Misplaced Pages

#855144

61-980: [REDACTED] Look up sa:ब्रह्मपुर in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Brahmapur may refer to the following places: Brahmaloka , heavenly abode of the Hindu god Brahma Brahmpur, Bihar , village in Bihar, India Brahampur, Nepal , municipality ward in Dakneshwori, Nepal Brahmapur, Odisha , city in Odisha, India Brahmapur railway station Brahampur, Phagwara , village in Punjab, India Brahmapur, Kolkata , neighborhood in Kolkata, India See also [ edit ] Brahmapuri (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

122-616: A common threefold plot schema which contains: In the jātaka found in the Suttapitaka , which are almost always in prose, the Buddha is almost always depicted as a person of high rank in a past life (and not an animal). Some of these also include past lives of some of the Buddha's disciples. One famous example is the Pali Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra , which includes the story of Mahāsudarśana. Unlike Sutra collections, Vinaya sources like

183-435: A living tradition to this day. The Theravāda Jātakas comprise 547 poems, arranged roughly by an increasing number of verses. According to Professor von Hinüber, only the last 50 were intended to be intelligible by themselves, without commentary. The commentary gives stories in prose that it claims provide the context for the verses, and it is these stories that are of interest to folklorists . Alternative versions of some of

244-653: A major difference here is that, while Mahavira gets a prediction of future enlightenment, he does not make a vow to become a jina in the future, unlike the bodhisattva Gautama. There is also no equivalent idea of a bodhisattva path in Jainism, in-spite of the existence of some narratives about Mahavira's past lives. A similar collection of Indian animal fables is the Hindu Pañcatantra , which has been dated to around 200 BCE. Some Buddhist jātakas were also adopted and retold by Islamic (and later Christian) authors, such as

305-528: A man and his whole body to a starving tigress who was about to eat her own cubs, and where 'kings, ministers, and peoples of all the kingdoms around vie with one another in making offerings'. A century later, Songyun writes of the same four sites and also mentions a whole area associated with the Vessantara-jātaka . Numerous Indian Buddhist archeological sites contain illustrations of Jātakas, and thus they are important artistic sources for Jātakas. Some of

366-483: A voluminous body of literature native to the Indian subcontinent which mainly concern the previous births of Gautama Buddha in both human and animal form. Jataka stories were depicted on the railings and torans of the stupas. According to Peter Skilling, this genre is "one of the oldest classes of Buddhist literature." Some of these texts are also considered great works of literature in their own right. In these stories,

427-460: Is a highly sophisticated poem which makes use of various Sanskrit literary devices. The Jātakamālā was quite influential and was imitated by later authors who wrote their own jātakamālās , mainly Haribhaṭṭa and Gopadatta. These works are all written in a classical Sanskrit genre known as campū, which is a blend of prose and verse in various meters. The jātakamālās all also use the six perfections (pāramitā) as their main framework. The influence of

488-509: Is a home for the Supreme Soul. Brahman-lokah esa atma-lokah "Brahmaloka is the planet of the Supreme Soul." The Chandogya Upanishad says in 8:1 "Within the Brahmapura is an abode, a small lotus-flower within which is a small space (antarakasa). What is within that, should be searched out. That, assuredly, is what one should desire to understand." In Chandogya Upanishad 8.4.3, Brahmaloka

549-465: Is also a Vipaka mind. That is, what is the purpose of the mind is also the purpose of the Pratishandhi mind. And among the above-mentioned Brahma worlds, there is also a Bambalo, where the fourth Dhyana Vaduvas are born as Asanjasanta. Sages, yogis who have grown into intense meditation, are born here and have only a physical body. There is no mind. Yogis take the mind out of the body by gradually focusing

610-542: Is believed that while the rest of the world will be destroyed at the end of a Maha-Kalpa , the Brahmaloka will survive and that the first beings to be born on Earth will come from the ābhassara Brahma world. The Brahmās here are represented as visiting earth and taking an interest in the affairs of men. This is why Nārada descends from the Brahmaloka to dispel the heresies of King Angati in the Lord Brahma-Nārada tale in

671-473: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Brahmaloka Brahmaloka is described to be 60,000,000 miles above the Prajapati loka and is considered to be of great soteriological significance. It is a sphere where the inhabitants never again know death , dwelling perpetually in the company of yogins , and drinking the excellent nectar of yoga . In

