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46-500: It is termed as a fiery weapon that creates a fierce fireball, blazing up with terrible flames and countless horrendous thunder flashes. When discharged, all nature including trees, oceans, and animals tremble. The sky surrounds with flame, glaciers melt, and mountains shatter with copious noise all around. When used, the Brahmastra which is person-centric can destroy a powerful enemy if they do not possess an alternate counter weapon. If it

92-483: A 1961 review, International Relations scholar Morton Kaplan described the book as a "strikingly original contribution" and a "landmark in the literature." Schelling's book comprised a series of scholarly journal articles that he had published over the period 1957–1960. Schelling encourages in his work a strategic view toward conflict that is equally "rational" and "successful." He believes that conflict cannot be based merely on one's intelligence but must also address

138-547: A FAQ page titled 'Lockdowns and collateral damage', and refers to this phrase several times. The term has also been borrowed by the computing community to refer to the refusal of service to legitimate users when administrators take blanket preventative measures against some individuals who are abusing systems. For example, Realtime Blackhole Lists used to combat email spam generally block ranges of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses rather than individual IPs associated with spam, which can deny legitimate users within those ranges

184-514: A conflict and more of a "bargaining situation." The bargaining itself is best thought of in terms of the other participant's actions, as any gains one might realize are highly dependent upon the "choices or decisions" of their opponent. Communication between parties, though, is another matter entirely. Verbal or written communication is known as "explicit," and involves such activities as "offering concessions." What happens, though, when this type of communication becomes impossible or improbable? This

230-621: A description of the Peter George novel Red Alert , and conversations between Kubrick, Schelling, and George eventually led to the 1964 movie Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb . Schelling is also cited for the first known use of the phrase collateral damage in his May 1961 article Dispersal, Deterrence, and Damage . In his book Choice and Consequence , he explored various topics such as nuclear terrorism , blackmail , daydreaming , and euthanasia , from

276-595: A hip fracture at the age of 95. Schelling's family auctioned his Nobel award medal, fetching $ 187,000. They donated this money to the Southern Poverty Law Center , an American 501 nonprofit legal advocacy organization specializing in civil rights and public interest litigation. Alice Schelling said her late husband had credited Smoky the Cowhorse by Will James , the winner of the Newbery Medal in 1927, as

322-626: A result of government policy such as lockdowns, and not directly by the virus itself. Significant debate on the pandemic strategy has ensued, with some advocating restrictions such as lockdowns to save lives, where others claim the 'collateral damage' caused by enforced lockdowns, masks and distancing may in fact cause more deaths over a longer term. An example is the Great Barrington Declaration , purportedly signed by 3500 medical and other professionals (and mentioned in UK parliament and media ) has

368-437: A significant contribution to the growing literature on modern war and diplomacy ." Chapter headings include The Diplomacy of Violence , The Diplomacy of Ultimate Survival and The Dynamics of Mutual Alarm . Within the work, Schelling discusses military capabilities and how they can be used as bargaining power. Instead of considering only the choices that are available on a surface level, one can think ahead to try to influence

414-452: A way of explaining variations that are found in what are regarded as meaningful differences – gender, age, race, ethnicity, language, sexual preference, and religion. A cycle of such change, once it has begun, may have a self-sustaining momentum. Schelling's 1978 book Micromotives and Macrobehavior expanded on and generalized those themes and is often cited in the literature of agent-based computational economics . Schelling

460-426: Is Brahmashirā astra, it causes collateral damage to every useful resource in a given area and prevents even a single blade of grass from ever growing in that area again. It is mentioned that there would be no rainfall for 12 Brahma years (12 Brahma years = 37.32 trillion human years) and climate conditions will worsen. The strike of the Brahmastra astra will eventually destroy everything. When Ashwatthama hurled

506-485: Is a weapon of self-defence, created by Brahma. It is only to be possessed by ascetics and its powers are dependent on its owner. The weapon is a rod capable of absorbing any incoming attack towards its owner. When Vishvamitra , in a fit of anger, unleashed the Brahmastra onto Vasishtha , it was his Brahma Danda that protected him from the lethal weapon. There are numerous instances within Sanskrit theological scriptures where

