71-448: Bourne Woods are situated near Bourne , Lincolnshire , England, and includes Bourne Wood and Fox Wood. Bourne Wood ( National Grid reference TF0821; Co-ordinates: O°24'W, 52°46'N) and Fox Wood are owned by The Forestry Commission and managed by Forest Enterprise (England) as part of Kesteven Forest. 52°46′N 0°24′W / 52.767°N 0.400°W / 52.767; -0.400 Bourne, Lincolnshire Bourne
142-564: A cross-road since it runs across the pattern of these radial routes. As originally designated, it ran from the A15 at Bourne Market Place (TF095201), eastwards to Fleet Hargate , three kilometres east of Holbeach (TF393250), on the A17. Its present western section, between Colsterworth and Bourne, was part of the B676 road. Road building and re-thinking of the road system have meant that nowadays, its western end
213-700: A dispensation to call their "parish" councils "town" councils, with their chairs to be known as mayor. These town councils were allowed to adopt the coat of arms granted to the former UDC. A Bourne Rural District also existed from 1894 to 1931, when it was abolished to form part of a larger South Kesteven Rural District . The parish of Bourne had formed part of Bourne RD from 1894 to 1899. South Kesteven RDC had its own coat of arms, which disappeared along with that of Kesteven in 1974. Since October 1989, Bourne has been twinned with Doudeville , Seine Maritime , France . Parts of west Bourne are drained by one of two internal drainage boards , The Black Sluice IDB and
284-581: A distance of 100 feet (33M) from the bank of the River Glen. As the river bank meandered a little, so the road does(13). The river is the one the A151 crosses at Corby Glen and Edenham. Here the two parts are combined. Beyond the Glen, to the south, is an area of dense Romano-British occupation. On this side, a little is known but if there is more, it is covered with post-Roman marine silt(14). It looks as though this part of
355-530: A kilometre out of Corby Glen, the road passes onto the strata above the limestone, known as the Upper Estuarine Series , the Blisworth Limestone , Blisworth clay , Cornbrash and Kellaways clay , in that order. At Irnham crossroads, the A151 leaves Corby Glen parish for that of Edenham and is back down on the cornbrash. To the north, unseen in its little valley beyond the woods is Irnham, once
426-527: A shore of the Devensian periglacial lake, which was impounded by the ice into the Fenland basin. It was more evident but the declivity of the road has been smoothed out a little. Much more modern, is the bypass road which joins from the south at the entrance to the town and just below the level of the surface of the former lake. This opened for use on 8 October 2005. In the town, the A151 passes immediately outside
497-590: A toll gate at Guthram Cote, a distance of 5 + 1 ⁄ 4 miles (8.4 km) from Bourne. Just to the east of this was the bridge over what it calls the South Forty-Foot Eau (15). The Kesteven-Holland boundary is formed by the South Forty-Foot Drain , the main land drain of the Black Sluice Level. The present layout of the drainage dates from the act of Parliament of 1765 but this part of
568-500: A toll gate. This is particularly noticeable eastwards from Spalding. We have a few references to the condition of parts of the turnpike forerunners of the A151. Arthur Young's book on the Lincolnshire economy was published in 1813, while the first Fosdyke bridge was still under construction. He therefore, will have taken the future A151 between Spalding and Fleet Hargate on his journey from Boston to Wisbech . He wrote of it thus: In
639-567: Is a market town and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire , England. It lies on the eastern slopes of the limestone Kesteven Uplands and the western edge of the Fens , 11 miles (18 km) north-east of Stamford , 12 miles (19 km) west of Spalding and 17 miles (27 km) north of Peterborough . The population at the 2011 census was 14,456. A 2019 estimate put it at 16,780. The Ancient Woodland of Bourne Woods
710-459: Is called Guthram Gowt but until the steam drainage engine was erected there, in 184?, it was Guthram Cote. In the late medieval period, people lived on the fen edge and the Townlands but the fens themselves were thinly populated. There were however, a few comparatively grand establishments called Halls, Neslam Hall at grid reference TF1732 , for example. It was a grange of Sempringham Priory on
781-571: Is located on a Roman road now known as King Street . It was built around some natural springs, hence the name "Bourne" (or "Bourn"). which derives from the Anglo-Saxon burna or burne meaning "water" or "stream". It lies on the intersection of two main roads: the A15 and the A151 . The civil parish includes the main township along with the hamlets of Cawthorpe , Dyke and Twenty . In former years Austerby
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#1732913833478852-541: Is on Jurassic clay. The 1824 Ordnance Survey map shows both the old and the new roads. At Grimsthorpe village, the A151 is in the second of the main valleys dissecting the plateau, that of the East Glen river. From its association with Edenham, this river is often called the Eden. The West and East Glens join near Wilsthorpe, at grid reference TF0913 . Through Grimsthorpe and Edenham, there are numerous bends and winds across
