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63-565: Boztepe Peninsula is a peninsula in the Black Sea region of Turkey . It is in Sinop Province . The midpoint of the peninsula is at about 42°01′30″N 35°11′00″E  /  42.02500°N 35.18333°E  / 42.02500; 35.18333 The link between the mainland (which itself is a bigger peninsula) to the west and Boztepe to the east is an isthmus of 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) length and only 300 metres (980 ft) width. Thus

126-561: A flourishing trade relationship with the ancient peoples of Anatolia . The city's ideal combination of fertile ground and shallow waters attracted numerous traders. Amisus was settled by the Ionian Milesians in the 6th century BC, it is believed that there was significant Greek activity along the coast of the Black Sea, although the archaeological evidence for this is very fragmentary. The only archaeological evidence we have as early as

189-623: A granddaughter of Marcus Antonius. From 62 CE it was directly ruled by Roman governors, most famously by Trajan's appointee Pliny. Pliny the Younger's address to the Emperor Trajan in the 1st century CE "By your indulgence, sir, they have the benefit of their own laws," is interpreted by John Boyle Orrery to indicate that the freedoms won for those in Pontus by the Romans was not pure freedom and depended on

252-455: A mixed heritage group, it is not surprising that Amisus would be an appealing site for evangelist work. The author of 1 Peter 1:1 addresses the Jewish diaspora of the province of Pontus, along with four other provinces: "Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, To God's elect, exiles scattered throughout the provinces of Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia." (Peter 1:1) As Amisus would have been

315-553: A period of economic and population recovery in the years after the establishment of the Republic and quickly restored its status as a vital Black Sea port for Turkey. Reconstruction of Samsun began quickly after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey . In 1929, the region's first electric power plant began operations. Railway access to the city was established in the early 1950s with service to Sivas and Ankara . Major investments in

378-542: A separate harbour slightly further east. A ship building yard is under construction at the eastern city limit. Road and rail freight connections with central Anatolia can be used to send inland both the agricultural produce of the surrounding well rained upon and fertile land, and also imports from overseas. Donbas anthracite , imported via the Russian ports of Azov and Taganrog , is said to be illegally exported Ukrainian coal . In 2019 some crew were rescued but 6 died after

441-585: A ticket. Passenger and freight trains run to Sivas via Amasya . The train station is in the city center. Freight trains are taken by ferry to railways at Kavkaz in Russia, and will later see service to the port of Varna in Bulgaria and Poti in Georgia. The Samsun Tram operates between the eastern district of Tekkeköy and Ondokuz Mayıs University . There is a plan to run electrically powered bus rapid transit between

504-980: A week or two, and it can be heavy once it snows. The water temperature in the whole Turkish Black Sea coast is always cool and fluctuates between 8° and 20 °C throughout the year. Those who dislike the heat and humidity of the summer in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions of Turkey, escape to the plateaux of the mountains in the Black Sea region which are almost permanently cloudy and receive immense amounts of rain, and are very attractive with rich flora and fauna , forests , crater lakes , waterfalls , rivers , streams , mountain and nature walk, rafting , canoe and winter sports , hunting and fishing , grass skiing , healing water, and local dishes. 41°00′N 36°00′E  /  41.000°N 36.000°E  / 41.000; 36.000 Samsun Samsun , historically known as Sampsounta ( Greek : Σαμψούντα ) and Amisos ( Ancient Greek : Ἀμισός),

567-411: Is a city on the north coast of Turkey and a major Black Sea port . Over 700,000 people live in the city. The city is the capital of Samsun Province which has a population of over 1,350,000. The city is home to Ondokuz Mayıs University , several hospitals, three large shopping malls, Samsunspor football club, an opera house and a large and modern manufacturing district. The city is best known as

630-571: Is around 27 °C (81 °F) in August. Winters are cool to mild and wet, the lowest average minimum temperature is around 4 °C (39 °F) in January. Precipitation is heaviest in late autumn and early winter. Snow sometimes occurs between the months of December and March, but temperatures below the freezing point rarely last more than a couple of days. The water temperature is generally mild, fluctuating between 8–20 °C (46–68 °F) throughout

