63-524: Boyd Blake Rice (born December 16, 1956) is an American experimental sound/noise musician using the name of NON since the mid-1970s. A pioneer of industrial music , Rice was one of the first artists to use a sampler and turntable as an instrument. He is also a writer, archivist, actor, and photographer. Rice was born on December 16, 1956, in Lemon Grove, California . He became widely known through his involvement in V. Vale 's RE/Search Publications . He
126-583: A Throbbing Gristle fan was like enrolling in a university course of cultural extremism." John Cage was an initial inspiration for Throbbing Gristle. SPK appreciated Jean Dubuffet , Marcel Duchamp , Jean Baudrillard , Michel Foucault , Walter Benjamin , Marshall McLuhan , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Gilles Deleuze , as well as being inspired by the manifesto of the eponymous Socialist Patients' Collective . Cabaret Voltaire took conceptual cues from Burroughs, J. G. Ballard , and Tristan Tzara . Whitehouse and Nurse with Wound dedicated some of their work to
189-432: A backlash for these associations in the late 1980s, when more left-wing avant-garde figures like Jello Biafra , Peter Christopherson , and V. Vale cut their ties with him. In the 1990s he began to disassociate himself from the far right and to use fascist iconography with more irony. Rice has denied that he is a neo-Nazi. In one 2012 interview he praised Arthur de Gobineau while adding, “I don’t think that to believe in
252-450: A cacophony of repetitive sounds. In Boston, Sleep Chamber and other artists from Inner-X-Musick began experimenting with a mixture of powerful noise and early forms of EBM . In Italy, work by Maurizio Bianchi at the beginning of the 1980s also shared this aesthetic. In Germany, Einstürzende Neubauten mixed metal percussion, guitars, and unconventional instruments (such as jackhammers and bones) in stage performances that often damaged
315-711: A cassette library including recordings by The Master Musicians of Joujouka , Kraftwerk , Charles Manson , and William S. Burroughs . P-Orridge also credited 1960s rock such as the Doors , Pearls Before Swine , the Fugs , Captain Beefheart , and Frank Zappa in a 1979 interview. The dissonant electronic work of krautrock groups like Faust and Neu! was an influence on industrial artists. Chris Carter also enjoyed and found inspiration in Pink Floyd and Tangerine Dream . Boyd Rice
378-523: A friend of Coil's, formed Current 93 , alongside Douglas P. of Death In June , Steven Stapleton and Fritz Catlin of 23 Skidoo ; both Coil and Current 93 were inspired by amphetamines and LSD. J. G. Thirlwell , a co-producer with Coil, developed a version of black comedy in industrial music, borrowing from lounge as well as noise and film music . In the early 1980s, the Chicago-based record label Wax Trax! and Canada's Nettwerk helped to expand
441-467: A locomotive bell, a pneumatic drill and a compressed-air tank". Though these compositions are not directly tied to what the genre would become, they are early examples of music designed to mimic machinery noise and factory atmosphere. Early examples of industrial music are arguably found in Pierre Schaeffer 's 1940s musique concrète and the tape music of Halim El-Dabh , the former of which is akin to
504-461: A long correspondence. Schwarz, a biographer of Duchamp and Man Ray , encouraged Rice to pursue his art, no matter what. And he did. Though he would later shift his focus to sound, he has never stopped creating visual art and has given a number of one man shows over the years. In the mid-1970s Rice devoted a great deal of time to experimental photography, developing a process by which he could produce "photographs of things which don't exist". He had
567-475: A long list of obscure free improvisation and Krautrock as recommended listening. 23 Skidoo borrowed from Fela Kuti and Miles Davis's On the Corner . Many industrial groups, including Einstürzende Neubauten , took inspiration from world music . Many of the initial industrial musicians preferred to cite artists or thinkers, rather than musicians, as their inspiration. Simon Reynolds declares that "Being
630-639: A one-man show of the photos in the early 1980s at Richard Peterson's Pink & Pearl Gallery in San Diego, which was documented in the local press, the San Diego Union and Evening Tribune . He has never revealed the means by which he made these photos, and has stated publicly that the secret will go to the grave with him. Some of these photos can be seen in his book Standing in Two Circles (Creation Press, 2008). Rice dated Lisa Crystal Carver , with whom he has
693-654: A platinum-selling album each in the 1990s . Industrial music drew from a broad range of predecessors. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the genre was first named in 1942 when The Musical Quarterly called Dmitri Shostakovich's 1927 Symphony No. 2 "the high tide of 'industrial music'." Similarly, in 1972, The New York Times described works by Ferde Grofé (especially 1935's A Symphony in Steel ) as part of "his 'industrial music' genre [that] called on such instruments as four pairs of shoes, two brooms,