SECTION 10

#1732895572856

732-497: Is mentioned as a realm that one achieves by living a life of brahmacarya : So, only those who find this world of brahman (brahmaloka) by living the life of a celibate student (brahmacarya) come to possess that world, and they obtain complete freedom of movement in all the worlds. In Buddhism , Brahmaloka refers to the highest celestial worlds in existence, the abode of the Brahmas. It consists of twenty heavens, namely: All except

793-406: Is not always the central character of all these stories and sometimes only plays a minor role. Other recurring characters include important disciples of the Buddha , Devadatta (generally as a villain ) and members of Gautama's family, like his wife Yasodharā and son Rāhula . Another important element of the stories are the various Buddhist virtues, called perfections, that were cultivated by

854-456: Is that the impermanence that affects other worlds is common to this world of Brahma. Also, when born in the worlds of Brahma, such as Suddhavasa, the lifespan is very long, so a noble person who has all the paramitas can listen to the teachings of a Buddha and see nirvana in the worlds of Brahma. The Buddha says so because during the lifetime of the Brahman worlds, a large number of Buddhas appear in

915-803: Is the Jātakatthavaṇṇanā of the Theravada school. In Theravada Buddhism , the Jātakas are a textual division of the Pāli Canon , included in the Khuddaka Nikaya of the Sutta Pitaka . The term Jātaka may also refer to a traditional commentaries ( Atthakatha ) on this book. The tales are dated between 300 BCE and 400 CE. The Mahāsāṃghika Caitika sects from the Āndhra region also had Jātakas as part of their canon and they are known to have rejected some of

976-672: The Avadānakalpalatā. There are numerous sources for classic or canonical Jātaka tales, including: Within the Pali tradition, there are also many non-canonical Jātakas of later composition (some dated even to the 19th century) but these are treated as a separate category of literature from the "official" Jātaka stories that have been more or less formally canonized from at least the 5th century — as attested to in ample epigraphic and archaeological evidence, such as extant illustrations in bas relief from ancient temple walls. Apocryphal Jātakas of

1037-736: The Mahanipata Jataka . Arupa worlds are the highest among all divine worlds Brahma worlds. Since the beings born in these Brahman worlds with very long lifespans are formless worlds, many Buddhas were born and preached the Dhamma, even if the beings are filled to the point of Ama Maha Nirvana, they do not get to hear the Dhamma. During the time when our great Bodhisattva was performing difficult tasks, Alara Kalama and Uddakaraputta, who were teachers, were born in these worlds after giving birth to Dhyana, so they did not get nirvana in this Buddha seat. Those who have acquired formative meditation will be born in

1098-721: The Pali Text Society (Bristol). There are also numerous English translations of selections and individual stories from various sources. Some of the main translations of jātakas available in English include: Stories which are similar to the jātakas are also found in Jainism , which has stories focused on Mahavira's path to enlightenment in previous lives. The Jain stories include Mahavira's numerous forms of rebirth, such as animals as well as encounters with past liberated beings ( jinas ) which predict Mahavira's future enlightenment. However,

1159-680: The Tibetan and Chinese Buddhist canons . They were some of the first texts to be translated into Chinese. Kāng Sēnghuì (who worked in Nanking c. 247) was one of the first Chinese translators of Jātakas. Perhaps his most influential translation is the Scripture of the Collection of the Six Perfections. The various Indian Buddhist schools had different collections of jātakas. The largest known collection

1220-461: The Vinaya . In spite of this main intended audience, their simple format also made them easily adaptable for other uses. Thus, they were repackaged as artistic entertainment and teaching devices for laypersons, as parittas (protective chants) and as chronicle (vamsa) literature . Straube also notes that the rock caves of Ajanta and Bagh were inhabited by monks and it was them who ordered and directed

1281-547: The Vinayavastu contain more varied jātakas, including ones in which the Buddha is depicted as an animal. Many jātaka contain elements of both verse and prose. According to Martin Straube "the division into canonical verses and postcanonical prose points to the old Indian narrative form of ākhyāna, which has a fixed wording of the stanzas only, whereas the actual story is to be shaped anew during each oral performance." The plots of

