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51-501: The garden was established by Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach and designed by Karl Christian Gmelin . Between 1853 and 1857, three plant houses were created by architect Heinrich Hübsch . The buildings were severely damaged or destroyed in World War II , but reconstructed as follows: camellia and flower house, rebuilt 1952 for cactus and succulent exhibition; palm house, rebuilt 1955 to 1956; tropical house, restored in

102-568: A Baden-Württemberg building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach Charles III William ( German : Karl III. Wilhelm ; 27 January [ O.S. 17 January] 1679 – 12 May 1738) was Margrave of Baden-Durlach between 1709 and 1738. He was the son of Margrave Frederick Magnus of Baden-Durlach and Augusta Maria of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp . In 1715, he established Karlsruhe ( Charles' repose ), where he built his residence. Karlsruhe has since grown to

153-473: A large city. With the consolidation of public finances and the creation of a reliable administration, he laid the foundations for the reform policies of his grandson, Charles Frederick . Charles William was born in Durlach as the son of Margrave Frederick Magnus of Baden-Durlach and Augusta Maria of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. His older brother had died in 1672 at the age of about one month, so Charles William

204-403: A long tradition. The property tax was set as a fixed monthly sum, but tax revenues were increased by simply dividing the year into 18 (and later even 20 fiscal months). Charles William also introduced an early form of budgeting, so as to be able to adjust the tax revenues for foreseeable expenses. The 1732 budget of about 300,000 florins has been preserved. In these circumstances, a reduction of

255-572: A pioneer on the cutting edge of the compulsory schooling. At the beginning of his reign, Charles William caused the transit trade between Frankfurt urged the Basel to shift to the left side of the Rhine by charging excessive duties and administrative harassment. He corrected this later and also invested by improving the road network. The export of Baden-Durlach was limited to wine and cereals. Imports were limited by protectionist policies. The domestic trade

306-599: A rigorous fiscal program was started. These drastic austerity measures covered the royal household as well as civil servants; fair taxation covered all subjects. To reduce the huge debt burden, monopolies on the sale of iron, salt and tobacco were introduced at the very beginning of his reign. These monopolies were leased to merchants, and were accompanied by measures to control the lucrative smuggling and by other controls to prevent monopoly abuse. Stamp Duty , excise , taxes , perquisites , socage and protection money payable by Jews show that fiscal ingenuity already had

357-472: A state orphanage had been opened in Pforzheim . Charles William started a machine factory in which the workers were also educated. The activities and the circle of trusted people were gradually expanded, so that at its height the factory employed about 250 people. Ultimately the attempt failed, due to mismanagement and to its products not being competitively priced. Nevertheless, Charles William can be regarded as

408-412: Is illustrated by the fact that Charles William had to adopt five so-called Schmieralien regulations against bribery during his reign. At each appointment or promotion, an official had to swear a special oath that contained the duties to be fulfilled. They were to continuously send reports to their superiors were sent and local conditions were the subject of frequent on-site inspections. Although

459-452: The Hardtwald forest in the plains west of Durlach. The reasons for his choice of venue are shrouded in legend. Apart from his quarrels with citizens of Durlach, he may have wanted to escape from the confines of the city and from the company of his unloved wife. On 17 June 1715, the foundation stone for the new Karlsruhe Palace was laid. The central building of the palace and whole city was

510-511: The Nine Years' War , and the plundering was repeated in 1691. On his return from exile in Basel in 1698, Friedrich VII Magnus began to rebuild the palace. However, the economy of Baden-Durlach had suffered from the war and was unable to sustain his grand plan. In 1703, construction was suspended after the first two palace wings were completed. Charles William decided to build himself a new palace in

561-500: The pacification of the insurgent Cévennes he received the Saint-Esprit order and the title of duke. Friedlingen and Hochstadt were barren victories, and the campaigns of which they formed were characterised by lost opportunities. Villars' career culminated from 1709 onwards when France, close to total defeat, managed to survive. In that year he was called to command the main army opposing Prince Eugène of Savoy and Marlborough on

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612-642: The tulips dominate with 1163 varieties. He obtained his flowers from Holland. He undertook trips there in 1711, 1723 and 1729. Besides flowers, Charles William planted many exotic trees. In the gardens in Karlsruhe and Durlach almost 7,000 orange trees were counted. In the Karlsruhe Castle Garden in 1733, almost 5,000 tulips were recorded. Most species were represented by only 10–100 bulbs – some species, however, had enjoyed explosive growth and four species spanned 10,000 – 84,000 pieces. The gardens burdened

