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37-397: Breiðafjörður has a land and seascape consisting of shallow seas, small fjords and bays, and intertidal areas, dotted with about 3,000 islands, islets and skerries . The area contains about half of Iceland's intertidal area and tides can be 6 m (20 ft). The bedrock was formed during rift volcanism in the late Tertiary period. The area consists mainly of basaltic lava that

74-476: A narrow strip, such as in Pacific islands that have only a narrow tidal range, or can include many meters of shoreline where shallow beach slopes interact with high tidal excursion. The peritidal zone is similar but somewhat wider, extending from above the highest tide level to below the lowest. Organisms in the intertidal zone are well-adapted to their environment, facing high levels of interspecific competition and

111-620: Is Thorverk . Thorverk was first established in 1976 by the local farmers and the Icelandic state. During its history Ascophyllum has only been harvested at the same spot every 4 or 5 years. The Icelandic Marine Research Institute monitors the resource and allows a catch quota. All harvest is registered at the Fisheries directory . Just South of Reykhólar , on a small island offshore is also Norður & Co . manufactures sea salt obtained by evaporation of seawater using geothermal energy . The process

148-497: Is "Jonn Hakonar son" and that the book was scribed by two priests. One of them, "Jon prestr Þórðar son", scribed the contents from the tale of Eirík the Traveller down to the end of the two Olaf sagas and the other, " Magnús prestr Thorhallz sun ", scribed the earlier and later material and also drew the illustrations. Further material was inserted towards the end of the 15th century. The manuscript first received special attention by

185-491: Is advanced through activities including harvesting fisheries with drag nets and a neglect of the sensitivity of intertidal zones. Flatey Book Flateyjarbók ( Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈflaːtˌeiːjarˌpouːk] ; "Book of Flatey ") is an important medieval Icelandic manuscript . It is also known as GkS 1005 fol. and by the Latin name Codex Flateyensis . It was commissioned by Jón Hákonarson and produced by

222-526: Is also a great biodiversity. Organisms in this zone generally are not well adapted to periods of dryness and temperature extremes. Some of the organisms in this area are abalone , sea anemones , brown seaweed , chitons , crabs , green algae , hydroids , isopods , limpets , mussels , nudibranchs , sculpin , sea cucumber , sea lettuce , sea palms , starfish , sea urchins , shrimp , snails , sponges , surf grass , tube worms , and whelks . Creatures in this area can grow to larger sizes because there

259-488: Is inhabited year-round. Many islands are used for summer residences and for harvesting of natural resources such as eiderdown and landowners decide wheteher to allow the harvest of Ascophyllum at their shores. Some of the islands include: Seaweed harvest, fisheries, tourism and algal harvesting are other major uses of the area. The largest seaweed harvester in Iceland, with a history of sustainable harvesting for about 50 years

296-441: Is more available energy in the localized ecosystem. Also, marine vegetation can grow to much greater sizes than in the other three intertidal subregions due to the better water coverage. The water is shallow enough to allow plenty of sunlight to reach the vegetation to allow substantial photosynthetic activity, and the salinity is at almost normal levels. This area is also protected from large predators such as fish because of

333-413: Is possible to watch ecological succession over years rather than decades. The burrowing invertebrates that make up large portions of sandy beach ecosystems are known to travel relatively great distances in cross-shore directions as beaches change on the order of days, semilunar cycles, seasons, or years. The distribution of some species has been found to correlate strongly with geomorphic datums such as

370-560: Is the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy . In legal discussions, the foreshore is often referred to as the wet-sand area . For privately owned beaches in the United States , some states such as Massachusetts use the low-water mark as the dividing line between the property of the State and that of the beach owner; however the public still has fishing, fowling, and navigation rights to

407-478: The Flateyjarbók was written there. Afterwards, the island was an important trading post and also home to a printing press. 65°15′N 23°15′W  /  65.250°N 23.250°W  / 65.250; -23.250 Intertidal The intertidal zone or foreshore is the area above water level at low tide and underwater at high tide; in other words, it is the part of the littoral zone within

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444-751: The Vinland colony with some differences from the account contained in Eiríks saga rauða ("History of Eirík the Red"). Here also are preserved the only Icelandic versions of the Orkneyinga saga ("History of the Orkney Islanders") and Færeyinga saga ("History of the Faroe Islanders"). From internal evidence the book was being written in 1387 and was completed in 1394 or very soon after. The first page states that its owner

481-584: The common shag , glaucous gull , white-tailed eagle , common eider , black guillemot and grey phalarope . The area is important staging area for brent goose and red knot . The common seal and the grey seal have their main haul-out on the islands and skerries. Several species of cetaceans are commonly found including the common porpoise , white-beaked dolphin , killer whale and minke whale but also sharks. The islands in Breiðafjörður have an unbroken history of human use, but now only Flatey

