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84-832: (Redirected from Brancoveanu ) Brâncoveanu may refer to: Constantin Brâncoveanu Constantin Brâncoveanu metro station Constantin Brâncoveanu University Constantin Brâncoveanu, a village in Dragalina Commune, Călăraşi County, Romania Brâncoveanu, a village in Odobeşti Commune, Dâmboviţa County, Romania See also [ edit ] Brâncovenesc , type of architecture developed in Wallachia and Transylvania during

168-604: A bronze cannon foundry in Târgoviște . The foundry, organized with the help of Venetian craftsmen, functioned until the end of his reign. Voivode Michael the Brave carried out several successful campaigns. In 1594, he captured several Turkish forts along the Danube and won at the Battle of Călugăreni a year later. With new support from Transylvania, Michael launched another offensive against

252-721: A printing press was established in Bucharest - an institution overseen by Anthim the Iberian . In 1694, he founded the Royal Academy of Bucharest . In his religious and laic constructions, Brâncoveanu harmoniously combined in architecture the mural and sculptural painting, the local tradition, the Neo-Byzantine style and the innovative ideas of the Italian Renaissance , giving rise to Brâncovenesc style . The most accomplished and

336-573: A century prior, the Wallachian army was mainly made up of mercenaries. A total number of 27 different types of troops existed throughout the century. Their equipment and uniforms varied between each troop type. Though the boyars who led them were not trained at military academies , they studied the military tactics of their time and instructed their troops accordingly. While the Phanariot armies carried out their tasks well during peacetime, such as guarding

420-502: A contingent of 4,000 archers led by the Voivode participated in the Battle of Kosovo . Due to the constant internal and external conflicts, Vlad Dracula organized a small army of 6,000 to 8,000 soldiers composed of small land owners, boyars, courtiers, and a hired personal guard of trabants from Transylvania . Vlad also made use of artillery , which was likely operated by foreign mercenaries. With this army, Vlad campaigned against

504-572: A daughter of Antioh Cantemir, former Moldavian ruler, but the planned marriage didn't come to fruition in light of the 1714 events. Matei Brâncoveanu [REDACTED] 1702-1714 At the time of his death 11 or 12 years of age. A number of more and less reliable accounts of the August 1714 martyrdom state that he made a plea for his life, but his father convinced him not to trade his faith for his life. Was killed in front of his father. Wallachian Army The military of Wallachia existed throughout

588-426: A great friend towards Costandin-vodă, asking him, in all good faith, to teach him what he should do next. And he told all the truth about how his and his troops' arrival had been brought about by the lies of [a high boyar], and how [the boyar] had boasted that, were [they] to enter the country, all boyars and all country would pay allegiance to [them], but that this had not in fact happened. Thus Costandin-vodă told him

672-449: A number of 50 Ottoman ships. During the night attack on Mehmet 's camp near Târgoviște in 1462, the Voivode's army took heavy losses. The large host ( oastea cea mare ) was an army that consisted of peasants and city dwellers. The number of soldiers in this army could reach 30 to 40,000. Once the Prince ordered the call to arms, special envoys were dispatched to the territory to deliver

756-820: A relative (who was also a descendant of Constantin Brâncoveanu) and thus passed the family name on. According to a genealogical study, roughly 250 of his bloodline were alive at the middle of the 19th century. Amongst them Gheorghe Bibescu and Barbu Știrbei (rulers of Wallachia and Moldova), famous revolutionary Alexandru Ipsilanti, Romanian Prime ministers Barbu Catargiu , Nicolae Kretzulescu , George Manu and Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino "Nababul" and historians Dan and Mihnea Berindei. Constantin II Brâncoveanu [REDACTED] 1683-1714 Constantin III ( mare ban ) Constantin II

840-600: A thing to happen, the nearby Tatars [who were Ottoman allies] would immediately arrive with a mighty force in order to enslave and plunder the country, and the Austrians would prove of no help. And immediately they moved spot and went to the village of Ruși, where the princely fish ponds are located. Then [the Austrian General] came to Drăgănești, inviting Costandin-vodă to leave Ruși and meet him in Drăgănești, showing himself