663-527: The "Red City". The wooden construction increased the risk of fire. Inevitably in 1747 the city and palace were burned. Early in his reign (1709), his territory measured approximately 29 square miles (75 km ) and had about 70,000 inhabitants. There were only two significant cities, Pforzheim and Durlach. No self-confident middle class had developed and there was hardly any land-owning nobility. The Estates had been removed from power in 1668 by Margrave Frederick VI . The war lasted until 1714; when it ended,

714-464: The 1950s. The plant houses are open daily except Monday; an admission fee is charged. The grounds contain several rare trees from the 19th century amid newer plantings. 49°00′48″N 8°24′01″E  /  49.0132°N 8.4002°E  / 49.0132; 8.4002 This article related to a park or garden in Germany is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about

765-475: The Polish Succession (1734), with the title marshal-general of the king's armies , that Turenne had held before him. But he was over eighty years old at this point, and after opening the campaign energetically he died at Turin on 17 June 1734. On 1 February 1702, he married Jeanne Angélique Roque with whom he had a son: Villars's memoirs show us a fanfaron plein d'honneur , as Voltaire calls him. He

816-575: The Swabian Circle after the battle of Friedlingen. In the further course of the war he fought in 1704 under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Battle of Blenheim , where he narrowly escaped death. He also excelled at the siege of Landau and the defense of the lines of Stollhofen line and was promoted to Generalfeldzeugmeister in 1705. He fought with Field Marshal von Thüngen on the Rhine and in Alsace. In 1707 he

867-400: The administration of the territory was in a bad state. Charles William thus met with little resistance when he pursued his absolutist ambitions. He focused the government and administration on his person and checked the various official bodies closely. He introduced a general audience, held every week and open to all the subjects, which also served to enhance his control of the country. During

918-507: The age of twenty in the Siege of Maastricht in 1673 during the Franco-Dutch War and again at the bloody Battle of Seneffe . A year later he was promoted on the field to mestre de camp ( colonel ) of a cavalry regiment. The next promotion would take time in spite of a long record of service under Turenne , The Great Condé and Luxembourg , and of his aristocratic birth, as he had incurred

969-462: The enemy's camp, and Villars, though still recovering from his Malplaquet wounds, outmanoeuvred and decisively defeated Eugène at Denain . The French followed up this success by retaking several lost fortresses, culminating in the Siege of Bouchain (1712) . This victory saved France, though the war dragged on for another year, where Villars led the Rhine campaign (1713) , in which he took Landau , led

1020-545: The enmity of the powerful Louvois . He was finally made maréchal de camp in 1687. In the interval between the Dutch wars and the formation of the League of Augsburg , Villars, who combined with his military gifts the tact and subtlety of a diplomat, was employed in an unofficial mission to the court of Bavaria , and there became the constant companion of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria . He returned to France in 1690 and

1071-438: The example of Britain and France, Charles William also wanted to develop the industrial sector in his country. He did not realize that the requirements, entrepreneurs and a trained workforce, were missing completely. His attempts to create and preserve manufacturing industries by stimulation and protectionism, was bound to fail sooner or later. After this sobering experience, Charles William turned to education. As early as 1718,

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1122-463: The finances of the small country considerably – rare tulip bulbs cost easily half the annual salary of a servant. Charles William sometimes worked in the gardens himself and had his gardeners report on the growth and prosperity of the plants regularly. The Margrave also ordered the plant variety of his " Botanical Garden " documented by realistic painters. He left at least 6,000 watercolors of his plants. The best known watercolor were those grouped in

1173-480: The grace to lose such a battle again, Your Majesty can count on all of his enemies being destroyed". Two more campaigns passed without a battle and with scarcely any advance on the part of the invaders, but at last Marlborough manoeuvred Villars out of the famous Ne plus ultra lines, and the power of the defence seemed to be broken. But Louis made a last effort, the English contingent and its leader were withdrawn from

1224-706: The location where the remains of the Margrave lie. On the pyramid, his birthday is mistakenly stated as 18 January 1679, because after the switch to the Gregorian calendar in 1700 (which did not change the General Roman Calendar ), Charles William celebrated his birthday together with his name-day on 27 January, rather than on the 28th (which would correspond to the 17th on the Julian Calendar ). Because his son Frederick of Baden-Durlach had died while Charles William

1275-400: The national debt by about 1 million florins in the first 15 years of his reign can be regarded as a remarkable achievement. Between 1732 and the ascension to the throne of his grandson Charles Frederick in 1746, another 800,000 florins were paid off, and moreover a fortune of about 900,000 florins was accumulated, laying the financial basis for Charles Frederick's economic reforms. Inspired by