923-460: Is on the A1 near Colsterworth , in the administrative district of South Kesteven , and its eastern end on the A17 near Holbeach , in the district of South Holland . On the way, it passes to the north of Grimsthorpe Castle and at TF076200, just to the south of Bourne Woods . Then at TF095201, it bisects Bourne . It enters The Fens on the eastern edge of that small town. At TF154207, it passes through
994-465: Is relatively minor part of the British road system. It lies entirely in the county of Lincolnshire , England . Its western end lies at coordinates 52°48.1892′N 0°36.5179′W / 52.8031533°N 0.6086317°W / 52.8031533; -0.6086317 ( A151 road, western end ) otherwise, grid reference SK938238 . In the early 19th century, the A151 would have been called
1065-477: Is served by both BBC Radio Cambridgeshire and BBC Radio Lincolnshire . Other radio stations including Greatest Hits Radio , Hits Radio Lincolnshire and Bourne Community Radio, a community based station. Local newspapers are Bourne Local and Stamford Mercury . Bourne Town Football Club plays football in the United Counties Football League , whilst Bourne Cricket Club plays in
1136-586: Is still extant, although much reduced. It originally formed part of the ancient Forest of Kesteven and is now managed by the Forestry Commission . The earliest documentary reference to Brunna , meaning stream, is from a document of 960, and the town appeared in Domesday Book of 1086 as Brune . Bourne Abbey , (charter 1138), formerly held and maintained land in Bourne and other parishes. In later times this
1207-631: The Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway (M&GN) connecting the Midlands to East Anglia. Timetabled passenger services on both lines had ceased by the end of February 1959. The Bourne-Morton Canal or Bourne Old Eau connected the town to the sea in Roman times. Until the mid-19th century, the present Bourne Eau was capable of carrying commercial boat traffic from the Wash coast and Spalding . This resulted from
1278-434: The A151 lies on lines which are pre-Roman. In other words, parts are two thousand or more years old. However, change is constant and little of the road is that old. In the nature of things, these changes are poorly or not at all documented, so will be treated generally, in that light, in an overview below. The historical part of the story begins with the turnpike roads . The A151 was originally designated such in 1921. Then,
1349-527: The Colsterworth bypass was built, its southern half was placed virtually on the Ermine Street line so that now, while the A151 still begins at the A1, it is not at the old Great North Road but at Ermine Street, on the chalky till soil that we start our journey. Bourne Road, Colsterworth, the section removed from the A151, remains part of the B676, the road which leads westwards, towards Melton Mowbray . Once
1420-518: The Exeter Estate book, the position is called Friers Bar though no obstruction of the road by a gate is indicated. Paterson's Roads is a road book listing the features of roads and mileages from the ends of its itineraries, sequentially. It is noticeable and a little surprising that according to the Ordnance Survey, it was possible in some cases to go a long way out of a town before coming to
1491-450: The Hundred of Skirbeck to Boston, and thence to Wisbeach, [turnpike roads] are generally made with silt , or old sea-sand, deposited under various parts of the country ages ago, and when moderately wet are very good; but dreadfully dusty and heavy in dry weather; and also on a thaw they are like mortar. Take the county in general, and they must be esteemed below par. What he is saying is that
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#17329138334781562-703: The Lincolnshire ECB Premier League. These teams play their home games at the Abbey Lawn , a recreation ground privately owned by the Bourne United Charities . The racing-car marques English Racing Automobiles ( ERA ) and British Racing Motors ( BRM ) were both founded in Bourne by Raymond Mays , an international racing driver and designer who lived in Bourne. The former ERA and BRM workshops in Spalding Road are adjacent to Eastgate House,
1633-527: The Mays' family home in the town's Eastgate. Pilbeam Racing Designs is also based in the town. There are currently 71 listed buildings in the parish of Bourne, the most important being Bourne Abbey and the Parish Church of St Peter and St Paul (1138), which is the only one scheduled Grade I . [REDACTED] Media related to Bourne, Lincolnshire at Wikimedia Commons A151 road The A151 road
1704-546: The Romans in Britain, called this road Ermine Street from their word for "soldier", compare the German personal name, Herman. The twenty kilometre length of Ermine Street, at roughly the centre of which, the line of the A151 lies, passed over chalky till (boulder clay) which is very sticky when wet. As the Ermine Street carriageway broke up, people sought easier going by moving down towards