924-799: Is also considered the first Phanariote in that country). Through his death, Constantin Brâncoveanu became the hero of a series Romanian folk ballads , as well as being depicted on some of Romania 's official coinage . According to the Romanian Orthodox Church , the reason for his and his sons' execution was their refusal to give up their Christian faith and convert to Islam . In 1992 the Church declared him, his sons, and Enache saints and martyrs ( Sfinții Martiri Binecredinciosul Voievod Constantin Brâncoveanu, împreună cu fiii săi Constantin, Ștefan, Radu, Matei și sfetnicul Ianache - "The Martyr Saints

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1008-583: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Constantin Br%C3%A2ncoveanu A descendant of the Craiovești boyar family and heir through his grandfather Preda of a considerable part of Matei Basarab ′s fortune, Brâncoveanu was born on the estate of Brâncoveni and raised in the house of his uncle, stolnic Constantin Cantacuzino . He rose to

1092-510: Is recognized by all Eastern Orthodox Churches . On 15 August 1714, the Feast of the Dormition , when Constantin Brâncoveanu was also celebrating his 60th birthday, he and his four sons and boyar Ianache Văcărescu were brought before Sultan Ahmed III of Turkey. Diplomatic representatives of Austria, Russia, France and England were also present. After all of his fortune has been seized, in exchange for

1176-434: Is reflected in chronicles of the time, which are ideologically divided: Letopisețul Cantacuzinesc gives a bleak account of Șerban's rule, as does Cronica Bălenilor ; Radu Greceanu 's is an official account of Brâncoveanu's rule, and Radu Popescu is adverse to Cantacuzino rulers. Dimitrie Cantemir 's Historia Hieroglyphica is centered on the clash, and reflects Cantemir's preference for Constantin Cantacuzino, who

1260-675: The Austrian troops in the Argeș and Muscel counties in September 1737. On 18 October, the Austrian vanguard of 5,000 Hungarian Hussars and 300 Germans was attacked and destroyed at Pitești , forcing the main army corps to retreat towards Oltenia . The Wallachian army continued the offensive and further defeated a 10,000-strong Imperial army at Râmnicu Vâlcea in November. By December 1737, all of Oltenia

1344-451: The Bulgarians . The battle ended in a defeat. In the same year, Wallachia was invaded by Charles I of Hungary who was seeking to recapture the "marginal lands" held by Basarab. The Hungarian royal army captured Severin in September, appointing Dionysius Széchy as Ban . Due to the poor supplies of Charles' army, he was compelled to sign an armistice and retreat from Wallachia. His army

1428-609: The Diploma of the Joannites , fought against the Hungarians over the lands claimed by the Hungarian crown . Litovoi was killed in the battle, and his brother, Bărbat , was captured and forced to pay a ransom and recognize Hungarian rule. One of the first military actions after the founding of Wallachia was the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. There, an army led by Basarab I fought alongside

1512-766: The Habsburg monarchy , and then with Peter the Great 's Russia ( see Russo-Turkish War, 1710-1711 ): upon the 1710 Russian intervention in Moldavia , the prince contacted Tsar Peter and accepted gifts from the latter, while his rivalry with the Moldavian Prince Dimitrie Cantemir (the main regional ally of the Russians) prevented a more decisive political move. Instead, Brâncoveanu gathered Wallachian troops in Urlați , near

1596-810: The Illuminated Chronicle , the Wallachian army of Basarab was just as well equipped as the King's army as noted by Stephen, the son of the Cuman Ispán Parabuh. Wars with Hungary continued during the reign of Vladislav Vlaicu , with Vlaicu defeating an army led by Nicholas Lackfi in the autumn of 1368, though he later submitted to Louis I . For a battle against the Hungarians, Radu I prepared his army with armour from Venice as described in Cronaca Carrarese by Galeazzo and Bartolomeo Gatari. His army

1680-586: The Metropolitan Theodosie, as well as all his lower and higher boyars, summoning a great council on what was to be done, whereupon some of the boyars vigorously showed themselves to favor Costandin-vodă's rejection of the Turks and his joining the Austrians; while another bunch of boyars, foremost Costandin [Constantin] Cantacuzino, who has been great stolnic , and Mihai Cantacuzino , the great spătar , believed this not to constitute good advice, as, where such