693-407: Is possible to reach the airport by Havas service buses: they depart from the coach park close to Kultur Sarayi in the city center. Horse-drawn carriages, (Turkish: fayton) run along the seafront. There was automated bike rental along the seafront, but it is not currently operational. Samsun has a mixed economy with a cluster of medical industries. Samsun is a port city. In the early 20th century,

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756-520: Is quite populated. More than half of the Sinop city, including the historical buildings, is either in the southwest part of the peninsula or on the isthmus. In the east part of the peninsula a street runs in parallel to the coast and encircle the peninsula. At the easternmost end of the peninsula there is a lighthouse equipped with a foghorn. Black Sea region It is bordered by the Marmara Region to

819-833: Is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see . Samsun was part of the Seljuk Empire , the Sultanate of Rum , the Empire of Trebizond , and was one of the Genoese colonies . After the breakup of the Seljuk Empire into small principalities (beyliks) in the late 13th century, the city was ruled by one of them, the Isfendiyarids . It was captured from the Isfendiyarids at the end of

882-476: The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey funded the building of a harbor. Before the building of the harbor, ships had to anchor to deliver goods, approximately 1 mile or more from shore. Trade and transportation was focused around a road to and from Sivas . The privately operated port fronting the city centre handles freight, including RORO ferries to Novorossiysk , whereas fishing boats land their catches in

945-536: The Dioecesis Pontica within the eastern Roman Empire ; later still it was part of the Armeniac Theme . Samsun Castle was built on the seaside in 1192, it was demolished between 1909 and 1918. Though the roots of the city are Hellenistic , it was also one of the centers of an early Christian congregation. Its function as a commercial metropolis in northern Asia Minor was a contributing factor to enable

1008-485: The Nationalist Movement Party . Air pollution is a problem in some parts of the city, especially in winter when free coal is supplied to poor families by the government. NOx levels from traffic on Yüzüncüyıl Boulevard are among the highest in the country. Samsun like many Ottoman Empire cities was composed of stone mosques, baths, markets and government buildings while the residential vernacular

1071-519: The Rize region has numerous tea plantations. All cultivable areas, including mountain slopes wherever they are not too steep, are sown or used as pasture. The western part of the Black Sea region, especially the Zonguldak area, is a center of coal mining and heavy industry . The North Anatolian Mountains in the north are an interrupted chain of folded highlands that generally parallel the Black Sea coast. In

1134-524: The Tekkeköy Caves can be seen in Samsun Archaeology Museum. The earliest layer excavated of the höyük of Dündartepe revealed a Chalcolithic settlement. Early Bronze Age and Hittite settlements were also found there and at Tekkeköy. Samsun (then known as Amisos , Greek Αμισός, alternative spelling Amisus ) was settled in about 760–750 BC by Ionians from Miletus , who established

1197-529: The Turkish War of Independence . Samsun's tallest building is Gökdelen Towers Tower 1 at 115 m followed by the Sheraton Hotel Samsun at 115 m. In recent years dozens of mid-rise residential and commercial buildings have come to populate the city's formerly low-rise skyline. Long distance buses the bus station is outside the city centre, but most bus companies provide a free transfer there if you have

1260-722: The Turkish national movement against the Allies in Samsun on May 19, 1919, the date which traditionally marks the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence . Atatürk, appointed by the Ottoman government as Inspector of the Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate of the Empire in eastern Anatolia , left Constantinople aboard the now-famous SS  Bandırma on May 16 for Samsun. Instead of obeying

1323-623: The 14th century by the rival Ottoman beylik (later the Ottoman Empire ) under sultan Bayezid I , but was lost again shortly afterwards. The Ottomans permanently conquered the town in the weeks following 11 August 1420. In the later Ottoman period, it became part of the Sanjak of Canik ( Turkish : Canik Sancağı ), which was at first part of the Rûm Eyalet . The land around the town mainly produced tobacco , with its own type being grown in Samsun,