SECTION 20

#1732895572856

1342-459: The avadāna , which is a story of any karmically significant deed (whether by a bodhisattva or otherwise) and its result. According to Naomi Appleton, some tales (such as those found in the second and fourth decade of the Avadānaśataka ) can be classified as both a jātaka and an avadāna. Jātaka tales may be quite ancient. The term appears as part of a schema of Buddhist literary forms called

1403-427: The different Buddhist schools . These texts are transmitted in various Indian dialects and stem from a prior oral tradition." Furthermore, while these texts cannot be dated in a precise manner, "the fact that many narratives are passed on in almost identical form within the canons of the different schools shows that they date back to the time before the schisms between the schools took place." Sarah Shaw, writing on

1464-435: The jātaka range from simpler Aesopic style animal tales to longer more complex dramas which resemble epics or novels with intricate dialogue, characters and poetry. Despite the diversity of the plots and characters, they are all unified by the character of the heroic bodhisattva Gautama (whose identity is generally only revealed at the end of the story) and his struggles on the quest for awakening . In spite of this, Gautama

1525-555: The jātakamālās can be seen in the Ajanta Cave complex, where illustrations of Jātakas are inscribed with quotes from Āryaśūra, with script datable to the sixth century. The Jātakamālā was also translated into Chinese in 434 CE. Borobudur , a massive 9th century Buddhist site in Java , contains depictions of all 34 Jatakas from the Jātakamālā . Two other Sanskrit authors associated with

1586-610: The "four great stupas" as well as stupas in Pushkalavati , Mangalura, Hadda Mountain, and Sarvadattaan. According to Naomi Appleton, the "four great stupas" visited by Faxian (337–422 CE) are: the first (in 'So-ho-to') was where the Buddha ransomed the life of a dove with his own flesh; the second (in Gandhāra ) was where he gave away his eyes to a blind beggar; and the third and fourth (in Takshaśilā ) were where he gave away his head to

1647-598: The Brahmas whose body light is very vast. In Paritta Subha dwells the Brahmans who spread their light in a little way. Brahman, who spreads the immeasurable light of the infinite bliss, closes. Brahmas who radiate unchanging bodily light in Subha Kinha reside. The Brahmins who have attained Mahatphala Mahanisamsa in Vehappala are closed. The Dhamma also mentions the above-mentioned body light as Khyama Prabhava. According to Buddhism,

1708-416: The Buddha, very little biographical material about Gautama's own life has been recorded. Jātaka tales also assimilate many traditional Indian fables and folklore that are not specifically Buddhist. As the genre spread outside of India, it also drew on local folk tales. The Mahayana author Asaṅga provides a working definition of jātaka in his Śrāvakabhūmi : What is jātaka ? That which relates

1769-598: The Chinese pilgrim Yijing , who visited India in the 7th century, jātaka plays were performed 'throughout the five countries of India'. This culture of performance spread to other regions as well. In Tibet, the Viśvāntara-jātaka was transformed into a popular play called the Dri med kun ldan . Other popular jataka plays include Nor bzaṅ or Sudhana and the story of Prince Maṇicūḍa (Lokānanda). In Theravada countries, several of

1830-621: The Pali Jātaka , states that the earliest part of the Jātaka , the verse portions, are "considered amongst the very earliest part of the Pali tradition and date from the fifth century BCE" while "the later parts were incorporated during the period up to the third century CE." According to A. K. Warder , jātaka are the precursors to the various legendary biographies of the Buddha, which were composed at later dates. Although many jātaka were written from an early period, which describe previous lives of

1891-599: The Pali Buddhist canon, such as those belonging to the Paññāsa Jātaka collection, have been adapted to fit local culture in certain South East Asian countries and have been retold with amendments to the plots to better reflect Buddhist morals. According to Kate Crosby, "there is also a collection of Jātaka of ten future Buddhas, beginning with Metteyya , which though less well-known today clearly circulated widely in