1764-499: The Middle Ages through the early modern period , the soldiers ( voinici ) of the Wallachian army were organized in three types of military units : The Wallachian Army used various units between the 14th and the 19th centuries: The first mention of Wallachia's use of ships for military operations comes from Jean de Wavrin , who wrote about the 1445 Burgundian expedition in Wallachia. During this expedition led by Walerand de Wavrin,

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1848-624: The Princely Courts , borders, and towns, and ensuring public order; during wartime, the efficiency of these armies was limited due to the poor training of the troops, lack of equipment, and the lack of a well-trained officer corps . Some victories were however achieved. During the Austro-Turkish War of 1737–1739 , an army led by Spătar Ioan Nicolae Mavrocordat, Constantin Mavrocordat 's brother, together with an Ottoman detachment defeated

1932-659: The Romanian Naval Forces . Before the formation of a Wallachian state, some Romanian leaders controlled lands south of the Carpathians . During the Mongol invasion of Europe , two such leaders, Bezerenbam and Mișelav , fought against the invading Mongol armies. Bezerenbam's army was defeated in the Ilaut Country , while Mișelav's army was defeated by Budjek. In 1277, the Wallachian voivode Litovoi , first mentioned in

2016-500: The Râureni camp by Gheorghe Magheru . Due to the poor economic conditions which did not allow the resistance to properly arm itself, and due to the hesitation of some revolution leaders, these troops never entered combat with the Ottomans. On 24 September, the Ottomans set up their camp at Cotroceni , being faced by several thousand peasants who tried to defend Bucharest. After arresting

2100-462: The Transylvanian Saxons who supported his rivals. He also defeated an Ottoman army led by Hamza Bey in 1460. In 1462, Vlad launched a campaign south of the Danube. Dividing his army into six columns, he attacked strategic settlements near the river. Vlad led the army heading towards Nicopolis . During this offensive, he utilized culverins in his attack on Svishtov , and also destroyed

2184-587: The Voivode of Transylvania , and defeated the pretender in the autumn of 1522. The army of Radu Paisie participated in the Ottoman expedition in Hungary under the command of Ban Șerban of Izvorani. In 1538, the Voivode himself led a 3,000-strong army in support of the invasion of Moldavia against Petru Rareș . To better equip his army with cannons for an upcoming anti-Ottoman offensive, Voivode Petru Cercel established

2268-527: The standing army of Wallachia was created. The Wallachian fleet used riverboats of various sizes between the 15th and 17th centuries. In 1794, a small flotilla was created with the approval of The Porte . After the regulations of 1830, a military flotilla was created as well. The Wallachian flotilla was merged with the Moldavian one in 1860, forming the Danube Flotilla Corps , the precursor of

2352-548: The " Hrisov for the country's ships, which are to sail on the waters of the Danube" ( Hrisov pentru corăbiile țărei, ce sunt a umbla pe apa Dunărei ). In 1794, 5 large sailing ships and 16 smaller vessels were built, followed by two gunboats a year later. With the establishment of the regular armies of Wallachia and Moldavia, each state created a flotilla of 26 row boats . The Wallachian boats were constructed in Giurgiu . These were crewed by army soldiers and tasked with patrolling

2436-509: The " militia " (army) was Spătar Alexandru Ghica, while the officer corps was made up of boyars and sons of boyars. The regimental commanders, appointed in July 1830, were Colonel Emanuel Băleanu and Major I. Solomon. Alexandru Ghica's brother, Costache, became the inspector of the cavalry. The reception of certain Pandur chiefs, like Christian Tell , as officers in the army caused some displeasure among

2520-461: The 2nd Line Infantry Regiment and the 7th Company of the 1st Line Infantry Regiment, refused to hand over the barracks to the Ottomans. In the ensuing battle  [ ro ] , the Wallachain soldiers managed to hold their lines. To try and break them, the Ottomans used their cannons, causing casualties among the defenders. The firemen rushed the two pieces of artillery and managed to turn them on

2604-519: The Austrians, who were their enemies. Brâncoveanu and his wife Marica had seven daughters and four sons. Although all of his sons were murdered, many of his daughters had issue. Brâncoveanu's first born, Constantin II, also had a son who survived exile and rose to be a mare ban (foremost state function in Wallachian political hierarchy, except for the ruler). The male line of the Brâncoveanu family became extinguished in 1832, when Grigore Brâncoveanu died without having any children of his own. Yet he adopted

