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59-620: Breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis ) is a species of flowering tree in the mulberry and jackfruit family ( Moraceae ) believed to be a domesticated descendant of Artocarpus camansi originating in New Guinea , the Maluku Islands , and the Philippines . It was initially spread to Oceania via the Austronesian expansion . It was further spread to other tropical regions of the world during

118-1850: A molecular phylogeny of plants placed the flowering plants in their evolutionary context: Bryophytes [REDACTED] Lycophytes [REDACTED] Ferns [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The main groups of living angiosperms are: Amborellales [REDACTED] 1 sp. New Caledonia shrub Nymphaeales [REDACTED] c. 80 spp. water lilies & allies Austrobaileyales [REDACTED] c. 100 spp. woody plants Magnoliids [REDACTED] c. 10,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Chloranthales [REDACTED] 77 spp. Woody, apetalous Monocots [REDACTED] c. 70,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1 cotyledon , 1-pore pollen, usu. parallel-veined leaves   Ceratophyllales [REDACTED] c. 6 spp. aquatic plants Eudicots [REDACTED] c. 175,000 spp. 4- or 5-part flowers, 3-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Amborellales Melikyan, Bobrov & Zaytzeva 1999 Nymphaeales Salisbury ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Austrobaileyales Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992 Chloranthales Mart. 1835 Canellales Cronquist 1957 Piperales von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Magnoliales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Laurales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Acorales Link 1835 Alismatales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Petrosaviales Takhtajan 1997 Dioscoreales Brown 1835 Pandanales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Liliales Perleb 1826 Asparagales Link 1829 Arecales Bromhead 1840 Poales Small 1903 Zingiberales Grisebach 1854 Commelinales de Mirbel ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Plant propagation Propagation typically occurs as

177-442: A woody stem ), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of broad-leaved trees , shrubs and vines , and most aquatic plants . Angiosperms are distinguished from the other major seed plant clade, the gymnosperms , by having flowers , xylem consisting of vessel elements instead of tracheids , endosperm within their seeds, and fruits that completely envelop the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from

236-681: A British Naval expedition. After an unsuccessful voyage to the South Pacific to collect the plants as commander of HMS  Bounty , in 1791, William Bligh commanded a second expedition with Providence and Assistant , which collected seedless breadfruit plants in Tahiti and transported these to St. Helena in the Atlantic and St. Vincent and Jamaica in the West Indies. The plant grows best below elevations of 650 m (2,130 ft), but

295-491: A dish similar to lasagna . Ripe breadfruit is used in desserts: flan de pana (breadfruit custard). Cazuela , a crustless pie with ripe breadfruit, spices, raisins, coconut milk, and sweet potatoes. Breadfruit flour is sold all over Puerto Rico and used for making bread, pastries, cookies, pancakes, waffles, crepes, and almojábana . In the Dominican Republic , it is called buen pan or "good bread". Breadfruit

354-442: A famine seized their island. When he could no longer bear to watch his children suffer, Kū told his wife that he could deliver them from starvation, but to do so he would have to leave them. Reluctantly she agreed, and at her word, Kū descended into the ground right where he had stood until only the top of his head was visible. His family waited around the spot he had last been, day and night, watering it with their tears until suddenly,

413-472: A heated rubber mat covered by a metal cage that is used in gardening . The mats are made so that planters containing seedlings can be placed on top of the metal cage without the risk of starting a fire . Another example is a seedling heat mat , multiple layers of durable, water resistant plastic material with insulated heating coils embedded inside (similar to underfloor heating systems, but with rubber mat instead of flooring). In extreme cold, gardeners place

472-400: A loose plastic cover over the planters/mats which creates a sort of miniature greenhouse . The constant and predictable heat allows people to raise seedlings in the winter months when the weather is generally too cold for seedlings to survive naturally outside. When combined with a lighting system , many plants can be grown indoors using these mats. This can increase the variety of plants that

531-399: A mixture of soil, peat and sand, and kept in the shade while moistened with liquid fertilizer . When roots are developed, the transplant is put in full sun until time for planting in the orchard. For large-scale propagation, root cuttings are preferred, using segments about 10 centimetres (2 in) thick and 20 centimetres (9 in) long. Rooting may take up to 5 months to develop, with