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#1732869163387756-696: A response to world music. Performing at the first WOMAD Festival in 1982, the group likened themselves to Indonesian gamelan . Swedish act Leather Nun were signed to Industrial Records in 1978, being the first non-TG/Cazazza act to have an IR-release. Their singles eventually received significant airplay in the United States on college radio . Across the Atlantic, similar experiments were taking place. In San Francisco, performance artist Monte Cazazza began recording noise music . Boyd Rice released several albums of noise, with guitar drones and tape loops creating
819-532: A result. He also cultivated connections with neo-Nazis such as James Mason (who he began corresponding with in 1986), Tom Metzger (whose TV show he appeared on in 1986) and Bob Heick . Rice introduced Mason to Adam Parfrey and Michael J. Moynihan , who would bring Mason's book Siege to a larger audience. In 1989, Rice and Heick were photographed for Sassy wearing uniforms and brandishing knives. He has also expressed support for fascism in his writings, interviews, and public appearances. Rice began to face
882-675: A shoe polisher, the "rotoguitar" (an electric guitar with an electric fan on it), and other homemade instruments . He has also used found sounds , played at a volume just below the threshold of pain, to entice his audiences to endure his high decibel sound experiments. Rice coupled his aural assaults with psychological torture on audiences in The Hague , the Netherlands, by shining in their faces exceedingly bright lights that were deliberately placed just out of reach. As their frustration mounted, Rice states that he: ...continued to be friendly to
945-514: A slide in order to produce glissandi , or pounded the strings as if it were a percussion instrument. Throbbing Gristle also played at very high volume and produced ultra-high and sub-bass frequencies in an attempt to produce physical effects, naming this approach as "metabolic music." Vocals were sporadic, and were as likely to be bubblegum pop as they were to be abrasive polemics . Cabaret Voltaire's Stephen Mallinder's vocals were electronically treated. The purpose of industrial music initially
1008-476: A son, Wolfgang. Rice was arrested in 1995 for domestic violence, though never charged. Carver writes in her memoir, Drugs Are Nice , that he physically abused her. Since the 1980s Rice's music and art have been influenced by fascist and otherwise transgressive ideas and aesthetics. The packaging for NON's 1986 album Blood & Flame , for instance, included a Wolfsangel and a quote from Alfred Rosenberg . He has often been accused of fascist sympathies as
1071-468: A style they eventually called power electronics . An early collaborator with Whitehouse, Steve Stapleton, formed Nurse with Wound, who experimented with noise sculpture and sound collage. Clock DVA described their goal as borrowing equally from surrealist automatism and "nervous energy sort of funk stuff, body music that flinches you and makes you move." 23 Skidoo, like Clock DVA, merged industrial music with African-American dance music, but also performed
1134-650: A variety of industrial forefathers and created a lurching, impalatable whole from many pieces. Swans , from New York City, also practiced a metal music aesthetic, though reliant on standard rock instrumentation. Laibach, a Slovenian group who began while Yugoslavia remained a single state, were very controversial for their iconographic borrowings from Stalinist , Nazi , Titoist , Dada , and Russian Futurist imagery, conflating Yugoslav patriotism with its German authoritarian adversary. Slavoj Žižek has defended Laibach, arguing that they and their associated Neue Slowenische Kunst art group practice an overidentification with
1197-443: Is being wasted here to destroy the morality of our society" and blasted the group as "wreckers of civilization." The group announced their dissolution in 1981, declaring that their "mission" has been "terminated." Chicago record label Wax Trax! Records was prominent in the widespread attention industrial music received starting in the early 1980s. The label was started by Jim Nash and Dannie Flesher. The label's first official release
1260-799: Is profiled in RE/Search #6/7: Industrial Culture Handbook and Pranks! In the mid-1980s Rice became close friends with Anton LaVey , founder and high priest of the Church of Satan , and was made a priest, then later a magister in the Council of Nine of the Church. The two admired much of the same music and shared a similar misanthropic outlook. Each had been inspired by Might Is Right in fashioning various works: LaVey in The Satanic Bible , and Rice in several recordings. In 1987 Rice and Nikolas Schreck founded
1323-477: The Chicago -based Wax Trax! Records imprint. Electro-industrial music is a primary subgenre that developed in the 1980s, with the most notable bands in the genre being Front Line Assembly and Skinny Puppy . The two other most notable hybrid genres are industrial rock and industrial metal , which include bands such as Nine Inch Nails , Ministry , Rammstein , and Fear Factory , the first three of which released