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2688-599: The Italian chronicle " Cronaca Carrarese ", Radu I of Wallachia acquired a number of 10,000 suits of armour from the Republic of Venice around the year 1377. In a document issued by John Zápolya to the Saxons of Brașov regarding a ban imposed by the King on the arms trade with Wallachia in 1522, it is detailed that the Saxons were bringing many weapons and armour to Transylvania from Hungary, and then selling them to Wallachia. From

2772-551: The Moldavian border, awaiting for Russian troops to storm into his country and offer his services to the tsar, while also readying to join the Ottoman counter-offensive in the event of a change in fortunes. When several of his boyars fled to the Russian camp, the prince saw himself forced to decide in favor of the Ottomans or risk becoming an enemy of his Ottoman suzerain , and swiftly returned

2856-477: The Moldavians captured this fort. Like Moldavia, Wallachia predominantly used light cavalry , therefore they were lightly equipped with their defensive equipment mainly consisting of a shield of different shapes ( round , triangular, or winged ). Gambesons and mail armour were also used. The viteji and the boyars, could be equipped with heavier equipment including plate armour . For example, according to

2940-574: The Ottomans (adding in turn to Brâncoveanu's determination to strip Wallachia of Turkish rule). Brâncoveanu left to the secular Romanian spirituality a few fundamental books, printed for the first time in Wallachia; among them, Aristotle's Ethics , the Flower of the Gifts and the Philosophical Examples, the last two being translated and printed by Antim Ivireanul . The neo-Romanian style was born from

3024-461: The Ottomans did not have much faith in them. Since Cantacuzino had secretly allied himself with the Holy League , the troops under his command were ordered to sabotage the Ottoman siege works and left the battlefield soon after Sobieski 's attack without taking part in the battle. In 1711, Constantin Brâncoveanu prepared his army near the Moldavian border and waited for the Russian army. Due to

3108-561: The Ottomans in the summer of 1595, continuing with his attacks as far as Adrianopole . His anti-Ottoman campaigns lasted until 1599. After the peace with the Ottomans, Michael then attacked Transylvania and disposed of Andrew Báthory following the Battle of Șelimbăr . His last victory came at the Battle of Guruslău against Sigismund Báthory in 1601. Besides the local troops of Roșii , Călărași , and Dorobanți , Michael's armies were composed of various mercenaries including Cossacks , Székelys , Serbs , Moldavians, and Germans . Over

3192-692: The Ottomans. Due to the entry of the United Kingdom and France into the war on the side of the Ottomans, the Russians were forced to retreat from the Principalities. Following the Boiagi-Kioi agreement from 14 July 1854, the Principalities were to come under a joint Austrian -Ottoman occupation. An Ottoman and an Austrian brigade were to be stationed in Bucharest, and General Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg

3276-457: The Ottomans. Due to the intervention of an Ottoman cavalry squadron, however, the Wallachians were pushed back. Seeing the determined defense of their opponents, the Ottomans went on to negotiate with them. In exchange for laying down their weapons, they were to be guaranteed safe exit from the barracks, however, once a group of unarmed soldiers left the barracks the Turks opened fire. Eventually,

3360-533: The Right-Believing Voivode Constantin Brâncoveanu, together with his sons Constantin, Ștefan, Radu, Matei, and the counselor [Enache]"). Their feast day is August 16. [...] Then Costandin-vodă [old rendition of his name] as well, arriving to his seat in Bucharest, catching news of the Austrians having entered his country and having reached Târgoviște, immediately left his seat [...] went forth towards Pitariului Bridge, setting camp in

3444-504: The Seimeni in 1655. After this action, the uprising started again, this time the Seimeni being joined by the Dorobanți and some Roșii , and was aimed towards the boyars. The rebelling army reached a number of 20,000 soldiers and 30 cannons. They plundered churches, monasteries , and boyar estates, killing 32 boyars in the process. With help from Rákóczi, the rebel army led by Hrizea of Bogdănei

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3528-457: The Serbian Seimeni . With this army and with his Polish allies, he defeated Vasile Lupu at the Battle of Finta . As the Seimeni did not receive their pay after the battle, they began revolting against the Voivode. Initially, the revolt was stopped with the threat of invasion from George II Rákóczi . Due to the cost of maintaining the army, the new Prince, Constantin Șerban , disbanded