590-422: A particular temperature) and high humidity , which is essential in successful seed germination and in helping cuttings to take root. In colder climates they are sometimes used for plants like peppers and sweet peas which need warmer environments (about 15°C, for the plants listed) in order to germinate. If excessive condensation forms on the inside of the lid, the gardener can open the ventilating holes to regulate

649-496: A potato-like flavor. The trees have been widely planted in tropical regions, including lowland Central America , northern South America , and the Caribbean . In addition to the fruit serving as a staple food in many cultures, the light, sturdy timber of breadfruit has been used for outriggers , ships, and houses in the tropics. Breadfruit is closely related to Artocarpus camansi (breadnut or seeded breadfruit) of New Guinea,

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708-448: A reasonable potential of 15 to 30 tonnes per hectare (6.7 to 13.4 short ton/acre). The ovoid fruit has a rough surface, and each fruit is divided into many achenes , each achene surrounded by a fleshy perianth and growing on a fleshy receptacle . Most selectively bred cultivars have seedless fruit , whereas seeded varieties are grown mainly for their edible seeds. Breadfruit is usually propagated using root cuttings . Breadfruit

767-472: A small green shoot appeared where Kū had stood. Quickly, the shoot grew into a tall and leafy tree that was laden with heavy breadfruits that Kū's family and neighbors gratefully ate, joyfully saved from starvation. Though they are widely distributed throughout the Pacific, many breadfruit hybrids and cultivars are seedless or otherwise biologically incapable of naturally dispersing long distances. Therefore, it

826-535: A step in the overall cycle of plant growth. For seeds, it happens after ripening and dispersal ; for vegetative parts, it happens after detachment or pruning; for asexually-reproducing plants, such as strawberry, it happens as the new plant develops from existing parts. Countless plants are propagated each day in horticulture and agriculture . Plant propagation is vital to agriculture and horticulture, not just for human food production but also for forest and fibre crops, as well as traditional and herbal medicine. It

885-610: A total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families. The diversity of flowering plants is not evenly distributed. Nearly all species belong to the eudicot (75%), monocot (23%), and magnoliid (2%) clades. The remaining five clades contain a little over 250 species in total; i.e. less than 0.1% of flowering plant diversity, divided among nine families. The 25 most species-rich of 443 families, containing over 166,000 species between them in their APG circumscriptions, are: The botanical term "angiosperm", from Greek words angeíon ( ἀγγεῖον 'bottle, vessel') and spérma ( σπέρμα 'seed'),

944-414: Is propagated mainly by seeds, though seedless breadfruit can be propagated by transplanting suckers that grow off the surface roots of the tree. The roots can be purposefully injured to induce the growth of suckers, which are then separated from the root and planted in a pot or directly transplanted into the ground. Pruning also induces sucker growth. Sucker cuttings are placed in plastic bags containing

1003-858: Is starting to impact plants and is likely to cause many species to become extinct by 2100. Angiosperms are terrestrial vascular plants; like the gymnosperms, they have roots , stems , leaves , and seeds . They differ from other seed plants in several ways. The largest angiosperms are Eucalyptus gum trees of Australia, and Shorea faguetiana , dipterocarp rainforest trees of Southeast Asia, both of which can reach almost 100 metres (330 ft) in height. The smallest are Wolffia duckweeds which float on freshwater, each plant less than 2 millimetres (0.08 in) across. Considering their method of obtaining energy, some 99% of flowering plants are photosynthetic autotrophs , deriving their energy from sunlight and using it to create molecules such as sugars . The remainder are parasitic , whether on fungi like

1062-507: Is 71% water, 27% carbohydrates , 1% protein and contains negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), raw breadfruit supplies 103 calories , is a rich source of vitamin C (32% of the Daily Value , DV), and provides a moderate source of potassium (16% DV), with no other nutrients in significant content. Breadfruit is a staple food in many tropical regions. Most breadfruit varieties produce fruit throughout