518-442: The sea , which is actively moved to the zone by tides. The edges of habitats, in this case the land and sea, are themselves often significant ecosystems , and the littoral zone is a prime example. A typical rocky shore can be divided into a spray zone or splash zone (also known as the supratidal zone ), which is above the spring high-tide line and is covered by water only during storms, and an intertidal zone, which lies between

555-426: The splash zone (the region above the highest still-tide level, but which receives wave splash). On shores exposed to heavy wave action , the intertidal zone will be influenced by waves, as the spray from breaking waves will extend the intertidal zone. Depending on the substratum and topography of the shore, additional features may be noticed. On rocky shores , tide pools form in depressions that fill with water as

592-464: The tidal range . This area can include several types of habitats with various species of life , such as sea stars , sea urchins , and many species of coral with regional differences in biodiversity. Sometimes it is referred to as the littoral zone or seashore , although those can be defined as a wider region. The intertidal zone also includes steep rocky cliffs , sandy beaches , bogs or wetlands (e.g., vast mudflats ). This area can be

629-486: The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies . Flateyjarbók consists of the following texts: Flateyjarbók is currently being translated into English by the Saga Heritage Foundation of Norway. The translator is Alison Finlay, professor of Medieval English and Icelandic Literature at Birkbeck, University of London . A Norwegian edition, translated by Edvard Eikill and comprising six volumes,

666-461: The L. 2971/01, the foreshore zone is defined as the area of the coast that might be reached by the maximum climbing of the waves on the coast (maximum wave run-up on the coast) in their maximum capacity (maximum referring to the "usually maximum winter waves" and of course not to exceptional cases, such as tsunamis ). The foreshore zone, a part of the exceptions of the law, is public, and permanent constructions are not allowed on it. In Italy, about half

703-574: The additional material is placed within the royal sagas, sometimes interlaced. Additionally, the manuscript contains the only copy of the eddic poem Hyndluljóð , a unique set of annals from creation to 1394, and many short tales not otherwise preserved such as Nornagests þáttr ("the Story of Norna Gest"). Especially important is the Grœnlendinga saga ("History of the Greenlanders"), giving an account of

740-505: The ecosystems, yet forty-four percent of respondents state that there is a fair amount of knowledge used in those regions for fisheries. Intertidal zones are sensitive habitats with an abundance of marine species that can experience ecological hazards associated with tourism and human-induced environmental impacts . A variety of other threats that have been summarized by scientists include nutrient pollution , overharvesting , habitat destruction , and climate change . Habitat destruction

777-435: The high and low tidal extremes. Along most shores , the intertidal zone can be clearly separated into the following subzones: high tide zone, middle tide zone, and low tide zone. The intertidal zone is one of a number of marine biomes or habitats , including estuaries , the neritic zone , the photic zone , and deep zones . Marine biologists divide the intertidal region into three zones (low, middle, and high), based on

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814-590: The high tide strand and the water table outcrop. Since the foreshore is alternately covered by the sea and exposed to the air, organisms living in this environment must be adapted to both wet and dry conditions. Intertidal zone biomass reduces the risk of shoreline erosion from high intensity waves. Typical inhabitants of the intertidal rocky shore include sea urchins , sea anemones , barnacles , chitons , crabs , isopods , mussels , starfish , and many marine gastropod molluscs such as limpets and whelks . Sexual and asexual reproduction varies by inhabitants of

851-420: The intertidal zones. Humans have historically used intertidal zones as foraged food sources during low tide . Migratory birds also rely on intertidal species for feeding areas because of low water habitats consisting of an abundance of mollusks and other marine species. As with the dry sand part of a beach, legal and political disputes can arise over the ownership and use of the foreshore. One recent example

888-464: The learned in 1651 when Bishop Brynjólfur Sveinsson of Skálholt , with the permission of King Frederick III of Denmark , requested all folk of Iceland who owned old manuscripts to turn them over to the Danish king, providing either the original or a copy, either as a gift or for a price. Jon Finnsson, who resided on Flatey ('Flat Island') in the fjord of Breiðafjörður on the northwest coast of Iceland,

925-407: The littoral zone. With the intertidal zone's high exposure to sunlight , the temperature can range from very hot with full sunshine to near freezing in colder climates. Some microclimates in the littoral zone are moderated by local features and larger plants such as mangroves . Adaptations in the littoral zone allow the utilization of nutrients supplied in high volume on a regular basis from