3612-508: The Voivode's hesitations, Spătar Toma Cantacuzino left with eight cavalry regiments to join with the Russians on 22 June. The Wallachian cavalry led by Toma took part in the siege of Brăila together with a Russian detachment led by General Carl Ewald von Rönne , an event which would lead to Brâncoveanu's arrest and execution. After the establishment of the Phanariot rule, the armies of Wallachia and Moldavia continued their service. Like

3696-696: The Wallachain Voivode Vlad Dracul offered to guide the Burgundian fleet on the Danube . A number of 40 or 50 monoxyles with 500 soldiers were sent to aid the eight crusader galleys . These kinds of boats might have also been used by Vlad the Impaler during his 1462 campaign south of the Danube. During the reign of Michael the Brave , the voivode constructed șăici of various sizes to arm his fleet. These were used to harass Ottoman commercial ships on

3780-507: The advance of an army and to try and lure the enemy into more defensible places like marshes , wooded areas , or mountain passes . The equipment and weapons of the Wallachian soldiers during the Middle Ages were Western-like with melee weapons like lances , swords , and maces . Later, with the influence of the Ottoman Empire , eastern style sabers were adopted. Ranged weapons used were bows and crossbows . The bows were made of hazel , hornbeam , ash or elm wood and their string

3864-403: The barracks were captured, and the rest of the city was pacified as well. In June 1853, Russian troops crossed into the two Danubian Principalities and occupied them without declaring war on the Ottoman Empire. The Russian administration decided to incorporate the Wallachian and Moldavian troops into the Imperial Russian Army . At the same time, volunteer detachments were formed to fight against

3948-420: The battles against the Ottomans during the Crimean War , being confiscated by the Russians to avoid capture after their retreat from the Principality. The artillery was returned after the unification with Moldavia . During the 1848 revolution , as the Ottoman army led by Omar Pasha and Fuat Pasha crossed into Wallachia, an armed resistance began to be organized. Military units of the army were rallied at

4032-404: The best preserved example of Brâncovenesc style architecture is Hurezi monastery , inscribed by UNESCO on its list of World Heritage Sites , where Brâncoveanu intended to have his tomb. Other buildings built by him are Mogoșoaia Palace complex, Potlogi Palace, Brâncoveanu monastery. Such cultural ventures relied on increased taxation, which was also determined by the mounting fiscal pressure of

4116-527: The boyars. In 1843, with the occasion of a visit to Constantinople and advised by Lieutenant Ion Emanuel Florescu , Prince Gheorghe Bibescu requested and received four cannons for equipping the Wallachian army. The 4-pounder cannons, similar to the Gribeauval system , entered service with the first modern artillery battery of Wallachia on 10 November 1843. Another eight artillery pieces were received in 1849 and by 1850 these were organized in two batteries of six guns each. The two batteries participated in

4200-540: The course of his reign their number increased, and by 1598 there were over 13,000 mercenaries . During the time of Leon Tomșa , there were 10,000 horsemen and 2,000 footmen in the Wallachian army, as the Voivode recounted to Paul Strassburg, a secret counselor of King Gustav II Adolph . Prince Matei Basarab increased the number of soldiers in his army. The army, divided into Roșii , servants ( Dorobanți and Călărași ), and mercenaries reached around 40,000 soldiers. In 1646, Matei Basarab hired additional mercenaries,

4284-423: The decision of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church added these saints to the calendar of the Russian Orthodox Church. On 16 August 2020, Romania celebrated for the first time the day of remembrance of the persecution of Christians in the world. Although Brâncoveanu died on 15 August, his death was also remembered for having refused to convert to Islam. The intrigue marking Constantin's ascension and reign

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4368-439: The gifts he had received from the Russians. Such policies were eventually denounced to the Porte . Brâncoveanu was deposed from his throne by Sultan Ahmed III , and brought under arrest to Istanbul , where he was imprisoned in 1714 at the fortress of Yedikule ( the Seven Towers ). There he was tortured by the Ottomans, who hoped to locate the immense fortune he had supposedly amassed. He and his four sons were beheaded on