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552-456: Is known as "FAST-CD" or "Fast Assessment Strike Tool—Collateral Damage". While not actually invented by the military, its use in military context has been common. However, the term has since been widely adopted for non-military cases, and in particular, the COVID-19 pandemic . A large number of medical, government sources and media use this term widely in relation to deaths caused indirectly as

598-458: Is launched on a military objective in the knowledge that the incidental civilian injuries would be clearly excessive in relation to the anticipated military advantage (principle of proportionality) (Article 8(2)(b)(iv). Article 8(2)(b)(iv) criminalizes intentionally launching an attack in the knowledge that such attack will cause incidental loss of life or injury to civilians or damage to civilian objects or widespread, long-term, and severe damage to

644-407: Is much affected. Even if agricultural productivity declined by a third over the next half-century, the per capita GNP we might have achieved by 2050 we would still achieve in 2051. Considering that agricultural productivity in most parts of the world continues to improve (and that many crops may benefit directly from enhanced photosynthesis due to increased carbon dioxide), it is not at all certain that

690-451: Is only on the rarest of occasions, in what is known as "pure conflict," that the participants' interests are implacably opposed. He uses the example of "a war of complete extermination" to illustrate this phenomenon. Co-operation, if available, may take many forms and thus potentially involve everything from "deterrence, limited war, and disarmament" to "negotiation." Indeed, it is through such actions that participants are left with less of

736-504: Is when something called "tacit maneuvers" become important. Think of this as action-based communication. Schelling uses the example of one's occupation or evacuation of strategic territory to illustrate this latter communication method. In an article celebrating Schelling's Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics, Michael Kinsley , Washington Post op‑ed columnist and one of Schelling's former students, anecdotally summarizes Schelling's reorientation of game theory thus: "[Y]ou're standing at

782-603: The Rome Statute , the death of civilians during an armed conflict, no matter how grave and regrettable, does not in itself constitute a war crime. International humanitarian law and the Rome Statute permit belligerents to carry out proportionate attacks against military objectives, even when it is known that some civilian deaths or injuries will occur. A crime occurs if there is an intentional attack directed against civilians (principle of distinction) (Article 8(2)(b)(i)) or an attack

828-875: The University of Maryland School of Public Policy and the University of Maryland Department of Economics. In 1991, he accepted the presidency of the American Economic Association , an organization of which he was also a Distinguished Fellow. In 1995, he accepted the presidency of the Eastern Economic Association. Schelling was a contributing participant of the Copenhagen Consensus . In 1977, Schelling received The Frank E. Seidman Distinguished Award in Political Economy. In 1993, he

874-522: The bombing of Chongqing during World War II and Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure openly described as "retaliatory" and intended to "make towns uninhabitable"). The term "collateral damage" is often attributed to economist Thomas Schelling , who used it in his 1961 article Dispersal, Deterrence, and Damage published in Operations Research . In this article, Schelling discussed military strategies that inadvertently lead to

920-678: The legal use of force in an armed conflict . Offensives causing collateral damage are not automatically classed as a war crimes. They are war crimes when the objective is excessively or solely collateral damage. Luis Moreno-Ocampo , Chief Prosecutor at the International Criminal Court , investigated allegations of war crimes during the 2003 invasion of Iraq and published an open letter containing his findings. A section titled "Allegations concerning War Crimes" elucidates this usage of military necessity , distinction , and proportionality : Under international humanitarian law and

966-400: The "advantages" associated with a course of action. He considers that the advantages that are gleaned should be firmly fixed in a value system that is both "explicit" and "consistent." Also, conflict has a distinct meaning. In Schelling's approach, it is not enough to defeat an opponent, but one must also seize opportunities to co-operate of which there are usually many. He points out that it

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1012-599: The Brahmashtra against Arjuna , the Pandava countered by invoking the same weapon; to prevent widespread destruction, Narada and Vyasa stood between the two astras , ordering the two warriors to withdraw their weapons. Arjuna, out of nobility, did so; Ashwatthama, however, out of anger, refused to recall the astra and rather directed it to Uttarā 's womb to kill the unborn Parikshit in an attempt to produce some level of damage to his opponents, but Krishna intervened and saved

1058-411: The Brahmastra is used or its use is threatened, including: Collateral damage " Collateral damage " is a term for any incidental and undesired death, injury or other damage inflicted, especially on civilians , as the result of an activity. Originally coined to describe military operations, it is now also used in non-military contexts to refer to any unwanted fallout from an action. Since