1121-684: Is also called mapén and used to make pasteles and alcapurrias . Breadfruit is often served boiled with a mixture of sauteed bacalao (salted cod fish), olive oil and onions. Mostly as tostones where about 1 inch chunks are fried, lighty flattened and fried again. Mofongo de panapén fried breadfruit mashed with olive oil, garlic, broth, and chicharrón . Rellenos de panapén the breadfruit version of papa rellena . Dipping sauce made from boiled ripe breadfruit similar to chutney using spices, sesame seeds, herbs, lentil, coconut milk, and fruit. Both ripe and unripe are boiled together and mashed with milk and butter to make pastelón de panapén ,

1180-478: Is also important for plant breeding. Seeds and spores can be used for reproduction (e.g. sowing ). Seeds are typically produced from sexual reproduction within a species because genetic recombination has occurred. A plant grown from seeds may have different characteristics from its parents. Some species produce seeds that require special conditions to germinate, such as cold treatment . The seeds of many Australian plants and plants from southern Africa and

1239-476: Is boiled, then fried and eaten with saucy meat dishes like curried duck. In Jamaica , breadfruit is boiled in soups or roasted on stove top, in the oven or on wood coal. It is eaten with the national dish ackee and salt fish. The ripe fruit is used in salads or fried as a side dish. In St. Vincent and the Grenadines it is eaten boiled in soups, roasted and fried. When roasted and served with fried jackfish, it

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1298-471: Is called poi ʻulu . In Sri Lanka , it is cooked as a curry using coconut milk and spices (which becomes a side dish) or boiled. Boiled breadfruit is a famous main meal. It is often consumed with scraped coconut or coconut sambol , made of scraped coconut, red chili powder and salt mixed with a dash of lime juice. A traditional sweet snack made of finely sliced, sun-dried breadfruit chips deep-fried in coconut oil and dipped in heated treacle or sugar syrup

1357-645: Is clear that humans aided distribution of the plant in the Pacific, specifically prehistoric groups who colonized the Pacific Islands. To investigate the patterns of human migration throughout the Pacific, scientists have used molecular dating of breadfruit hybrids and cultivars in concert with anthropological data. Results support the west-to-east migration hypothesis, in which the Lapita people are thought to have traveled from Melanesia to numerous Polynesian islands. The world's largest collection of breadfruit varieties

1416-449: Is closely related to the breadnut . It is similar in appearance to its relative of the same genus , the jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ). The closely related Artocarpus camansi can be distinguished from A. altilis by having spinier fruits with numerous seeds. Artocarpus mariannensis can be distinguished by having dark green elongated fruits with darker yellow flesh, as well as entire or shallowly lobed leaves. Breadfruit

1475-478: Is derived from the Greek words ἀγγεῖον / angeion ('container, vessel') and σπέρμα / sperma ('seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. The group was formerly called Magnoliophyta . Angiosperms are by far the most diverse group of land plants with 64 orders , 416 families , approximately 13,000 known genera and 300,000 known species . They include all forbs (flowering plants without

1534-520: Is done to prevent the accidental spreading of these plants, for example by birds and other animals. Plant roots, stems, and leaves have a number of mechanisms for asexual or vegetative reproduction , which horticulturists employ to multiply or clone plants rapidly, such as in tissue culture and grafting . Plants are produced using material from a single parent and as such, there is no exchange of genetic material, therefore vegetative propagation methods almost always produce plants that are identical to

1593-419: Is found at elevations of 1,550 m (5,090 ft). Preferred soils are neutral to alkaline ( pH of 6.1–7.4) and either sand, sandy loam, loam or sandy clay loam . Breadfruit is able to grow in coral sands and saline soils . The breadfruit is ultra-tropical, requiring a temperature range of 16–38 °C (61–100 °F) and an annual rainfall of 2,000–2,500 millimetres (80–100 inches). Breadfruit

1652-524: Is known as rata del petti . In India , fritters of breadfruit, called jeev kadge phodi in Konkani or kadachakka varuthath in Malayalam , are a local delicacy in coastal Karnataka and Kerala . In Seychelles , it was traditionally eaten as a substitute for rice, as an accompaniment to the mains. It would either be consumed boiled ( friyapen bwi ) or grilled ( friyapen griye ), where it would be put whole in