4452-419: The history of the country. Starting from its founding to 1860, when it was united with the Moldavian army into what would become the Romanian Army . The army mainly consisted of light cavalry which was used in hit-and-run tactics , though various other units existed as well. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the army was mostly formed from mercenary units. In 1830, following the Organic Regulation ,

4536-443: The lack of weapons they were defeated by the Turkish cavalry with hundreds of peasants being killed in the fight. The third Ottoman column, led by Kerim Pasha advanced along Calea Pandurilor, heading to the barracks on Dealul Spirii . Despite being ordered not to do so, Captain Pavel Zăgănescu  [ ro ] prepared the fire company for armed resistance. At the same time, Colonel Radu Golescu  [ ro ] with

4620-416: The large host never appeared in any documents or other sources. During his four reigns as Voivode between 1522 and 1529, Radu of Afumați fought in 20 battles with Ottoman-supported pretenders to the throne such as Vladislav III and Mehmed Bey. He won an important victory against Mehmed Bey at Grumazi. Forced out of the country in a new campaign launched by Mehmed, Radu gained support from John Zápolya ,

4704-552: The life of his family he was asked to renounce the Orthodox Christian faith. He reportedly said: "Behold, all my fortunes and all I had, I have lost! Let us not lose our souls. Be brave and manly, my beloved! Ignore death. Look at how much Christ, our Savior, has endured for us and with what shameful death he died. Firmly believe in this and do not move, nor leave your faith for this life and this world." After this, his four sons, Constantin, Ștefan, Radu and Matei and advisor Ianache were beheaded in front of their father. History also that

4788-413: The message. Territorial governors ( vornici de județ and vornici de târg ) then passed the call to arms to villages and towns . In an Ottoman document from 1521, it is specified that this mobilization took at least 20 days. The first documented mention of the large host comes from the reign of Mircea the Elder in 1408 when the Voivode granted a village to the abbot of the Snagov Monastery , who

4872-512: The plight of the poor country, and immediately lifted camp and left for Buzău . And when he arrived there, he sent his Lady and all her ladies-in-waiting to the convent [...], and he rode with a few of his men to meet the Sultan, paying him high allegiance and offering him many gifts. It is then that the Sultan saw that Costandin-vodă was not being rebellious, but rather [his] honest servant, and gave him assurance that his country would not be enslaved, and that [the Ottomans] were instead to meet

4956-403: The purchase of firearms from Brașov also exists, while archeological evidence suggests that the first guns of Wallachia date to the rule of Mircea the Elder . The use of wagon forts by Wallachia was first noted during the battle  [ ro ] of Râmnicu Sărat in November 1473, when Radu the Handsome used one against the army of Stephen the Great of Moldavia. After the battle,

5040-676: The reign of Constantin Brâncoveanu Brâncovenești (disambiguation) Brâncoveni Brâncoveanca Branković Branko Branco (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Brâncoveanu . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brâncoveanu&oldid=1040577955 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Romanian-language surnames Hidden categories: Short description

5124-405: The revolution leaders, the Ottoman army began marching towards the city on 25 September, dividing their forces in three columns. The first column, led by Mehmed Pasha, passed through Văcărești . The larger second column, led by Fuat and Omar Pasha, forced their entry through the barrier at Beilic Bridge (Calea Șerban Vodă). The peasants tried to stop the advance of the Ottoman column, however, due to

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5208-472: The river meadow of Plătăreşti , leaving behind the ispravnic [...] with orders that, when the Austrians were to arrive in Bucharest, he was to provide them with all supplies they would need. Subsequently [the Austrian General], upon understanding this [action], immediately sent a letter to Costandin-vodă, inviting him to return to his seat and join [the Austrians] in harassing the Turk. Then Costandin-vodă, upon understanding this, called as soon as he could

5292-510: The river. According to Turkish chronicler Mustafa Selaniki , in 1596 the Wallachians used some 200 șăici to transport an army of over 2,000 soldiers and attack Ottoman positions in the Babadag region. In 1598, these ships were also used to carry out an attack on Vidin , transporting soldiers, horses, artillery, and ammunition. The șaica along with other boats was further used in the attack against Nicopolis. Voivode Constantin Brâncoveanu also encouraged naval construction. During his reign,