1104-504: The ability to send email to some domains. The related term collateral mortality has been presumed to derive from the term "collateral damage" and has been applied within military and non-military contexts. Fisheries are an example of this, where bycatch such as dolphins are called collateral mortality; they are species that die in the pursuit of the legal death of fishing targets, such as tuna . Thomas Schelling Thomas Crombie Schelling (April 14, 1921 – December 13, 2016)

1150-405: The child. Ashwatthama was made to surrender the gem on his forehead and cursed by Krishna that he will roam in the forests until the end of time with blood and pus oozing out of his injuries as he cries for death, but death would not meet him. The Brahmashirā Astra or Brahmashirsha astra (Brahma's 4 head weapon), manifests with four heads of Brahma at the front and is four times stronger than

1196-439: The circumstances ruling at the time", which also states that "[s]uch damage is not unlawful so long as it is not excessive in light of the overall military advantage anticipated from the attack". In U.S. military terminology , the unintentional destruction of allied or neutral targets is called "friendly fire". The U.S. military follows a technology-based process for estimating and mitigating collateral damage. The software used

1242-514: The cliff. You just have to convince him that you are prepared to take a higher risk than he is of accidentally falling off the cliff. If you can do that, you win." Schelling's theories about war were extended in Arms and Influence , published in 1966. According to the publisher, the book "carries forward the analysis so brilliantly begun in his earlier The Strategy of Conflict (1960) and Strategy and Arms Control (with Morton Halperin , 1961), and makes

1288-659: The destruction of civilian areas, not directly targeted but affected by military actions intended to affect other strategic assets. The term came into usage during the Vietnam War and over several decades became entrenched in U.S. armed forces jargon. During the 1991 Gulf War , Coalition forces used the phrase to describe the killing of civilians in attacks on legitimate military targets . According to Scottish linguist Deborah Cameron , "the classic Orwellian arguments for finding this usage objectionable would be that In 1999, "collateral damage" ( German : Kollateralschaden )

1334-566: The development of precision guided munitions in the 1970s, military forces often claim to have gone to great lengths to minimize collateral damage. Critics of use of the term "collateral damage" see it as a euphemism that dehumanizes non-combatants killed or injured during combat , used to reduce the perceived culpability of military leadership in failing to prevent non-combatant casualties . Collateral damage does not include civilian casualties caused by military operations that are intended to terrorize or kill enemy civilians (e.g.,

1380-691: The economics faculty at Yale University . In 1956, "he joined the RAND Corporation as an adjunct fellow, becoming a full-time researcher for a year after leaving Yale, and returning to adjunct status through 2002." In 1958 Schelling was appointed professor of economics at Harvard. That same year, he "co-founded the Center for International Affairs, which was [later] renamed the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs ." In 1969, Schelling joined Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government , where he

1426-466: The edge of a cliff, chained by the ankle to someone else. You'll be released, and one of you will get a large prize, as soon as the other gives in. How do you persuade the other guy to give in, when the only method at your disposal—threatening to push him off the cliff—would doom you both? Answer: You start dancing, closer and closer to the edge. That way, you don't have to convince him that you would do something totally irrational: plunge him and yourself off

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1472-434: The most influential book he had read. The Strategy of Conflict , which Schelling published in 1960, pioneered the study of bargaining and strategic behavior in what he refers to as "conflict behavior." The Times Literary Supplement in 1995 ranked it as one of the 100 most influential books in the 50 years since 1945. In this book Schelling introduced concepts such as the "focal point" and "credible commitment." In

1518-536: The natural environment which would be clearly excessive in relation to the concrete and direct overall military advantage anticipated. Article 8(2)(b)(iv) draws on the principles in Article 51(5)(b) of the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions , but restricts the criminal prohibition to cases that are " clearly " excessive. The application of Article 8(2)(b)(iv) requires, inter alia , an assessment of: The USAF Intelligence Targeting Guide defines

1564-499: The net impact on agriculture will be negative or much noticed in the developed world. Drawing on his experience with the Marshall Plan after World War II , he argued that addressing global warming is a bargaining problem : if the world were able to reduce emissions, poor countries would receive most of the benefits, but rich countries would bear most of the costs. Stanley Kubrick read an article Schelling wrote that included