1775-664: The South Forty-foot is a re-use of one of the main drains of the Lindsey Level, a scheme which was declared complete in 1638. On the other side, in Pinchbeck North Fen, the road begins to wind, something quite unusual in these fens. It was laid out on the bank of a soak dike called the Weir Dike, which was cut in about 1600. In Pinchbeck North Fen, the dike is now largely defunct. The instructions stipulated that it should be at
1846-555: The South Kesteven District Council wards. Bourne East elects seven councillors to the town council and Bourne West eight. From 1899 to 1974, Bourne had an urban district council in the former Parts of Kesteven . Under the Local Government Act 1972 , Bourne UDC was dissolved into the newly formed South Kesteven district. Urban districts which disappeared in this way formed successor parishes and were given
1917-504: The Spalding and Pinchbeck fen edge bank. The linking section was not officially a road. There was however, some droving traffic which was frowned upon by the drainage authorities, whose embankments it tended to erode. According to Cary's map of 1787, the official route ran via Tongue End (TF155188) and crossed the River Glen at Gurthram (TF173224). The principal source of information about
1988-472: The Stamford road at Bourne Market Place. However, also included with this was the road from the Stamford road west of Bourne (a place known locally as Stamford Hill), to Colsterworth. With the exception of the western extremity, in Colsterworth village, this is now part of the A151. It was freed from tolls on 1 November 1882. The Lincoln Heath to Peterborough trust was organized in districts of which that covering
2059-534: The Welland and Deepings IDB. Many houses in Bourne pay additional drainage rates to these authorities. Details of the designated flood risk areas can be found on a number of government web sites. Bourne Market Place is at the crossroads of the A15 road and the B1193. There is a bus station at the top of North Street. The town's bus services provide a frequent public transport link to Peterborough , and are operated by
2130-448: The black, humic soil of Bourne North Fen. Here we begin to see The Fens as the region more typically is, a broad, nearly flat, agricultural land. At grid reference TF118207 , the road turns due eastwards at Friar Bar, where to judge by its name, at one stage was a toll bar. The Ordnance Survey does not note it but on the Exeter Estate book, it is called Friers Bar. The road from Bourne to Spalding had been turnpiked in 1822, after
2201-466: The castle site, along the latter's northern edge. However the plots along this side of the road were first laid out for houses in around 1280, so that the castle is no longer casually apparent. At Bourne Market Place, the A151 crosses the A15. This road used to be part of the Lincoln Heath to Peterborough turnpike road, whose act of parliament is dated 1756. It was this trust which, in 1820, demolished
Bourne Woods - Misplaced Pages Continue
2272-432: The clutter associated with a trunk road junction is left behind, the road passes through agricultural land and woods. To the north are fairly level fields and to the south, Twyford Wood , which cloaks the remains of North Witham airfield . At the end of the wood, we leave Colsterworth parish. Three kilometres from the start, at the hamlet of Birkholme, the road finds a shallow valley formed by erosion which has cut through
2343-684: The early 20th century. Bourne sent many men to both world wars but was otherwise not much affected. During the Second World War a German bomber shot down in May 1941 crashed into the Butcher's Arms public house in Eastgate. The landlord, his wife and eight soldiers billetted across the road were killed, as were the bomber's crew. In a separate incident several bombs were dropped on the Hereward Camp. The town
2414-680: The end of the 20th century granite and slag were being consolidated by steam roller Of the Bourne to Colsterworth road, Young said we were every moment either buried in quagmires of mud or racked to dislocation over pieces of rock which they term mending. Materials and methods for repairing fenland roads are described by Wheeler. The best material available was dug locally from pits. When roads are built by engineers with capital to support their work, they are successfully able to build roads across difficult soils. Modern road builders have less need to seek out easy geological conditions. When roads were made not by civil engineers but by people walking on
2485-673: The family-owned Delaine Buses . There is a daily long-distance coach between Grimsby and London Victoria, which stops at Bourne bus station. The first local railway was the Earl of Ancaster 's estate railway, which ran from the East Coast Main Line at Little Bytham , through the Grimsthorpe estate to Edenham . Later Bourne had a railway station served by the Bourn and Essendine Railway (old spelling) line from Essendine to Sleaford and by
2556-504: The fen and is soon at about two metres, rising to three, nearer the coast. Having for some time, extended its influence by diplomacy and trade, The Roman Empire began to take control in Britain from the year 43. An important part of the means of control was the building of soundly-built roads, running directly between key places. This led the engineers to overcome all but the greatest obstacles rather than going round them. One result of this