5376-404: The same day in August, together with Prince Constantin's faithful friend, grand treasurer Enache Văcărescu . Most importantly, Constantin and his sons were asked to renounce Christianity and join the Islamic religion, which would pardon them from beheading. They chose to keep their Christian faith. According to his secretary, Anton Maria Del Chiaro , their heads were then carried on poles through

5460-479: The smallest child, Matei (12 years old) was so frightened after seeing the bloodbath and the heads of his three brothers that he started crying and asking his father to let him renounce Christianity and convert to Islam. At that moment, Constantin Brâncoveanu said: "Of our kind none have lost their faith. It is better to die a thousand times than to leave your ancient faith just to live few more years on earth." Matei listened and offered his head. After Brâncoveanu himself

5544-414: The so-called Brâncovean caïques were built. These caïques were similar to galleys, being crewed by 28 oarsmen , one or two gunners, a helmsman , and a commander, and could transport up to 100 soldiers. In 1793, Alexander Mourouzis obtained the approval of The Porte to build a small flotilla of " bolozane , șăici , caïques, and other vessels, to carry out the emperor 's orders". For this, he issued

5628-509: The streets of Istanbul, an episode which caused a great unrest in the city. Fearing a rebellion, including from that of the Muslim population which was outraged by the injustice done to the Prince, his sons and his close friend, he ordered for the bodies to be thrown into the Bosporus . Christian fishermen took the bodies from the water, and buried them at the Halchi Monastery, in the city's vicinity. The circumstances and facts of Constantin's death are recorded in history, and his sanctification

5712-539: The style can be found in Mogosoaia palace and the reworked Old Court. The Brâncovenesc style was revived in the 20th century in form of the Romanian Revival style , also called "Neo-Brâncovenesc". The Constantin Brâncoveanu University is located in Pitești , but it also has subsidiaries in Brăila and Râmnicu Vâlcea . In June 1992, the Sinode of the Romanian Orthodox Church decreed the sanctification of Constantin Brâncoveanu, his sons Constantin, Radu, Ștefan and Matei, and vornic Ianache Văcărescu. On March 7, 2018,

5796-465: The style of the monasteries, of the houses and of the palaces of Brâncoveanu and it became, through Ion Mincu and his school, the national style at the time of the affirmation of the cultural identities of the nations of Europe in the beginning of the 20th century. The architectural Brâncovenesc style is found in the churches of the Monasteries of Hurezi , Râmnicu Sarat , Doicesti and New St. George Church in Bucharest . Among secular buildings,

5880-460: The supervision of Russian General Pavel Kiseleff , a Wallachian standing army was created. In April 1830, a committee composed of General Starov, Lieutenant Alexandru Ghica , Colonel Ment, and Lieutenant-colonel Ion Odobescu was formed. According to the drafted law, the Wallachian army was to be organized into 6 infantry battalions and 6 cavalry squadrons . The core of this army were the Pandurs , which formed six battalions. Around June 1830, it

5964-416: The throne after the death of his uncle, prince Şerban Cantacuzino. He was initially supported by his maternal uncles Constantin and Mihai Cantacuzino, but grew increasingly independent from them in the course of his reign. Constantin Cantacuzino retreated to one of his estates and began advocating his son Ștefan 's candidacy to the throne. The prince took steps in negotiating anti-Ottoman alliances first with

6048-565: The whole truth, about how the Tatars wished to enter his country, and [he] threw a major banquet in his honor and then returned to Bucharest in great fear. And the Tatars, aware of the Austrian presence, wasted no time in raising troops for the Sultan and sent forth messengers to Costandin-vodă, telling him that they were to come in the country to fight the Austrians. Thus Costandin-vodă, upon hearing news of this, became very saddened, most of all considering

6132-547: Was ambushed by Basarab in a mountain valley on 9 November. According to historian Constantin Rezachevici  [ ro ] , in the first phase of the battle which lasted two days, the Hungarian army was stopped in the valley and attacked with ranged weapons. The last two days of battle were primarily fought in melee combat , which marked the character of the battle. While portrayed only as peasants armed with bows and rocks in