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1386-527: The 18th and 19th centuries bore the title of Amisus as titular bishops . In the 13th century the Franciscans had a convent at Amisus, which became a Latin bishopric some time before 1345, when its bishop Paulus was transferred to the recently conquered city of Smyrna and was replaced by the Dominican Benedict, who was followed by an Italian Armenian called Thomas. No longer a residential diocese, it

1449-483: The 2010 census. 4,137,166 people live in cities and 4,301,747 people in villages. This makes it the only one of the seven regions of Turkey in which more people live in rural rather than urban areas. Though the overwhelming majority is Turkish, the east of the region is also inhabited by the Laz , a people who speak a Kartvelian language which is closely related to Georgian and converted to Islam from Georgian Orthodoxy in

1512-563: The 2010s, preserving their own customs and dialect of Greek , the vast majority have since left, mainly to Greece. However, most Muslim Pontic Greeks remained in Turkey. The Black Sea region has a steep, rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges. A few larger rivers, those cutting back through the Pontic Mountains (Doğu Karadeniz Dağları), have tributaries that flow in broad, elevated basins. Access inland from

1575-529: The 20th century radar base. The Romans conquered Amisus in 71 BC during the Third Mithridatic War . and Amisus became part of Bithynia et Pontus province. Around 46 BC, during the reign of Julius Caesar, Amisus became the capital of Roman Pontus. From the period of the Second Triumvirate up to Nero, Pontus was ruled by several client kings, as well as one client queen, Pythodorida of Pontus ,

1638-622: The 6th century is a fragment of Wild Goat style Greek pottery, in the Louvre. The city was captured by the Persians in 550 BC and became part of Cappadocia (satrapy) . In the 5th century BC, Amisus became a free state and one of the members of the Delian League led by the Athenians ; it was then renamed Peiraeus under Pericles . A historical tradition from Theopompus by way of Strabo has it that

1701-430: The Black Sea coast makes commercial farming profitable. Running from Zonguldak in the west to Rize in the east, the narrow coastal strip widens at several places into fertile, intensely cultivated deltas. The Samsun area, close to the midpoint, is a major tobacco -growing region; east of it are numerous citrus groves. East of Samsun, the area around Giresun is known for the production of hazelnuts , and farther east

1764-431: The Black Sea region has a borderline humid subtropical and oceanic ( Köppen : Cfa / Cfb ) climate; with high and evenly distributed rainfall the year round. At the coast, summers are warm and humid, and winters are cool and damp. The eastern part of the coast averages 2,500 millimeters annually which is the highest precipitation in the country. Snowfall is quite common between the months of December and March, snowing for

1827-526: The Free Republican Party and the first provincial branch of the Democrat Party were opened. For that reason, the city occupies an important place in the history of politics in Turkey. Samsun has traditionally voted for right-wing and nationalistic parties both in local and national elections. In this respect, in Samsun, which is described as the "vote depot of the right". Until the 2018, nearly 80% of

1890-607: The Illuminator (raised as a Christian from 257 CE when he was brought to Amisus) and Basil the Great (Bishop of the city 330–379 CE). Christian bishops of Amisus include Antonius, who took part in the Council of Chalcedon in 451; Erythraeus, a signatory of the letter that the bishops of Helenopontus wrote to Emperor Leo I the Thracian after the killing of Patriarch Proterius of Alexandria ;

1953-592: The Samsun-Bafra, which the British described as having "small but very aromatic leaves", and commanding a "high price." The town was connected to the railway system in the second half of the 19th century, and tobacco trade boomed. There was a British consulate in the town from 1837 to 1863. Previously, the last Armenian Zoroastrians, the Arewordik , or children of the sun, lived in Samsun. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk established

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2016-565: The Turks was a strategic failure. Following Turkey's victory, the Greek population left for Greece after the 1923 Population Exchange founding villages including Nea Sampsounda in Preveza , Greece . After the establishment of the Republic, Samsun was declared a province with five districts Bafra , Çarşamba , Havza , Terme and Vezirköprü . Samsun added additional districts in later years. In 1928, Ladik