Brahmapur - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-878: The Pali tradition: Āryaśūra's Jātakamālā , a very influential Sanskrit work that was depicted throughout the Buddhist world, contains the following Jātakas (which teach various virtues): Jātakas have been important as a way to spread Buddhist teachings and they were widely used as part of sermons, rituals, festivals, and various forms of art. Kate Crosby writes that they have been depicted in such varied forms as "apocryphal literature, vernacular retellings, performance, temple art, temporary street and festival art, films, comics, and cartoons." The sponsorship of Jātaka recitations, copyings and art eventually grew to be seen as an act which generated merit for lay Buddhists. These acts are more common around important festivals like Vesak . The earliest archeological findings which depict Jātakas are

2013-632: The Theravada world." There are also late compositions based on classic Jātakas, such as the Kavsiḷumiṇa , a poem based on the Kusa Jātaka in archaic Sinhala written King Parākkamabāhu II (13th century) and the Mahachat kham luang , the 'royal version' of the Vessantara jātaka, which was composed at the court of King Paramatrailokanātha (c. 1482). The art of putting classic Jātakas into Thai verse remains

2074-635: The Theravāda Jātakas which dated past the time of King Ashoka . The Caitikas claimed that their own Jātakas represented the original collection before the Buddhist tradition split into various lineages. In the Northern Buddhist tradition , Jātakas eventually came to be composed in classical Sanskrit . Perhaps the most influential and important Sanskrit Jātaka text is the Jātakamālā ( Garland of Jātakas ) of Āryaśūra which includes 34 Jātaka stories. This work differs from earlier sources in that it

2135-537: The austere practices and bodhisattva practices of the Blessed One in various past births: this is called jātaka . The idea that jātaka are taught in order to illustrate the bodhisattva path is an ancient one and is contained in sources like the Mahavastu , which states: "the supreme ones [Buddhas], who are skilled in jātakas and other doctrines, teach the course of practice of a bodhisattva." Many jātakas are told with

2196-576: The best examples being the illustrations found at Ananda Temple (which depicts 554 tales). Jātaka tales are often associated with specific locations. Originally, this applied to specific places in India, which served as Buddhist pilgrimage sites . Later traditions expanded this to include other places throughout the Buddhist world. According to Naomi Appleton, the fact that Jātaka tales lack specific references to specific places allowed them to be easily transported and re-localized. This flexibility contributed to

2257-516: The bodhisattva Gautama throughout his previous lives, and which serve as the lessons taught by the jātakas. Other jātakas, such as those found in the Buddhavaṃsa ( Chronicle of Buddhas ), focus on Gautama's meeting, serving and venerating past Buddhas and serve to place his bodhisattva path in a chronology of past Buddhas. These stories generally focus on acts of devotion to past Buddhas and how this generates much merit which many positive outcomes in

2318-508: The center of Brahmaloka is Brahmapura, a huge palace where Brahma resides. Brahmaloka is a realm composed entirely of Brahman , considered superior to the Svarga loka and full of immortal energy, knowledge and bliss. It is also known as the planet of the Bhagavān. The above statement shows that Brahmaloka is an eternal Vaikuntha that is neither created nor located within the material realm and

2379-476: The formless Brahman worlds after death, and those who have attained higher formless meditation will be born in the formless Brahman worlds after death. For that, the Dhyanas acquired must die without deterioration. But worldly meditation taken as Ashtasamapatti can deteriorate. Therefore, those dhyanas acquired by meditating with vigor should be preserved without deterioration. The kirya mind was born in connection with

2440-567: The four Arūpa worlds are classed among the Rūpa worlds (the inhabitants of which are corporeal). The inhabitants of the Brahmaloka are free from sensual desires. Brahmaloka consists only of higher devas or higher celestial beings called Brahmas and rebirth in the Brahma world is the result of great virtue due to meditation. The Jataka tales also contain various instances of ascetics who practiced meditation, being reborn after death in Brahmaloka. Furthermore, it

2501-517: The framework of karma and rebirth . Jātaka stories have also been illustrated in Buddhist architecture throughout the Buddhist world and they continue to be an important element in popular Buddhist art . Some of the earliest such illustrations can be found at Sanchi and Bharhut . According to Naomi Appleton, Jātaka collections also may have played "an important role in the formation and communication of ideas about buddhahood , karma and merit, and