2627-417: The ground, the road followed the soils which were found to be easiest under foot. The A151 passes across two types of country, the upland and the fen. The highest point on it lies within a kilometre of its western end at 123 metres above mean sea level . It then passes across a gently sloping dissected plateau of Jurassic rocks capped in its highest parts by glacial clay. After about 16 kilometres, it enters
2698-709: The hamlet of Twenty , in Bourne North Fen. At Guthram Gowt , it leaves Kesteven by crossing the South Forty-Foot Drain into the Parts of Holland . Spalding (TF245227), the principal town of South Holland, is also the main town on the A151 route. Across the River Welland , lie Moulton , then Holbeach, near which the A151 ends at the A17 (TF350258). That road leads on to King's Lynn and East Anglia . As elsewhere, roads in England have developed over many years. Perhaps some of
2769-405: The hill to Bourne Market Place, are now part of the A151. It was freed from tolls on 1 November 1871. The half of this section which lies outside the modern town was probably built by the trust between 1756 and the Bourne enclosure awards of 1770–1. The Lincoln Heath to Peterborough Trust was also established in 1756. Its remit included the forerunner of the present A15 which crosses the end of
2840-600: The home of Sir Geoffrey Luttrell, who commissioned the Luttrell Psalter , a book which tells us so much of English everyday life in the 14th century. The road dips into the valley of the stream which flows on to form the lake in Grimsthorpe Park. Just skirting the glacial till, it rises to the crest at the other side, on the Kellaways clay and sand and turns sharply left onto the till. It used to go straight on and pass
2911-703: The investment following the Bourne Navigation Act of 1780. Passage became impossible once the junction of the Eau and the River Glen was converted from gates to a sluice in 1860. Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire and ITV Yorkshire . Television signals are received from the Belmont TV transmitter, the Waltham TV transmitter can also be received which broadcast BBC East Midlands and ITV Central programmes. The town
Bourne Woods - Misplaced Pages Continue
2982-469: The marsh was turned into a polder of sorts and the Glen was directed along the old sea bank which then became one of the river banks. Thus, the course of the road was determined ultimately, by that of the sea bank. The River Glen will have been in the phase when it flowed into the tidal marsh, with its mouth at Guthram, at around 500, the time when the unknown writer who goes under the name of Nennius tells us that King Arthur fought his first battle against
3053-469: The medieval street plan were rebuilt or at least refaced. Improved communications allowed a bottled-water industry to develop and coal to be delivered to the town's gas works. The local authority at the time, Bourne Urban District Council, was active in the town's interests, taking over the gas works and the local watercress beds at times of financial difficulty and running them as commercial ventures. Large numbers of good-quality council houses were built in
3124-403: The north front of Grimsthorpe Castle . When the soil in the field beyond the bend is bare, its course can still be seen. The castle's owner did a deal with the turnpike trustees. He brought land on the other side of the road into his park and built them a new, though longer road around it. Once the semi-circular diversion is completed, the road turns sharp left again, through Grimsthorpe where it
3195-410: The old town hall which used to stand in the street here. At the junction, the road to the north led directly form the main gate of the castle. The market place was positioned immediately across a moat and a pomœrium , outside the gate but those are no longer visible from the road. However, our road continues not straight ahead but on a 45° angle toward the south. This bend arose because it passed around
3266-473: The other end, the easternmost three kilometres have been replaced by a new part of the A17. In the field of acts of Parliament founding turnpike trusts, much was happening locally in 1756. The Wansford to Stamford trust on the Great North Road had been set up in 1749 but in 1756, its sphere was extended through Stamford to Bourne. The last 1.6 kilometres of this road, as the trust left it, running down
3337-411: The other side of the A1, hence its beginning with the digit 6. In 1824, there was a toll gate here. The course of the A151 is directly down the slope into Bourne. It is clear archaeologically that the road used to run parallel with this and about 200 metres to the south. Historically, there appears to be no commonly available record as to when the move was made. It was certainly in two stages. The move of