2079-511: The city center. Projects include the restoration of the Mert River, the construction of the new National Garden, the restoration of Tarihi Şifa Hamamı and the construction of Samsun Saathane Square . Samsun is a long city which extends along the coast between two river deltas which jut into the Black Sea . It is located at the end of an ancient route from Cappadocia : the Amisos of antiquity lay on

2142-502: The city center. The airport is primarily serviced by Turkish Airlines with service to Istanbul Airport and Ankara Esenboğa Airport but also has international service to Germany and Iraq . In 2008, the Metropolitan Municipality opened the 36.5 km Samsun Tram network which connects Ondokuz Mayıs University to Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium . In 1993, Samsun was established as a metropolitan municipality by decree of

2205-519: The city was originally colonized by the Greeks by a man named Athenocles . Starting in the 3rd century BC, the city came under the control of Mithridates I, later founder of the Kingdom of Pontus . The Amisos treasure may have belonged to one of the kings. Tumuli, containing tombs dated between 300 BC and 30 BC, can be seen at Amisos Hill but unfortunately Toraman Tepe was mostly flattened during construction of

2268-519: The coast is limited to a few narrow valleys because mountain ridges, with elevations of 1,525 to 1,800 meters in the west and 3,000 to 4,000 meters in the east in Kaçkar Mountains , form an almost unbroken wall separating the coast from the interior. The higher slopes facing northwest tend to be densely forested. Because of these natural conditions, the Black Sea coast historically has been isolated from Anatolia . The mild, damp oceanic climate of

2331-568: The construction of vast areas of gecekondu on the city's suburban periphery. As the region has modernized, the Turkish government has made a full force effort to replace gecekondu with formally designed and built housing. TOKİ , the state agency tasked with housing development has invested heavily in Samsun, building several large social housing developments for the city's growing population. Samsun used to have several Greek Orthodox churches however most were destroyed or converted to mosques following

2394-502: The east, lie the Yeşilırmak ("Green River", the Iris of antiquity) and its delta. The River Mert reaches the sea at the city. Samsun has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa, Trewartha : Cf ), typical for the region, but Samsun is nevertheless drier during summer and milder during winter than most of the southern Black Sea coast. Summers are warm, the average maximum temperature

2457-409: The economic liberalization Turkey, the city's population began to rapidly increase. In 1990, the city reported a population of 322,982. That figure grew to 388,509 by 2000, 461,640 in 2008, to 511,601 in 2015. In 2020, the city had an estimated population of 710,000. Samsun holds an important historical role in the political development of the Republic of Turkey . The city is where the first branch of

2520-598: The exception of those from Atakum . The mayor of the Metropolitan Municipality Mustafa Demir is a member of the Justice and Development Party . Of the members of parliament from Samsun, Ahmet Demircan, Yusuf Ziya Yılmaz, Çiğdem Karaaslan, Fuat Köktaş and Orhan Kırcalı are from the Justice and Development Party , while two are from the Republican People's Party , one from Good Party and one from

2583-457: The generosity of the Roman emperor. The estimated population of the city around 150 AD is between 20,000 and 25,000 people, classifying it as a relatively large city for that time. The city functioned as the commercial capital for the province of Pontus; beating its rival Sinope (now Sinop) due to its position at the head of the trans-Anatolia highway. In Late Antiquity , the city became part of

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2646-596: The headland northwest of the modern city center. The city is growing fast: land has been reclaimed from the sea and many more apartment blocks and shopping malls are currently being built. Industry is tending to move (or be moved) east, further away from the city center and towards the airport. To Samsun's west, lies the Kızılırmak ("Red River", the Halys of antiquity), one of the longest rivers in Anatolia and its fertile delta. To