1711-479: Is native to New Guinea , the Maluku Islands , and the Philippines . It was one of the canoe plants spread by Austronesian voyagers around 3,000 years ago into Micronesia , Melanesia , and Polynesia , where it was not native. A. camansi was domesticated and selectively bred in Polynesia, giving rise to the mostly seedless Artocarpus altilis . Micronesian breadfruit also show evidence of hybridization with

1770-480: Is not popular in Dominican cookery and is used mainly for feeding pigs. In Barbados , breadfruit is boiled with salted meat and mashed with butter to make breadfruit coucou. It is usually eaten with saucy meat dishes. In Haiti , steamed breadfruit is mashed to make a dish called tonmtonm which is eaten with a sauce made with okra and other ingredients, such as fish and crab. In Trinidad and Tobago , breadfruit

1829-425: Is the country's national dish. The ripe fruit is used as a base to make drinks, cakes and ice cream. Breadfruit was widely used in a variety of ways among Pacific Islanders . Its lightweight wood ( specific gravity of 0.27) is resistant to termites and shipworms , so it is used as timber for structures and outrigger canoes . Its wood pulp can also be used to make paper , called breadfruit tapa . The wood of

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1888-485: The Alismatales grow in marine environments, spreading with rhizomes that grow through the mud in sheltered coastal waters. Some specialised angiosperms are able to flourish in extremely acid or alkaline habitats. The sundews , many of which live in nutrient-poor acid bogs , are carnivorous plants , able to derive nutrients such as nitrate from the bodies of trapped insects. Other flowers such as Gentiana verna ,

1947-456: The American west require smoke or fire to germinate. Some plant species, including many trees , do not produce seeds until they reach maturity, which may take many years. Seeds can be difficult to acquire, and some plants do not produce seed at all. Some plants (like certain plants modified using genetic use restriction technology ) may produce seed, but not a fertile seed. In certain cases, this

2006-515: The Caroline Islands , in the context of sacred yitang lore, breadfruit ( poi ) is a figure of speech for knowledge. This lore is organized into five categories: war, magic, meetings, navigation, and breadfruit . According to an etiological Hawaiian myth , the breadfruit originated from the sacrifice of the war god Kū . After deciding to live secretly among mortals as a farmer, Kū married and had children. He and his family lived happily until

2065-568: The Colonial Era . British and French navigators introduced a few Polynesian seedless varieties to Caribbean islands during the late 18th century. Today it is grown in some 90 countries throughout South and Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean, Central America and Africa. Its name is derived from the texture of the moderately ripe fruit when cooked, similar to freshly baked bread and having

2124-473: The Maluku Islands , and the Philippines , Artocarpus blancoi ( tipolo or antipolo ) of the Philippines, and Artocarpus mariannensis ( dugdug ) of Micronesia , all of which are sometimes also referred to as "breadfruit". It is also closely related to the jackfruit . Breadfruit trees grow to a height of 26 metres (85 feet). The large and thick leaves are deeply cut into pinnate lobes. All parts of

2183-460: The orchids for part or all of their life-cycle, or on other plants , either wholly like the broomrapes, Orobanche , or partially like the witchweeds, Striga . In terms of their environment, flowering plants are cosmopolitan, occupying a wide range of habitats on land, in fresh water and in the sea. On land, they are the dominant plant group in every habitat except for frigid moss-lichen tundra and coniferous forest . The seagrasses in

2242-883: The "Big Five" extinction events in Earth's history, only the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event had occurred while angiosperms dominated plant life on the planet. Today, the Holocene extinction affects all kingdoms of complex life on Earth, and conservation measures are necessary to protect plants in their habitats in the wild ( in situ ), or failing that, ex situ in seed banks or artificial habitats like botanic gardens . Otherwise, around 40% of plant species may become extinct due to human actions such as habitat destruction , introduction of invasive species , unsustainable logging , land clearing and overharvesting of medicinal or ornamental plants . Further, climate change