Brahmapur - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-400: The future Buddha may appear as a king, an outcaste, a deva , an animal—but, in whatever form, he exhibits some virtue that the tale thereby inculcates. Often, Jātaka tales include an extensive cast of characters who interact and get into various kinds of trouble – whereupon the Buddha character intervenes to resolve all the problems and bring about a happy ending . The Jātaka genre is based on

2623-413: The future. A smaller number of jātakas illustrate various mistakes or bad actions that the bodhisattva committed in a past life (and the subsequent karmic retribution) and thus demonstrate the bodhisattva's past imperfections. Regarding the intended audience of these texts, Martin Straube notes that even though there is a widespread view that jātakas arose due to monks "catering to the needs and tastes of

2684-751: The genre. One such late text is Kṣemendra's (c. 1036–1065) Bodhisattvāvadānakalpalatā (Wish-Fulfilling Creeper Consisting in Avadānas of the Bodhisattva), a unique jātaka text written completely in verse. This work was influential on the Tibetan tradition. Jātaka are also important in Tibetan Buddhism . They were one of the main sources of teaching and study for the popular Kadam school and later Tibetan authors produced abridged collections such as Karmapa Rangjung Dorje 's Hundred Births and Padma Chopel's summary of

2745-448: The idea that the Buddha was able to recollect all his past lives and thus could use these memories to tell a story and illustrate his teachings. For the Buddhist traditions, the jātakas illustrate the many lives, acts and spiritual practices which are required on the long path to Buddhahood . They also illustrate the great qualities or perfections of the Buddha (such as generosity ) and teach Buddhist moral lessons, particularly within

2806-407: The illiterate lay practitioners of Buddhism as propagandistic means of preaching or converting" there is no historical evidence for this. Instead, the opposite might be true, since "the prose portions of the Pali jātakas not infrequently have as their audience monks and nuns, who sometimes reach high levels of spiritual realization after listening to a jātaka story." Naomi Appleton, in her analysis of

2867-553: The illustrations found in the on the Bharhut stupa railing as well as at Sanchi (c. late 2nd – 1st century BCE), which also include inscriptions. After this, Jātakas appear at many Buddhist sites, like at Ajanta . Similar Jātaka tales are found in murals of Silk Road sites of the pre-Tang period (ca. 421–640 C.E.), such as at Kucha . They are also found in early Southeast Asian sites, especially at Bagan sites. Burmese Buddhism has an extensive tradition of Jātaka illustration, one of

2928-619: The jātaka genre are Kumāralāta (2nd century CE), author of the Kalpanāmaṇḍitikā Dṛṣṭāntapaṅkti ( Collection of Examples, Adorned with an Artistic Arrangement ) and Saṅghasena's (date unknown) Pusa benyuan jing (菩薩本縁經; Sūtra of the Bodhisattva's Avadānas ). Both works exist only in Chinese translation (but there are Sanskrit fragments). These texts are a kind of predecessor to the Jātakamālā and are less poetically sophisticated. Later Sanskrit authors continued to write in

2989-740: The jātaka murals found there. There is also evidence from inscriptions on old stūpas at various Indian sites (such as Sanchi and Bharhut ) with jātaka motifs which indicate that they were built due to the patronage of monks and nuns, some of them of high rank such as bhāṇaka (reciter). Some scholars have also concluded that Jātaka reciters were part of their own division of reciters. Jātakas were originally transmitted in prakrit languages and various forms of Sanskrit (from classical to Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit ). They were then translated into central Asian languages (such as Khotanese, Tocharian, Uighur, and Sogdian) . Various jātaka stories and source texts were also translated into Chinese and Tibetan for

3050-561: The lasting popularity of the Jātakas. This tradition of associating Jātaka tales with regions outside of India played an important part in the promotion and legitimisation of Buddhism in these regions. Thus, many stupas in Nepal and northern India are said to mark locations from the Jātaka tales. Chinese pilgrims like Xuanzang and Faxian reported several of these and discussed the stories connected with them. Sites discussed by these figures include

3111-796: The longer tales such as " The Twelve Sisters " and the Vessantara Jataka are still performed in dance, theatre, puppetry, and formal (quasi-ritual) recitation. Such celebrations are associated with particular holidays on the lunar calendar used by Thailand , Myanmar , Sri Lanka and Laos . The recitation of the Vessantara Jataka remains an important ceremony remains an important ceremony in Theravada countries today. The standard Pali collection of jātakas, with canonical text embedded, has been translated by E. B. Cowell and others, originally published in six volumes by Cambridge University Press (1895–1907) and reprinted in three volumes, by