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#17328691633871386-561: The Marquis de Sade ; the latter also took impetus from the Comte de Lautréamont . Another influence on the industrial aesthetic was Lou Reed's Metal Machine Music . Pitchfork Music cites this album as "inspiring, in part, much of the contemporary avant-garde music scene—noise, in particular." The album consists entirely of guitar feedback, anticipating industrial's use of non-musical sounds. The New York Times described American avant-garde band
1449-489: The Mute Records label. Rice has also collaborated with Frank Tovey of Fad Gadget , Tony Wakeford of Sol Invictus and Michael Jenkins Moynihan of Blood Axis . His later albums have often been explicitly conceptual . On Might! (1995), Rice layers portions of Ragnar Redbeard's Social Darwinist harangue, Might Is Right over sound beds of looped noise and manipulated frequencies. 1997's God & Beast explores
1512-690: The "experimentation in sonic assault, noise, and chance sound (including transistor radios )" on their debut album AMMMusic (1967) would "reach the rock fringes in the work of industrial groups like Test Dept ". Cromagnon 's album Orgasm (1969) has been cited by AllMusic's Alex Henderson as foreshadowing industrial, noise rock and no wave , with the track "Caledonia" resembling "a Ministry or Revolting Cocks recording from 1989". The 1970 album Klopfzeichen by krautrock band Kluster has also been called an early precursor of industrial music. In 1981, music critic Lester Bangs referenced "the Sounds of
1575-459: The "most abrasive and aggressive fusion of rock and electronic music " that was "initially a blend of avant-garde electronics experiments ( tape music , musique concrète , white noise , synthesizers , sequencers , etc.) and punk provocation." The term was coined in the mid-1970s with the founding of Industrial Records by members of Throbbing Gristle and Monte Cazazza . While the genre name originated with Throbbing Gristle's emergence in
1638-496: The 1990s, Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson had several albums and EPs certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) , including Nine Inch Nails' Broken (1992), The Downward Spiral (1994) and The Fragile (1999) , and Marilyn Manson's Antichrist Superstar (1996) and Mechanical Animals (1998). God %26 Beast Too Many Requests If you report this error to
1701-532: The 1990s, industrial music broke into the mainstream. The genre, previously ignored or criticized by music journalists, grew popular with disaffected middle-class youth in suburban and rural areas. By this time, the genre had become broad enough that journalist James Greer called it "the kind of meaningless catch-all term that new wave once was". A number of acts associated with industrial music achieved commercial success during this period including Nine Inch Nails , Marilyn Manson , Rammstein and Orgy . Through
1764-512: The Abraxas Foundation, an "occult-fascist" think tank that also counted Adam Parfrey and Michael J. Moynihan among its members. During an interview, Rice described the basic philosophy of his foundation as being "The strong rule the weak, and the clever rule the strong". Rice has documented the writings of Charles Manson in his role as contributing editor of The Manson File . Rice creates music under his own name, as well as under
1827-518: The Cabaret Voltaire members' individual contributions as " [Chris] Watson 's smears of synth slime; [Stephen] Mallinder 's dankly pulsing bass; and [Richard H.] Kirk 's spikes of shattered-glass guitar." Watson custom-built a fuzzbox for Kirk's guitar, producing a unique timbre . Carter built speakers, effects units, and synthesizer modules, as well as modifying more conventional rock instrumentation, for Throbbing Gristle. Tutti played guitar with
1890-492: The Junkyard" (1964), an album made up of industrial field recordings released by Folkways Records , in his guide to "horrible noise". In the book Interrogation Machine: Laibach and NSK , Alexei Monroe argues that Kraftwerk were particularly significant in the development of industrial music, as the "first successful artists to incorporate representations of industrial sounds into nonacademic electronic music." Industrial music
1953-476: The Residents as having "presaged forms of punk, new wave and industrial music". Industrial Music for Industrial People was originally coined by Monte Cazazza as the strapline for the record label Industrial Records , founded by British art-provocateurs Throbbing Gristle. The first wave of this music appeared with Throbbing Gristle, from London; Cabaret Voltaire, from Sheffield; and Boyd Rice (recording under
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2016-564: The United Kingdom, artists and labels vital to the genre also emerged in the United States and other countries. The first industrial artists experimented with noise and aesthetically controversial topics, both musically and visually, such as fascism , sexual perversion , and the occult . Prominent industrial musicians include Throbbing Gristle, Monte Cazazza , SPK , Boyd Rice , Cabaret Voltaire , and Z'EV . On Throbbing Gristle's 1977 debut album, The Second Annual Report , they coined