6216-594: Was Brâncoveanu's first son, albeit not his first offspring. He had one son, Constantin III, who was spared by the Ottomans: he later engaged in politics and furthered the family's name. Ștefan Brâncoveanu [REDACTED] 1685-1714 Bălașa, daughter of Ilie Cantacuzino . (27 February 1709) Maria Ștefan was noted for his accomplished classical education. He is the author of several books in ancient Greek. His line ended with his daughter, who bore no children. Radu Brâncoveanu [REDACTED] n/a-1714 Engaged to

6300-534: Was adopted by officers and certain troops as well. Yellow uniforms were sometimes worn by officers, while white ones were worn by the Princely Court guards. Other troops might have worn uniforms in multiple colors. Some irregular troops like the potecași wore peasant clothes . During the Russian occupation of the Danubian Principalities from 1829 to 1834, the Wallachian army was modernized. Under

6384-647: Was also related to Dimitrie through marriage (despite the fact that Cantemir and Brâncoveanu have taken the same side in the conflict with the Porte). Ștefan Cantacuzino 's brief rule saw in turn the downfall of the Cantacuzinos; he and his father were executed by the Ottomans, who saw the solution to the risk of Wallacho-Russian alliances in imposing the rigid system of Phanariote rule (inaugurated in Wallachia by Nicholas Mavrocordato , who, through his previous rule in Moldavia,

6468-473: Was announced that the new army would have 6 cavalry squadrons, and 3 regiments (the 1st  [ ro ] , 2nd  [ ro ] and 3rd  [ ro ] line infantry regiments), each with 2 infantry battalions. The previous Wallachian units were disbanded and the soldiers were instead transferred to the Dorobanți units which would ensure the internal guard of the country. The commander of

6552-516: Was decapitated, their heads were impaled on javelins and displayed in a procession. Their bodies were left before the gate and later on thrown into the waters of the Bosphorus. Brâncoveanu was a great patron of culture, his achievements being part of the Romanian and world cultural heritage. Under his reign, many Romanian, Greek , Bulgarian , Arabic , Turkish , and Georgian texts were printed after

6636-501: Was defeated in battle at Șoplea after the betrayal of some rebel commanders who joined forces with the Prince. The remnants of the Seimeni were further defeated at Târgul Bengăi. The uprising, although subsided, continued until 1657. As an Ottoman vassal , Prince Șerban Cantacuzino was required to participate in the siege of Vienna in 1683. The 4,000 strong army raised by the Prince was given auxiliary tasks, such as building bridges, as

6720-482: Was exempt from all taxes but not from service in the large host. Vlad the Impaler tried to raise this army in the summer of 1462, during Mehmet's invasion. Due to the relatively short time, Vlad failed to form the army and only relied on his small host. From the first half of the 16th century, this army was no longer raised. The last mention of the large host comes from Vlad Înecatul , who mentioned that villagers were still required to serve in this army. After this mention,

6804-511: Was however defeated in the clash according to the chronicle . During the reign of Mircea the Elder , Wallachia first faced the Ottomans . A victory was achieved at the Battle of Rovine , and Mircea also participated in the Battle of Nicopolis . In 1430, a document issued by King Sigismund of Luxembourg mentioned that Wallachia and Moldavia could raise an army of 10,000 pancerati , and in 1448

6888-488: Was made of flax , hemp , or bowels . According to historian Radu Rosetti , the Wallachian archers could shoot about 10-12 arrows per minute, up to a distance of 220 m (720 ft). The use of guns in Wallachia was first mentioned in the mid-15th century when Vlad Dracul used two bombards during the siege of Giurgiu in 1445 as part of the Burgundian crusade led by Walerand de Wavrin. A prior mention from 1432 of

6972-411: Was named commander of the occupation troops. The occupation lasted until 1857. The strategies used by Wallachia, as in Moldavia , were mostly defensive in nature. In order to disrupt an enemy's advance in the country, the population was often required to retreat to the wooded or mountainous regions, while the army engaged in hit-and-run tactics and avoided direct confrontations. This was done to delay

7056-586: Was under Wallachian control. The next year, an Austrian attack was repelled at Cozia and the troops under Constantin Mavrocordat forced a Russian army to retreat to Transylvania. Other victories were registered against the Austrians along the Wallachian border by the army of Nicolae Mavrogheni in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) before the allied victory at the Battle of Focșani . The Wallachian soldiers mainly wore green and blue colored uniforms , with red being reserved for nobles, though eventually red

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