3408-484: The peat by small to medium marine creeks from the Middle Bronze Age , 3 to 3½ thousand years ago. This was before the peat in the soil was laid down. In the black fens, the buildings are virtually always to be found on these old creeks, known as roddons. The many small roddons in Bourne North Fen merge at Twenty. There, the road uses part of this larger roddon by turning along it towards Guthram. Nowadays, this place
3479-428: The perimeter of the pomœrium until it met the road leading eastwards from the gate. As the A151 reaches this, it turns back through 45° and continues eastwards along that approach road, across the line of the Roman version of the A15, King Street and past the Abbey Lawn . This is now a picturesque cricket ground, but was an 18th-century sheep lawn. Soon, the road leaves the 12th century, Norman road, heading towards
3550-531: The positions of toll gates is the Ordnance Survey 1 inch map published in 1824. It places them as follows: The six digit National Grid references of the marked positions on the 1824 map are taken from an equivalent modern map. The four digit references are much less accurate, being taken from an Ordnance Survey map by inspection of Wright Fig.3. The Ordnance Survey does not note the Friars Bar toll gate but in
3621-509: The pre-Norman town. On arrival, it turns eastwards again, at the same time as crossing the now-buried course of the Car Dyke and onto the fen-edge gravel. This is material which drifted down the slope which we have followed, while it was under the water of the Devensian periglacial lake. The Car Dyke is generally taken as the boundary of The Fens, though here, it heralds the more commercial part of
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#17329138334783692-510: The river began as a single sea bank, keeping the tide out of Pinchbeck South Fen but allowing it into the lower part of that area behind the townland to the north of the road. In the late Roman or early post-Roman period, the Glen escaped from its artificial Roman course of which the Bourne Old Ea was part. (The road follows the bank of this while leaving Bourne) and found its way to these tidal flats. Later, at some early but unknown medieval date,
3763-409: The road from Colsterworth to Stamford Hill, Bourne was the ‘'West District'’. In 1860, it was re-grouped with the ‘'Middle District'’ which extended from Graby Bar (TF091295) to Market Deeping (TF138099). From Spalding, through Holbeach to Long Sutton, beyond the end of the modern A151, the road was turnpiked in 1764. It was freed from tolls on 1 November 1866. It may not be coincidental that this
3834-474: The roads were much as they had been forty or fifty years before, under the turnpike trusts. Since the Second World War , there has been much building of by-passes and the like so that the precise lines have sometimes changed but they are still fundamentally the same. The main difference in the present case is that the road designation has been extended from the A15 at Bourne to the A1 at Colsterworth, while at
3905-459: The silt costing about 8d. to 10d. per ton for digging and spreading. In some cases the road was turned over. That is a pit was dug in the road until the silt was reached then that was dug out and formed into the carriageway. The surface of the next length was dug and put into the pit as a foundation then the silt dug and placed on top of it and so on along the road. Gravel was used where obtainable and from about 1870, Wheeler introduced granite . By
3976-566: The site of the modern Mornington House round which the district boundary is still diverted as it was when the abbey, on the Kesteven fen edge, owned it. There were more but still rather few smaller dwellings called cotes. Moors Cote lay in Bourne North Fen, to the south-east of Twenty and Guthram Cote stood on the boundary between Kesteven and Holland , on an island of Devensian deposits, the Abbey sand and gravel. The road book, Paterson's Roads, of 1826, lists
4047-458: The small River Witham whose valley had been eroded through the till, into the Jurassic limestone below it. Thus, in 1756 when the Colsterworth to Bourne road was turnpiked , the toll road which was to become the A151 began at the crossroads in Colsterworth, further west than it now does, though the first toll gate noted by the 1824 Ordnance Survey map was about three kilometres from there. When
4118-590: The small exposures Jurassic soils, glacial gravel and alluvium, until the road climbs out of the valley over the till-capped ridge which separates Edenham parish from Bourne. On the glacial clay soil of the till, it passes between woods, including Bourne Wood . As the road arrives back on the Jurassic clay, it meets the A6121 , a road designation which ends here, having begun at Morcott, grid reference SK926004 in Rutland , on
4189-496: The survey had begun. So it looks as though the Ordnance Survey had overlooked it. From here, the road runs 3.5 km , straight to Twenty . The Car Dyke marked the western boundary of the royal forest decreed, by one of the Norman kings. It extended south and east, across the fens to the Welland. There seems to be no precise agreement as to when the land was disafforested. It was somewhere between 1190 and 1230. The obvious occasion