2301-450: The breadfruit tree was one of the most valuable timbers in the construction of traditional houses in Samoan architecture . Breadfruit contains phytochemicals having potential as an insect repellent . The parts of the fruits that are discarded can be used to feed livestock. The leaves of breadfruit trees can also be browsed by cattle. Breadfruit however, exudes latex upon harvesting, causing

2360-601: The closely related Artocarpus camansi , and the endemic Artocarpus blancoi ( tipolo or antipolo ). All three species, as well as the closely related jackfruit , are commonly used much in the same way in savory dishes. The immature fruits are most commonly eaten as ginataang rimas (cooked with coconut milk ). In the Hawaiian staple food called poi , the traditional ingredient of mashed taro root can be replaced by, or augmented with, mashed breadfruit ( ʻulu in Hawaiian ). The resulting "breadfruit poi"

2419-547: The common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the Carboniferous , over 300 million years ago. In the Cretaceous , angiosperms diversified explosively , becoming the dominant group of plants across the planet. Agriculture is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, and a small number of flowering plant families supply nearly all plant-based food and livestock feed. Rice , maize and wheat provide half of

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2478-635: The flowering plants as an unranked clade without a formal Latin name (angiosperms). A formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants rank as the subclass Magnoliidae. From 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has reclassified the angiosperms, with updates in the APG II system in 2003, the APG III system in 2009, and the APG IV system in 2016. In 2019,

2537-518: The manner of vines or lianas . The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000. This compares to around 12,000 species of moss and 11,000 species of pteridophytes . The APG system seeks to determine the number of families , mostly by molecular phylogenetics . In the 2009 APG III there were 415 families. The 2016 APG IV added five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, for

2596-438: The native Artocarpus mariannensis , while most Polynesian and Melanesian cultivars do not. This indicates that Micronesia was initially colonized separately from Polynesia and Melanesia through two different migration events which later came into contact with each other in eastern Micronesia. Breadfruit is an equatorial lowland species. It has been spread from its Pacific source to many tropical regions. In 1769, Joseph Banks

2655-481: The parent. In some plants, seeds can be produced without fertilization and the seeds contain only the genetic material of the parent plant. Therefore, propagation via asexual seeds or apomixis is asexual reproduction but not vegetative propagation . Techniques for vegetative propagation include: A heated propagator is a horticultural device to maintain a warm and damp environment for seeds and cuttings to grow in. They generally provide bottom heat (maintained at

2714-445: The plant sap to adhere to the surface leading to the staining of the epicarp. Proper methods of breadfruit harvesting usually include the process of draining the latex and disposing of it. Sticky white sap or latex is present in all parts of the breadfruit tree and has been used for glue, caulk, and even chewing gum. Native Hawaiians used its sticky latex to trap birds , whose feathers were made into cloaks . On Puluwat in

2773-585: The seeds can be cooked for consumption. The seedless breadfruit is found in Brunei , Indonesia and Malaysia , where it is called sukun . It is commonly made into fritters and eaten as snacks. Breadfruit fritters are sold as local street food. In the Philippines , breadfruit is known as rimas in Tagalog and kolo in the Visayan languages . It is also called kamansi (also spelled camansi ), along with

2832-568: The spring gentian, are adapted to the alkaline conditions found on calcium -rich chalk and limestone , which give rise to often dry topographies such as limestone pavement . As for their growth habit , the flowering plants range from small, soft herbaceous plants , often living as annuals or biennials that set seed and die after one growing season, to large perennial woody trees that may live for many centuries and grow to many metres in height. Some species grow tall without being self-supporting like trees by climbing on other plants in

2891-617: The swollen perianth , and originates from 1,500 to 2,000 flowers visible on the skin of the fruit as hexagon-like disks. Breadfruit is one of the highest-yielding food plants, with a single tree producing up to 200 or more grapefruit-sized fruits per season, requiring limited care. In the South Pacific , the trees yield 50 to 150 fruits per year, usually round, oval or oblong weighing 0.25 to 6 kilograms (0.55 to 13 lb). Productivity varies between wet and dry areas. Studies in Barbados indicate