2079-435: The aesthetics of 1970s industrial music, while artists such as early 20th century Italian futurist Luigi Russolo laid the groundwork for the genre with his book and work The Art of Noises (1913), reflecting "the sounds of a modern industrial society ". AllMusic assessed 1960s English experimental group AMM as originators of the genre, as well as to electronica , free improvisation and noise music , writing that
2142-671: The already eclectic base of industrial music. These offshoots include fusions with noise music, ambient music , folk music , post-punk and electronic dance music , as well as other mutations and developments. The scene has spread worldwide, and is particularly well represented in North America, Europe, and Japan. Substyles inspired by industrial music include dark ambient , power electronics , Japanoise , neofolk , electro-industrial , electronic body music , industrial hip hop , industrial rock , industrial metal , industrial pop , martial industrial , power noise , and witch house . In
2205-552: The audience, which made them even madder, because they were so mad and I didn't care! They were shaking their fists at me, and I thought that at any minute there'd be a riot. So I took it as far as I thought I could, and then thanked them and left. After dropping out of high school at the age of 17, Rice began an in-depth study of early 20th-century art movements , producing his own abstract black and white paintings and experimental photographs. Early on, he met European art historian and gallery owner Arturo Schwarz , with whom he began
2268-606: The audience. Industrial groups typically focus on transgressive subject matter. In his introduction for the Industrial Culture Handbook (1983), Jon Savage considered some hallmarks of industrial music to be organizational autonomy, shock tactics, and the use of synthesizers and "anti-music." Furthermore, an interest in the investigation of " cults , wars, psychological techniques of persuasion, unusual murders (especially by children and psychopaths ), forensic pathology , venereology , concentration camp behavior,
2331-552: The band name of Giddle & Boyd. After the limited edition release of a bubblegum pink, heart-shaped vinyl E.P. titled, Going Steady With Peggy Moffitt . In early 2010, Rice announced that he and Giddle Partridge would focus on solo projects/albums for the time being. Early NON performances were designed to offer choice to audience members who might otherwise expect only a prefabricated and totally passive entertainment experience. Rice has stated that he considers his performances to be "de- indoctrination rites". Rice has performed using
2394-490: The floor and eventually sparking a riot. This event received front-page news coverage in England. Other groups who practiced a form of industrial "metal music" (that is, produced by the sounds of metal crashing against metal) include Test Dept , Laibach , and Die Krupps , as well as Z'EV and SPK. Test Dept were largely inspired by Russian Futurism and toured to support the 1984-85 UK miners' strike . Skinny Puppy embraced
2457-541: The group in 1974, with Carter joining the following year. The group renamed itself Throbbing Gristle in September 1975, their name coming from a northern English slang word for an erection. The group's first public performance, in October 1976, was alongside an exhibit titled Prostitution , which included pornographic photos of Tutti as well as used tampons. Conservative politician Nicholas Fairbairn declared that "public money
2520-434: The hidden perverse enjoyment undergirding authority that produces a subversive and liberatory effect. In simpler language, Laibach practiced a type of agitprop that was widely utilized by industrial and punk artists on both sides of the Atlantic. Following the breakup of Throbbing Gristle, P-Orridge and Christopherson founded Psychic TV and signed to a major label. Their first album was much more accessible and melodic than
2583-540: The history of uniforms and insignia" and Aleister Crowley 's magick was present in Throbbing Gristle's work, as well as in other industrial pioneers. Burroughs's recordings and writings were particularly influential on the scene, particularly his interest in the cut-up technique and noise as a method of disrupting societal control. Many of the first industrial musicians were interested in, though not necessarily sympathetic with, fascism. Throbbing Gristle's logo
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2646-428: The industrial music genre into the more accessible electro-industrial and industrial rock genres. The birth of industrial music was a response to "an age [in which] the access and control of information were becoming the primary tools of power." At its birth, the genre of industrial music was different from any other music, and its use of technology and disturbing lyrics and themes to tear apart preconceptions about