2709-517: The inhabitants had disappeared by his time. Samsun has also been known as Peiraieos by Athenian settlers and even briefly as Pompeiopolis by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus . The city was called Simisso by the Genoese . It was during the Ottoman Empire , that its present name was written as Ottoman Turkish : صامسون ( Ṣāmsūn ). The city has been known as Samsun since the formation of the Turkish Republic in 1923. Paleolithic artifacts found in

2772-710: The largest commercial port-city in the province, it is believed certain that the spread of Christianity in the region would have begun there. In the 1st century Pliny the Younger documents accounts of Christians in and around the cities of Pontus. His accounts center on his conflicts with the Christians when he served under the Emperor Trajan and describe early Christian communities, his condemnation of their refusal to renounce their religion, but also describes his tolerance for some Christian practices like Christian charitable societies. Many great early Christian figures had connections to Amisus, including Caesarea Mazaca , Gregory

2835-627: The late 6th-century bishop Florus, venerated as a saint in the Greek menologion ; and Tiberius, who attended the Third Council of Constantinople (680), Leo, the Second Council of Nicaea (787), and Basilius, the Council of Constantinople of 879 . The diocese is no longer mentioned in the Greek Notitiae Episcopatuum after the 15th century and thereafter the city was considered part of the see of Amasea . However, some Greek bishops of

2898-581: The late Ottoman period as well as Muslim Georgians , also the Hemsin , Armenian converts to Islam, and Pontic Greeks , who converted to Islam in the 17th century. While a large community (around 25% of the population) of Christian Pontic Greeks remained throughout the Pontus area (including Trabzon and Kars in northeastern Turkey/the Russian Caucasus) until the 1920s, and in parts of Georgia and Armenia until

2961-488: The national government in Ankara . The decree further enhanced Samsun's status as one of Turkey's largest and most important cities. As Samsun grew, as did its environs. Neighboring Atakum, a suburb to the west of the city center was established in 2008 with the merger of Atakent, Kurupelit, Altınkum, Çatalçam and Taflan towns into one municipality. Atakum in recent years has become a bedroom community to Samsun and home to much of

3024-485: The orders of the Ottoman government, then under the control of the occupying Allies, he and a number of colleagues declared the beginning of the Turkish national movement. The Allies claimed that the Greek population of Samsun was subject looting by Turkish irregular groups, as noted by representatives of the American Near East Relief , an Allied organization. The Turkish National Movement became alarmed due to

3087-492: The peninsula looks like an island and it is sometimes called "island". The area of the peninsula is about 7 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi). The bay to the south of the peninsula (called İçliman ) is a natural harbor sheltered from most winds except for the south east wind. Because of this advantage historically Sinop was one of the most active ports of the Black Sea coast before the Battle of Sinop in 1853. The peninsula

3150-480: The place where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk began the Turkish War of Independence in 1919. The present name of the city is believed to have come from its former Greek name of Amisós ( Αμισός ) by a reinterpretation of eís Amisón (meaning "to Amisós") and ounta (Greek suffix for place names) to [eí]s Am[p]s-únta ( Σαμψούντα : Sampsúnta ) and then Samsun ( pronounced [samsun] ). The early Greek historian Hecataeus wrote that Amisos

3213-497: The populace voted for right-wing parties while the membership rate to political parties is around 20%. The majority of the deputies have been from the right in all general elections since 1950. Only in 1989 and 1994 did a candidate from a left-wing party, Muzaffer Önder was elected mayor. Today, 6 of the 9 deputies of Samsun's delegation to the Turkish Grand National Assembly are members of right-wing parties with

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3276-492: The presence of Greek warships in the vicinity of Samsun and undertook the deportation which entailed the deportation of 21,000 local Greeks to the interior of Anatolia. By 1920, Samsun's population totaled about 36,000, though this figure declined due to the impacts of war and deportations. Later, in early June 1922, the city was bombarded by the Allied navy, consisting of American and Greek warships. The Allied bombardment against

