Pierre Chevènement resigned from the Cabinet. The Green and Communist allies were weakened by their governmental participation. The 2002 presidential election was focused on the theme of insecurity. Jospin, again the Socialists' candidate, was eliminated in the first round due to there being too many left-wing candidates who split
19040-471: Was labeled the Massacre in the Rue de la Paix . In Paris, hostility was growing between the elected republican mayors, including Clemenceau, who believed that they were legitimate leaders of Paris, and the Central Committee of the National Guard. On 22 March, the day before the elections, the Central Committee declared that it, not the mayors, was the legitimate government of Paris. It declared that Clemenceau
19180-475: Was no longer the Mayor of Montmartre, and seized the city hall there, as well as the city halls of the 1st and 2nd arrondissements , which were occupied by more radical national guardsmen. "We are caught between two bands of crazy people," Clemenceau complained, "those sitting in Versailles and those in Paris." The elections of 26 March elected a Commune council of 92 members, one for every 20,000 residents. Ahead of
19320-485: Was re-elected President in 1988 with a moderate programme entitled "United France". He proposed neither nationalisations nor privatisations . He chose as Prime Minister the most popular and moderate of the Socialist politicians, Michel Rocard. His cabinet included four centre-right ministers but it was supported by only a plurality in the National Assembly elected in June 1988 . During his second term, Mitterrand focused on foreign policy and European integration. He convened
19460-483: Was reflected in the results; of the 645 deputies assembled in Bordeaux on February, about 400 favoured a constitutional monarchy under either Henri, Count of Chambord (grandson of Charles X ) or Prince Philippe, Count of Paris (grandson of Louis Philippe ). Of the 200 republicans in the new parliament, 80 were former Orléanists (Philippe's supporters) and moderately conservative. They were led by Adolphe Thiers, who
19600-586: Was ultimately refounded as the New Left (NG). On 1 July 2017, Hamon left the Socialist Party and founded the 1st July Movement (later renamed Génération.s). The Socialist Party abstained from the confidence vote on the Second Philippe government . The party later elected 78 senators in the 2017 election . On 7–8 April 2018, the Aubervilliers Congress elected Olivier Faure as new first secretary of
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