2709-458: The intersection in the soul of man's physical and spiritual natures over the course of an album that alternates abrasive soundscapes with passages of tranquility. In 2006, Rice returned to the studio to record raw vocal sound sources for a collaboration with Industrial, modern primitive percussionist/ ethnomusicologist Z'EV . In addition, he and long-time friend of twenty years Giddle Partridge planned an album titled LOVE/LOVE-BANG/BANG! , under
2772-491: The later industrial musicians, including Einstürzende Neubauten, Test Dept, and Cabaret Voltaire. Around 1983, Cabaret Voltaire members were deeply interested in funk music and, with the encouragement of their friends from New Order , began to develop a form of dark but danceable electrofunk . Christopherson left Psychic TV in 1983 and formed Coil with John Balance . Coil made use of gongs and bullroarers in an attempt to conjure "Martian," "homosexual energy". David Tibet ,
2835-599: The moniker of NON and with contributors under various other project names. Rice started creating experimental noise recordings in 1975, drawing on his interest in tape machines and bubblegum pop sung by female vocalists such as Little Peggy March and Ginny Arnell . One of his earliest efforts consisted entirely of a loop of every time Lesley Gore sang the word "cry". After initially creating recordings simply for his own listening, he later started to give performances, and eventually make records. His musical project NON grew out of these early experiments; he reportedly selected
2898-506: The music industry . And then there's the joke we often used to make in interviews about churning out our records like motorcars — that sense of industrial. And ... up till then the music had been kind of based on the blues and slavery, and we thought it was time to update it to at least Victorian times—you know, the Industrial Revolution ". Early industrial music often featured tape editing, stark percussion and loops distorted to
2961-743: The name NON), from the United States. Throbbing Gristle first performed in 1976, and began as the musical offshoot of the Kingston upon Hull -based COUM Transmissions . COUM was initially a psychedelic rock group, but began to describe their work as performance art in order to obtain grants from the Arts Council of Great Britain . COUM was composed of P-Orridge and Cosey Fanni Tutti . Beginning in 1972, COUM staged several performances inspired by Fluxus and Viennese Actionism . These included various acts of sexual and physical abjection. Peter Christopherson , an employee of commercial artists Hipgnosis , joined
3024-534: The name because "it implies everything and nothing". From his earliest recordings, Rice has experimented with both sound and the medium through which that sound is conveyed. His methods of expanding upon the listening possibilities for recorded music were simple. On his second seven-inch, he had 2–4 extra holes punched into the record for "multi axial rotation". Another early LP was titled Play at Any Speed . While working exclusively with vinyl, he employed locked grooves that allowed listeners to create their own music. He
3087-403: The necessary rules of musical form supports the suggestion that industrial music is modernist music. The artists themselves made these goals explicit, even drawing connections to social changes they wished to argue for through their music. The Industrial Records website explains that the musicians wanted to re-invent rock music, and that their uncensored records were about their relationship with
3150-554: The point where they had degraded to harsh noise, such as the work of early industrial group Cabaret Voltaire , which journalist Simon Reynolds described as characterized by "hissing high hats and squelchy snares of rhythm-generator." Carter of Throbbing Gristle invented a device named the "Gristle-izer", played by Christopherson, which comprised a one-octave keyboard and a number of cassette machines triggering various pre-recorded sounds. Traditional instruments were often played in nontraditional or highly modified ways. Reynolds described
3213-523: The principle of natural inequality that necessarily equates to: you hate black people or you hate Jews or something.” In another 2019 interview he described himself as "utterly apolitical." A 2018 art show was cancelled because of protests over Rice's fascist associations, as were some shows on Rice's 2013 tour with Cold Cave . Industrial music Industrial music is a genre of music that draws on harsh, mechanical, transgressive, or provocative sounds and themes. AllMusic defines industrial music as
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#17328691633873276-658: The slogan "industrial music for industrial people." The industrial music scene also developed strongly in Chicago , with the city's Wax Trax! Records at one point leading the industrial music scene. The precursors that influenced the development of the genre included 1940s musique concrète and varied world music sources in addition to rock-era acts such as Faust , Kraftwerk , the Velvet Underground , and Lou Reed 's Metal Machine Music (1975). Musicians also cite writers such as William S. Burroughs and J. G. Ballard and artists such as Brion Gysin as influences. While