1326-796: The new city of Karlsruhe. As early as 1696, his promiscuous lifestyle cost Charles William his chance to get on the Swedish throne. He was on a visit to Stockholm because Swedish Court considered him for a marriage with Sophie Hedwig, the daughter of King Charles XI of Sweden . Claude-Louis-Hector de Villars Nine Years' War War of the Camisards War of the Spanish Succession Claude Louis Hector de Villars, Prince of Martigues, Marquis then (1st) Duke of Villars, Viscount of Melun ( French pronunciation: [klod lwi ɛktɔʁ də vilaʁ] , 8 May 1653 – 17 June 1734)

1377-523: The northern frontier. During the famine of the winter he shared the soldiers' rations. When the campaign opened the old Marshal Boufflers volunteered to serve under him, but they were unable to prevent the Allies from capturing Tournai and Mons . After the Battle of Malplaquet in September 1709, in which Villars was gravely wounded (by a musketball to the knee), he was able to tell the king: "If God grants us

1428-506: The office was often perceived only as a side business. Charles William began his reign with a declaration of his principles. In 1709 and 1710 he issued regulations that required absolute obedience to himself and required officials to protect the interests of the Margrave and his subjects – tardiness and negligence were punished with pay cuts. He fought corruption and embezzlement with harsh penalties and with incentives for State's witnesses and whistle blowers . The size of this problem

1479-473: The payment of officials was significantly worse than in the larger territories (e.g. in Bavaria) and their incomes were cut by his activities, Charles William was able to create a class of devoted public servants during his active reign (1709–1734); this made effective government much easier for his successor. When Charles William inherited his country in 1709, it was still heavily indebted and its economic activity

1530-455: The rank of a colonel under him and participated in several wars. Thereafter, he became Margrave of Baden-Durlach in 1709. Probably inspired by the example of his relative, Margrave Louis William of Baden-Baden (Türkenlouis), Charles William developed a keen interest in the military. He began his military career in the summer of 1694 in the Imperial Army. In later years he participated in

1581-509: The regret and anger of the citizens of Durlach. To promote the influx Charles William granted its citizens legal, religious and financial privileges in a decree dated 24 September 1715. In 1719 Karlsruhe already had 2,000 inhabitants. The rapid implementation and the lack of money meant that the buildings – except for the lead roof of the tower – had to be made of wood. The wooden houses were painted red (an inexpensive concoction often seen on wooden barns), and this cause Karlsruhe to be called

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1632-682: The siege of Casale Monferrato (Piedmont) as a colonel. The Bavarian diversion during the War of the Spanish Succession involved southern Germany into this war and the two Baden margraviates (Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach) attained a difficult position between the allies Bavaria and France and suffered a lot. In order to prevent the unification of the Bavarian and French armies, the German Empire provided an army under Margrave Louis William (Türkenlouis) on

1683-491: The so-called Lead Tower. From this central tower 32 avenues radiated in all directions, marking a uniform distance in all directions. This outline shapes the map of the "fan city" of Karlsruhe to this day. The construction of the castle and town was swift and already on 5 July 1717 he held his first audience in the new palace. By 1718, the Court had moved and in 1719 Charles William ordered all court officials to move to Karlsruhe, to

1734-560: The so-called tulip books (probably about 5,300). Only two volumes survived a fire in the Baden State Library in September 1942 caused by the phosphorus bombs of a World War II air raid; most of the scientific collection was destroyed. The ownership of the two remaining tulip books was resolved in 2009 in an agreement between the State of Baden-Württemberg and the House of Baden: the state bought

1785-540: The stormers at Freiburg and negotiated the Treaty of Rastatt and the Treaty of Baden with Prince Eugène. As a result of his contribution, his title was granted Grandee of Spain status by Philip V . Villars, named for Marshal Villars, was built in Moulins, Allier during the reign of Louis XV . The 18th century historical monument was used as a cavalry barracks. It was partially destroyed during World War II and

1836-508: The two books. After the Margraviate of Baden was split in 1535, the capital of the northern part (held by the Ernestine line) was initially Pforzheim . In 1565, Margrave Charles II moved the capital to Durlach for reasons unknown; his territory was then called Baden-Durlach. He expanded the medieval Karlsburg Castle into a palace. The palace was burned down by French troops in 1689, during

1887-486: The upper Rhine . He faced a French army under Marshal Claude-Louis-Hector de Villars . Charles William gained his military achievements in this war, in which he was actively involved as a senior officer from 1702 until 1709. At the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession , Charles William was appointed Major General of the Swabian Circle troops, who belonged to the army of Türkenlouis. In 1702, Charles William

1938-516: The war communications between the rulers – who were often in exile in Basel – on the one hand, and the State Government in Durlach and officials in the widely separated districts on the other hand, had led to the officials operating autonomously, with open disregard for instructions from the central government. State officials often sought their own gain, corruption and embezzlement were widespread;