1610-496: The normal Brahmastra. Arjuna , Drona , Karna , Ashwatthama , and Bhishma were among who possessed this knowledge in Mahabharata . It is also able to annihilate someone's existence from the past, present, and future, making their existence impossible to be imagined and because they did not exist and will not exist, it is impossible for them to ever exist in any facet or form in any meaningful way. The Brahma Danda (Brahma's rod)

1656-471: The other party to come to the desired conclusion. Specifically, Schelling mentions the actions taken by the U.S. during the Cuban and Berlin crises and how they functioned as not only preparation for war but also signals. For example, Schelling points out that the bombing of North Vietnam "is as much coercive as tactical." Not only was the bombing to cripple their enemies armies, but it also served to bring Vietnam to

1702-489: The same color, or even a preference for a mixture "up to some limit," can lead to total segregation . He thus argued that motives, malicious or not, were indistinguishable as to explaining the phenomenon of complete local separation of distinct groups. He used coins on graph paper to demonstrate his theory by placing pennies and dimes in different patterns on the "board" and then moving them one by one if they were in an "unhappy" situation. Schelling's dynamics has been cited as

1748-488: The table for negotiations. Much of this writing was influenced largely due to Schelling's personal interest in Game Theory and its application to nuclear armaments. Schelling's work influenced Robert Jervis . In 1969 and 1971, Schelling published widely-cited articles dealing with racial dynamics and what he termed "a general theory of tipping ." In those papers, he showed that a preference that one's neighbors be of

1794-462: The term as the "unintentional damage or incidental damage affecting facilities, equipment, or personnel, occurring as a result of military actions directed against targeted enemy forces or facilities", stating that "[s]uch damage can occur to friendly, neutral, and even enemy forces". Another United States Department of Defense document uses "[u]nintentional or incidental injury or damage to persons or objects that would not be lawful military targets in

1840-676: Was an American economist and professor of foreign policy , national security , nuclear strategy , and arms control at the School of Public Policy at University of Maryland, College Park . He was also co-faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute . Schelling was awarded the 2005 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (shared with Robert Aumann ) for "having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game theory analysis." Schelling

1886-729: Was awarded the Award for Behavior Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War from the National Academy of Sciences . He received honorary doctorates from Erasmus University Rotterdam in 2003, Yale University in 2009, and RAND Graduate School of Public Analysis, as well as an honorary degree from the University of Manchester in 2010. He was awarded the 2005 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , along with Robert Aumann , for "having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis." In 2008 he

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1932-844: Was born on April 14, 1921, in Oakland, California . He graduated from San Diego High School . He received his bachelor's degree in economics from the University of California, Berkeley , in 1944 and received his PhD in economics from Harvard University in 1951. Schelling served with the Marshall Plan in Europe , the White House , and the Executive Office of the President from 1948 to 1953. He wrote most of his dissertation on national income behavior working at night while in Europe. He left government to join

1978-512: Was involved in the global warming debate since chairing a commission for President Jimmy Carter in 1980. He believed climate change poses a serious threat to developing nations, but that the threat to the United States was exaggerated. He wrote that, Today, little of our gross domestic product is produced outdoors, and therefore, little is susceptible to climate. Agriculture and forestry are less than 3 percent of total output, and little else

2024-574: Was named the German Un-Word of the Year by a jury of linguistic scholars. With this choice, it was criticized that the term had been used by NATO forces to describe civilian casualties during the Kosovo War , which the jury considered to be an inhuman euphemism. Military necessity , along with distinction and proportionality , are three important principles of international humanitarian law , governing

2070-577: Was the Lucius N. Littauer Professor of Political Economy. He was among the "founding fathers" of the "modern" Kennedy School, as he helped to shift the curriculum's emphasis away from administration and more toward leadership. Between 1994 and 1999, he conducted research at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), in Laxenburg , Austria . In 1990, he left Harvard and joined

2116-710: Was the Witten Lecturer at the Witten/Herdecke University as the awardee of the Witten Lectures in Economics and Philosophy. Schelling was married to Corinne Tigay Saposs from 1947 to 1991, with whom he had four sons. Later in 1991 he married Alice M. Coleman, who brought two sons to the marriage; they became his stepsons. Schelling died on December 13, 2016, in Bethesda, Maryland , from complications following

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