4260-515: The till and exposed the underlying Jurassic limestone soils. Here, the 1824 map shows our first toll gate, Corby Toll Bar. The road follows this valley, under the railway main line, past the second toll gate site at the junction with the Boothby Pagnel road (B1176), then down to the River Glen at Corby Glen , where it turns a little southwards to avoid more glacial till and keep to the upper Lincolnshire limestone . The land between Colsterworth and
4331-541: The town include Methodist , Baptist , United Reformed and Roman Catholic churches. Much of Bourne's 19th-century affluence came from the corn-trade boom that followed the mechanisation of fen drainage. The Corn Exchange in Abbey Road dates from 1870. Bourne has two County Council divisions: Bourne has three District Council wards, two having two councillors and the new ward, Austerby, having three councillors. Bourne Town Council has two wards which are identical to
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#17329138334784402-558: The town. At once, the road passes the former works of BRM , the Formula One motor racing Constructors' Champion in 1962. The firm is gone but it has left an engineering tradition in the town. Shortly, the road turns north-eastwards, following the bank of the Roman artificial river across the fen, the Old Ea. At the edge of the town, it turns away from the now hidden river bed, almost eastwards across
4473-445: The turnpike roads in the Townlands were made of the same marine silt as forms the land itself in that part of the country. The heaviness in dry weather to which he refers, arose from the loose, deep, sandy surface through which wheels would have to be dragged. According to Wheeler, 1 long ton (1.0 t) of silt was reckoned to cover 1 yard (0.91 m) in a length of a road, 18 inches (460 mm) thick and 10 feet (3.0 m) wide,
4544-400: The upper part was probably made in the 18th century; the lower, in about 1140, when Bourne castle was built across it. Its present course is dictated by the former presence of Bourne Castle at the town end and by a desire to keep to the crest of a slight ridge in the hillside. It is towards the top of this section that it is possible to detect a change in slope betraying the former presence of
4615-498: The western edge of Bourne is a plateau, gently sloping down to the east and much dissected by erosion during periods when it was near but not under ice caps. The River Glen which we crossed at Corby Glen is also called the West Glen and is in one of the two main dissecting valleys. East of Corby Glen, we are on a strip of un-dissected plateau. The surface dips very gently towards the east but the geological strata dip more steeply so that
4686-455: Was known as the manor of Bourne Abbots. Whether the canons knew that name is less clear. The estate was given by the founder of the Abbey, Baldwin fitz Gilbert de Clare, son of Gilbert fitz Richard , and later benefactors. The abbey was established under the Arrouaisian order. Its fundamental rule was that of St Augustine and as time went on it came to be regarded as Augustinian . The Ormulum , an important Middle English Biblical gloss,
4757-404: Was probably written in the abbey in around 1175. Bourne Castle was built on land that is now the Wellhead Gardens in South Street. Bourne was an important junction on the Victorian railway system, but all such connections were severed after the Second World War (see Railways section). The business stimulus it brought caused major development of the town and many of the buildings around
4828-473: Was regarded as a separate settlement, with its own shops and street plan, but is now an area of Bourne known as The Austerby.( 52°45′47″N 0°22′12″W / 52.763°N 0.370°W / 52.763; -0.370 ( The Austerby ) ). The ecclesiastical parish of Bourne is part of the Beltisloe Deanery of the Diocese of Lincoln and based at the Abbey Church of St Peter and St Paul , in Church Walk. Other religious congregations in
4899-412: Was that they built roads on soils which others would have avoided. When the Roman authorities had withdrawn from Britain and their roads wore out, people began to wander from the Roman road lines where they could find a more secure footing by taking another line. The Roman equivalent of the A1 was built to a very high standard, during the early years of Roman rule in Britain. The English successors of
4970-404: Was the signing of Magna Carta in 1215 or perhaps, on one of its re-issues. That document mentions King John's afforestations. Roads on the black soils tend to crumble at the edges as the soft humus collapses and oxidises. This road is typical of fen roads, in needing frequent attention to deal with that. It is typical too, in that it rises and falls as it passes over the silt banks left amongst
5041-466: Was the year of the final opening of the railway from Bourne to King's Lynn, the line having been opened in stages from 1858. This road was declared a main road by the Highways Act 1878 . The road from Bourne to Spalding was turnpiked in 1822 and freed from tolls in 1860. It was declared a main road by the Highways Act 1878. Before 1822, this section was in three parts. One led out from Bourne onto Bourne North Fen. The Spalding end led out from Spalding to
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