1989-466: Was a French military commander and an illustrious general of Louis XIV of France . He was one of only six Marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France . Villars was born at Moulins (in the present-day département of Allier ) in a noble but poor family, his father was the diplomat Pierre de Villars . He entered the French army through the corps of pages in 1671 and distinguished himself at

2040-569: Was again active in defending the Stollhofen line. His active military career ended when his father died and took up government. Yet, in 1715, he was promoted to the imperial Generalfeldmarschall . The war hero Charles William also showed a completely different face as a flower collector. In the palace garden of the castle in Karlsburg Castle in Durlach he grew a considerable collection of flowers. A 1713 catalog lists 2121 varieties of flowers;

2091-504: Was at a miserable level. The aims of his economic policies included securing the revenue required to finance a reliable state apparatus (bureaucracy and military) and avoiding a loss of territory by pledges. Charles William followed the mercantilist theories of his time. The first two decades of his government were marked by opposition to his general parsimony (buildings, officials pay), which contrasted with special luxuries for himself (mistresses, zoological and botanical gardens). In 1732

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2142-499: Was born as the hereditary prince. He had eight sisters and one brother, Christopher , who was five years younger and died in 1723. Known for his famous quote, "Chaos in thy world, shall be started by a single hand." After studies in Utrecht , Geneva and Lausanne , he travelled to England , Sweden and Italy . He then entered the military service. He was employed by his uncle Margrave Louis William (known as "Türkenlouis "), achieved

2193-555: Was characterized by many initiatives are evidence and creativity and the experience proved useful to the reforms of his grandson. In 1719, he established a bathhouse beneath the Chapel of St. Barbara in Langensteinbach , which became famous far beyond the borders as a royal bath (Fürstenbad) during the 18th century. In 1971, the municipality of Karlsbad was named after the bathhouse. Charles William died in Karlsruhe in 1738, when he

2244-510: Was given a command in the cavalry of the army in Flanders, but towards the end of the War of the Grand Alliance , in 1698, he went to Vienna as ambassador. It was Villars' part in the next war, beginning with Friedlingen (1702) and Hochstadt (1703) and ending with Denain (1712), that has made him most famous. For his part in the battle of Friedlingen he received the marshalate, and for

2295-593: Was in the hands of the Jews, as other segments of the population considered trade as somewhat dishonest. The management methods in agriculture were backward and the production was greatly impeded by the Frondienst  [ de ] . Charles William ordered the cultivation of potatoes and tobacco. He promoted the restoration of war-damaged vines and introduced a state storage of grain, to prevent extreme price increases caused by crop failures. Charles William's economic policy

2346-453: Was indeed boastful, and also covetous of honours and wealth. But he was also described as an honourable man of high courage, moral and physical, and certainly a very skilled soldier. He was famous for his love for young men as wrote the Duchess of Orleans in her letters. The memoirs, part of which was published in 1734 and afterwards several times republished in untrustworthy versions, were for

2397-488: Was known for his extravagant lifestyle. "The court in Karlsruhe led the field in terms of the number of mistresses – because you can't call the ladies residing in the Lead Tower of the castle anything else". Since Charles William enjoyed this lifestyle even before the construction of the new palace in Karlsruhe – where the Lead Tower is located – Wilhelmine chose to remain in the Karlsburg Castle in Durlach and never moved into

2448-610: Was planting and hoeing his tulip bed and suddenly suffered a stroke. His body was interred in the crypt of the Concordia Church in Karlsruhe, in accordance with his last will. His entrails and heart were removed and buried in the crypt of the Castle Church in Pforzheim . The capsule containing his heart, which was deposited in his widow's coffin, is now missing. Up to this day, a pyramid at the Marktplatz (market square) stands over

2499-506: Was restored by François Voinchet, Architect of Historic Monuments and is now the Centre National du Costume de Scene museum. Villars played a conspicuous part in the politics of the Regency period as the principal opponent of Cardinal Dubois , and only the memories of Montmorency's rebellion prevented his being made constable of France . He took the field for the last time in the War of

2550-482: Was still alive, his grandson Charles Frederick became his successor. Since the grandson was only 10 years old, a regency had to be established under the legal guardianship of his brother's son Charles August of Baden-Durlach . On 27 June 1697, Charles III William married Magdalena Wilhelmine of Württemberg (7 November 1677 – 30 October 1742), the daughter of Wilhelm Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg . The following children were born from this marriage: Charles William

2601-426: Was wounded during the Siege of Landau . On 14 October 1702, he fought in the Battle of Friedlingen . On 20 September 1703 he fought in the Battle of Höchstädt , where he worked with Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau to cover the retreat of the defeated troops of Field Marshal Hermann Otto II of Limburg Stirum . For his services he was promoted to imperial Generalfeldmarschalllieutenant , a rank he had already received from

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