SECTION 50

#1732895572856

3172-575: The main sites include: Other ancient sites outside of India which contain Jataka illustrations include Borobudor , Dunhuang (the Mogao caves ), Polonnoruwa , Anuradhapura , Bagan city , and Nakhon Pathom . Jataka illustrations (especially of the last 10 stories of the canonical Pali collection) are widespread in the Theravada Buddhist world, adorning many temples, wats and key sites. According to

3233-415: The mind on one goal at the same time as the fourth meditation. For this one must have strong mental concentration. This world of Brahma is born from animals in the same posture as when it was born from the world of man. Chaturtha Dhyanaddo should resolve to be born in this world of Brahman. Even though this is a metaphorical world, it should be abandoned when the specified life span is over. The reason for this

3294-473: The nine component genres of the Buddha's teaching ( navaṅga-buddhasāsana ), and depictions of them appear in early Indian art (as early as the second century BCE). They are also widely represented in ancient Indian inscriptions . According to Straube, "the presumably oldest specimens of fully elaborated narratives are dispersed throughout the Vinayapiṭakas and Sūtrapiṭakas of the canonical collections of

3355-651: The number of Brahma worlds Twenty is more than the number of divine worlds. According to the teaching of Buddhism, the details about Brahma Loka are given below. 1. brahma pārisadya 2. brahma purōhitaya 3. mahā brahmaya 4. parittābhaya 5. appamānābhaya 6. ābhassaraya 7. parittasubhaya 8. appamāna subhaya 9. subhakiṇhaka 10.vehapphalaya 11.asaagna talaya 12. avīhaya 13. atappaya 14. sudassaya 15. sudassiya 16. akaniṣṭaya 17. ākāsañacāyatanaya 18. viññāacāyatanaya 19. ākicañāyatanaya 20. nēvasaññānāsaññāyatanaya Jataka tales The Jātaka ( Sanskrit for "Birth-Related" or "Birth Stories") are

3416-526: The place of the Buddha in relation to other buddhas and bodhisattvas ." According to the traditional view found in the Pali Jātakanidana , a prologue to the stories, Gautama made a vow to become a Buddha in the future, in front past Buddha Dipankara . He then spent many lifetimes on the path to Buddhahood, and the stories from these lives are recorded as Jātakas. Jātakas are closely related to (and often overlap with) another genre of Buddhist narrative,

3477-472: The rupavachara and arupavachara meditations associated with Buddhas and Arhats. These rupavachara, arupavachara meditation minds are also called Mahaggata minds in Abhidhamma. Meritorious minds, meritorious minds and meritorious minds are considered for those who are not rahats. Arhats will have milky hearts. There is no power of reciprocation in the mind. In this way, like the emotional mind, the Pratishandhi mind

3538-427: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brahmapur&oldid=1230039401 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3599-444: The second and fourth decade of the Avadānaśataka , notes that both sets of stories "assume a monastic audience." Likewise, Kate Crosby writes that "the format of the Jātaka in fact suggests that their original inclusion in the canonical collection was primarily for the benefit of monks." Crosby notes that many of these stories are connected with monastic behavior and decorum, some of them are also meant to illustrate specific rules in

3660-653: The stories can be found in another book of the Pali Canon, the Cariyapitaka , and a number of individual stories can be found scattered around other books of the Canon. Many of the stories and motifs found in the Jātaka such as the Rabbit in the Moon of the Śaśajātaka (Jataka Tales: no.316), are found in numerous other languages and media. The following list includes some important jātakas of

3721-488: The world. All the Buddhas who appear in this way go to the world of snakes to preach the Dhamma. And the nature and composition of the worlds of Brahma are as follows. That is the people of the great Brahma reside in the Brahma Parisajja. In the Brahma Purohita resides the advisors of the great Brahma The Great Brahman is the world where the Great Brahman resides. Phrathabhaya is a world of Brahman with dim light. The light of appamanabha spreads immeasurably. In Abhassara resides

SECTION 60

#1732895572856
#855144