3339-444: The term was self-applied by a small coterie of groups and individuals associated with Industrial Records in the late 1970s, it was broadened to include artists influenced by the original movement or using an "industrial" aesthetic. Over time, the genre's influence spread into and blended with styles including ambient , synth music and rock such as Front 242 , Front Line Assembly , KMFDM , and Sister Machine Gun , acts associated with
3402-421: The usual industrial style, and included hired work by trained musicians. Later work returned to the sound collage and noise elements of earlier industrial. They also borrowed from funk and disco . P-Orridge also founded Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth , a quasi-religious organization that produced video art . Psychic TV's commercial aspirations were managed by Stevo of Some Bizzare Records , who released many of
3465-540: The venues in which they played. Blixa Bargeld, inspired by Antonin Artaud and an enthusiasm for amphetamines , also originated an art movement called Die Genialen Dilettanten. Bargeld is particularly well known for his hissing scream. In January 1984, Einstürzende Neubauten performed a Concerto for Voice and Machinery at the Institute of Contemporary Arts (the same site as COUM's Prostitution exhibition), drilling through
3528-412: The world. They go on to say that they wanted their music to be an awakening for listeners so that they would begin to think for themselves and question the world around them. Industrial Records intended the term industrial to evoke the idea of music created for a new generation, with previous music being more agricultural : P-Orridge stated that "there's an irony in the word 'industrial' because there's
3591-558: Was an EP in 1980 entitled Immediate Action by Strike Under . The label went on to distribute some of the most prominent names in industrial throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Wax Trax! also distributed industrial releases in the United States for the Belgium record label Play It Again Sam Records, and had opened a North American office dubbed Play It Again Sam U.S.A. as a division of Wax Trax!. Wax Trax!
3654-562: Was based on the lightning symbol of the British Union of Fascists , while the Industrial Records logo was a photo of Auschwitz . As some of the originating bands drifted away from the genre in the 1980s, industrial music expanded to include bands influenced by new wave music , hip hop music , jazz , disco , reggae , and new age music , sometimes incorporating pop music songwriting. A number of additional styles developed from
3717-484: Was created originally by using mechanical and electric machinery and later advanced synthesizers, samplers and electronic percussion as the technology developed. Monroe also argues for Suicide as an influential contemporary of industrial musicians. Groups cited as inspirational by the founders of industrial music include the Velvet Underground , Joy Division , and Martin Denny . Genesis P-Orridge of Throbbing Gristle had
3780-595: Was influenced by the music of '60s girl groups and tiki culture . Z'EV cited Christopher Tree (Spontaneous Sound), John Coltrane , Miles Davis , Tim Buckley , Jimi Hendrix , and Captain Beefheart, among others together with Tibetan , Balinese , Javanese , Indian , and African music as influential in his artistic life. Cabaret Voltaire cited Roxy Music as their initial forerunners, as well as Kraftwerk's Trans-Europe Express . Cabaret Voltaire also recorded pieces reminiscent of musique concrète and composers such as Morton Subotnick . Nurse with Wound cited
3843-536: Was one of the first artists, after John Cage , to treat turntables as instruments and developed various techniques for scratching . Rice has been treating sounds from vinyl recordings as early as 1975. Under the name NON, originally with second member Robert Turman , Rice has recorded several seminal noise music albums, and collaborated with experimental music / dark folk artists like Current 93 , Death in June and Rose McDowall . Most of his music has been released on
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#17328691633873906-620: Was subsequently purchased by TVT Records in 1992 who closed the independent Chicago label in 2001. Jim's Daughter, Julia Nash, resurrected Wax Trax! Records in 2011 with a 3-day charity event titled Wax Trax! Retrospectacle - 33 1/3 Year Anniversary. Julia officially released new material in 2014 under the Wax Trax! imprint and continues to run the record label from Chicago. The bands Clock DVA , Nocturnal Emissions , Whitehouse , Nurse with Wound , and SPK soon followed. Whitehouse intended to play "the most brutal and extreme music of all time",
3969-525: Was to serve as a commentary on modern society by eschewing what artists saw as trite connections to the past. Throbbing Gristle opposed the elements of traditional rock music remaining in the punk rock scene, declaring industrial to be "anti-music." Early industrial performances often involved taboo -breaking, provocative elements, such as mutilation , sado-masochistic elements and totalitarian imagery or symbolism, as well as forms of audience abuse, such as Throbbing Gristle's aiming high powered lights at
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