3339-470: The railway station and Tekkekoy . Some city buses are electric. Dolmuş , the routes are numbered 1 to 4 and each route has different color minibuses. The 320 m (1,050 ft) long Samsun Amisos Hill Gondola serves from Batıpark the archaeological area on the Amisos Hill, where ancient tombs in tumuli were discovered. Samsun-Çarşamba Airport is 23 km (14 mi) east of the city center. It

3402-403: The region's professional class. Multiple other large developments have further established Samsun as a major urban center. In 2013, Piazza Samsun a 160 store shopping mall, the largest in the Central Black Sea region, opened in the city center. The opening of the mall was followed by the construction of 115 m tall Sheraton Hotel Samsun . Now the second tallest building in the region, the hotel at

3465-435: The regions road network were made beginning in the 1960s. In 1975, per law No. 1873, Ondokuz Mayıs University was established in neighboring Atakum . The construction of the university was a major development to the region, bringing a highly regarded and well-funded educational institution and state hospital to Samsun. The region was connect by air in 1998 with the construction of Samsun-Çarşamba Airport 23 km east of

3528-407: The spread of Christian influence. As a large port city – the commercial capital of Pontus – travel to and from Christian hotbeds like Jerusalem was not uncommon. According to Josephus , there was large Jewish diaspora in Asia Minor. Given that the early evangelist Christians focused on Jewish diaspora communities, and that the Jewish diaspora in Amisus was a geographically accessible group with

3591-465: The time was the first building in Samsun's history to stand more than 100 m. In 2017, Samsunspor opened a new 30,000 person stadium in Tekkeköy . Gökdelen Towers is now the tallest building in the Samsun region and representative of a recent trend towards high-rise residential housing. Under the leadership of Metropolitan Mayor Mustafa Demir , the Samsun regional government has undertaken several major transportation and housing development projects in

3654-401: The west, the Central Anatolia Region to the south, the Eastern Anatolia Region to the southeast, the Republic of Georgia to the northeast, and the Black Sea to the north. Provinces that are entirely in the Black Sea Region: Provinces that are mostly in the Black Sea Region: Provinces that are partially in the Black Sea Region: The Black Sea region's population is 8,439,213 based on

3717-465: The west, the mountains tend to be low, with elevations rarely exceeding 1,500 meters, but they rise in an easterly direction to heights greater than 3,000 meters south of Rize. Lengthy, trough-like valleys and basins characterize the mountains. Rivers flow from the mountains toward the Black Sea . The southern slopes—facing the Anatolian Plateau—are mostly unwooded, but the northern slopes contain dense growths of both deciduous and evergreen trees. Most of

3780-439: The year. During the Tanzimat period and the subsequent wars, Ottoman Muslims were exiled from the Balkans and Circassians were expelled from the Caucasus region. Many of the present inhabitants trace their origins from further west or east on the Black Sea coast. The overwhelming majority of people are Muslim . Due to depressed economic conditions, Samsun saw slow but gradual population growth until 1990. Beginning with

3843-508: Was almost exclusively wood. The city was populated with wooden konak style homes with more elaborate yali (residence) style homes for the wealthy. Beginning in the 1950s as the city's population grew many of these older wooden structures burned down or torn down and replaced with concrete frame apartment buildings which are now the predominant form of construction in the city center. The city's explosive population growth outpaced its ability to formally build housing for its new residents leading to

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3906-441: Was established as a district. In 1934, district was Kavak was established followed by Alaçam in 1944 which brought the number of districts in Samsun Province to eight. With the law number 3392 adopted on 19 June 1983 Salıpazarı , Asarcık , Ondokuzmayıs and Tekkeköy districts were established. With the law number 3644 adopted on 9 May 1990, Ayvacık and Yakakent two more districts were established. Samsun entered into

3969-402: Was formerly called Enete , the place mentioned in Homer's Iliad . In Book II, Homer says that the ἐνετοί (Enetoi) inhabited Paphlagonia on the southern coast of the Black Sea in the time of the Trojan War (c. 1200 BC). The Paphlagonians are listed among the allies of the Trojans in the war, where their king Pylaemenes and his son Harpalion perished. Strabo mentioned that

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