962-439: The overall average exposure of the zone. The low intertidal zone, which borders on the shallow subtidal zone, is only exposed to air at the lowest of low tides and is primarily marine in character. The mid intertidal zone is regularly exposed and submerged by average tides. The high intertidal zone is only covered by the highest of the high tides, and spends much of its time as terrestrial habitat. The high intertidal zone borders on

999-743: The priests and scribes Jón Þórðarson and Magnús Þórhallsson . Flateyjarbók is the largest medieval Icelandic manuscript, comprising 225 written and illustrated vellum leaves. It contains mostly sagas of the Norse kings as found in the Heimskringla , specifically the sagas about Olaf Tryggvason , St. Olaf , Sverre , Hákon the Old , Magnus the Good , and Harald Hardrada . But they appear here expanded with additional material not found elsewhere (some of it being very old) along with other unique differences. Most—but not all—of

1036-420: The rapidly changing conditions that come with the tides . The intertidal zone is also home to several species from many different phyla ( Porifera , Annelida , Coelenterata , Mollusca , Arthropoda , etc.). The water that comes with the tides can vary from brackish waters , fresh with rain , to highly saline and dry salt , with drying between tidal inundations. Wave splash can dislodge residents from

1073-522: The shoreline is owned by the government but leased to private beach clubs called lidos. In the East African and West Indian Ocean, intertidal zone management is often neglected of being a priority due to there being no intent for collective economic productivity. According to workshops performing questionaries, it is stated that eighty-six percent of respondents believe mismanagement of mangrove and coastal ecosystems are due to lack of knowledge to steward

1110-420: The tide rises. Under certain conditions, such as those at Morecambe Bay , quicksand may form. This subregion is mostly submerged – it is only exposed at the point of low tide and for a longer period of time during extremely low tides. This area is teeming with life; the most notable difference between this subregion and the other three is that there is much more marine vegetation, especially seaweeds . There

1147-613: The wave action and the relatively shallow water. The intertidal region is an important model system for the study of ecology , especially on wave-swept rocky shores. The region contains a high diversity of species, and the zonation created by the tides causes species ranges to be compressed into very narrow bands. This makes it relatively simple to study species across their entire cross-shore range, something that can be extremely difficult in, for instance, terrestrial habitats that can stretch thousands of kilometres. Communities on wave-swept shores also have high turnover due to disturbance, so it

Breiðafjörður - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-638: The way. It is also possible to circle around Breiðafjörður overland, by car. If the weather is fine, it is possible to see the coastline of the Westfjords from the Snæfellsnes peninsula, at a distance of up to 40 km (25 mi). [REDACTED] During the Middle Ages , especially in the 12th century, there was a monastery of Augustine monks on the island of Flatey which formed an important centre of Icelandic culture. The most extensive medieval manuscript,

1221-625: The zone between low and high water. Other states such as California use the high-water mark. In the United Kingdom , the foreshore is generally deemed to be owned by the Crown , with exceptions for what are termed several fisheries , which can be historic deeds to title, dating back to King John 's time or earlier, and the Udal Law , which applies generally in Orkney and Shetland . In Greece , according to

1258-490: Was deeply eroded by glaciers during the quaternary age , creating a diverse landscape. There are several geothermal sites, some visible only at low tide . The large intertidal zone is high in biodiversity and productivity and has extensive algal forests and other important habitats for fish and invertebrates . By far the most dominant species is Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed. The land-area supports 230 species of vascular plants and around 50 breeding bird species including

1295-415: Was first used in this region in 1753 and was chosen by Soren Røsenkilde when he established Norður in 2012. Breiðafjörður is the spawning ground for some of Iceland's most important economic fish species and a variety of invertebrates. From the small port of Stykkishólmur on the Snæfellsnes peninsula, a ferry crosses Breiðafjörður to Brjánslækur in the Westfjords, stopping at the island of Flatey on

1332-690: Was given as a present from Bishop Brynjólfur to King Frederick III in 1656, and placed in the Royal Library of Copenhagen. In 1662, the bishop presented the king with a second medieval manuscript, the Codex Regius ( Konungsbók eddukvæða ). It and Flateyjarbók survived the Copenhagen Fire of 1728 and the Second Battle of Copenhagen in 1807 and were eventually repatriated to Iceland in 1971 as Icelandic national treasures. They are preserved and studied by

1369-475: Was then the owner of the book which was already known as the Flateyjarbók . At first Jon refused to release his precious heirloom, the biggest and best book in all of Iceland, and he continued to refuse even when Bishop Brynjólfur paid him a personal visit and offered him five hundreds of land. Jon only changed his mind and bestowed the book on the bishop just as the bishop was leaving the region. The manuscript

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