2950-400: The temperature a little. Non-electric propagators (mainly a seed tray and a clear plastic lid) are a lot cheaper to purchase than a heated propagator, but without the constant regulated warmth and bottom heat provided by a heated propagator, growth of seedlings tends to be slower and less consistent (with increased risk of seeds failing to germinate). An electric seed-propagation mat is

3009-462: The tree yield latex , which is useful for boat caulking . The trees are monoecious , with male and female flowers growing on the same tree. The male flowers emerge first, followed shortly afterward by the female flowers. The latter grow into capitula , which are capable of pollination just three days later. Pollination occurs mainly by fruit bats , but cultivated varieties produce fruit without pollination. The compound, false fruit develops from

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3068-546: The wood fire used for cooking the main meal and then taken out when ready. It is also eaten as a dessert, called ladob friyapen , where it is boiled in coconut milk, sugar, vanilla, cinnamon and a pinch of salt. In Belize , the Mayan people call it masapan . In Puerto Rico , breadfruit is called panapén or pana , for short, although the name pana is often used to refer to breadnut , seeds of which have traditionally been boiled, peeled and eaten whole. In some inland regions it

3127-554: The world's staple calorie intake, and all three plants are cereals from the Poaceae family (colloquially known as grasses). Other families provide important industrial plant products such as wood , paper and cotton , and supply numerous ingredients for beverages , sugar production , traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals . Flowering plants are also commonly grown for decorative purposes , with certain flowers playing significant cultural roles in many societies. Out of

3186-681: The year, the preservation of harvested fruit is an issue. One traditional preservation technique known throughout Oceania is to bury peeled and washed fruits in a leaf-lined pit where they ferment over several weeks and produce a sour, sticky paste . Stored in this way, the product may endure a year or more. Some pits are reported to have produced edible contents more than 20 years after burial. Remnants of pit-like formations with stone scattered around (presumed to line them) are often clues indicating prehistoric settlement to archaeologists studying pre-contact history of French Polynesia . In addition to being edible raw, breadfruit can be ground into flour and

3245-438: The year. Both ripe and unripe fruit have culinary uses; unripe breadfruit is cooked before consumption. Before being eaten, the fruit are roasted, baked, fried or boiled. When cooked, the taste of moderately ripe breadfruit is described as potato -like, or similar to freshly baked bread. One breadfruit tree can produce 200 kilograms (450 lb) each season. Because breadfruit trees usually produce large crops at certain times of

3304-436: The young trees ready for planting when they are 60 centimetres (2 ft) high. The term breadfruit was first used in the 17th century to describe the bread-like texture of the fruit when baked. Breadfruit has hundreds of varieties and numerous common names varying by its geographic distribution. According to DNA fingerprinting studies, the wild seeded ancestor of breadfruit is the breadnut ( Artocarpus camansi ) which

3363-483: Was coined in the form "Angiospermae" by Paul Hermann in 1690, including only flowering plants whose seeds were enclosed in capsules. The term angiosperm fundamentally changed in meaning in 1827 with Robert Brown , when angiosperm came to mean a seed plant with enclosed ovules. In 1851, with Wilhelm Hofmeister 's work on embryo-sacs, Angiosperm came to have its modern meaning of all the flowering plants including Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. The APG system treats

3422-437: Was established by botanist Diane Ragone, from over 20 years' travel to 50 Pacific islands, on a 4-hectare (10-acre) plot outside of Hana , on the isolated east coast of Maui ( Hawaii ). Flowering plant Basal angiosperms Core angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits , and form the clade Angiospermae ( / ˌ æ n dʒ i ə ˈ s p ər m iː / ). The term 'angiosperm'

3481-705: Was stationed in Tahiti as part of the Endeavour expedition commanded by Captain James Cook . The late-18th-century quest for cheap, high-energy food sources for slaves in British colonies prompted colonial administrators and plantation owners to call for breadfruit to be brought to the Caribbean . As president of the Royal Society , Banks provided a cash bounty and gold medal for success in this endeavor, and successfully lobbied for

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