53-451: Bosnian National Theatre Zenica is a theater institution founded in 1950 in Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina . It has produced more than 10,000 performances, including about 650 premieres. Bosnian National Theatre is located in a building in the business part of Zenica. The building was designed by the noted architects Jahiel Finci and Zlatko Ugljen. Moving from the old to the new building in 1978
106-570: A Christian era-community. In the Bilimišće district, traces of ancient settlements have been found. In the outlying villages of Putovići and Tišina, where villa rustica dominate, thermae, a temple, and a series of other sites are also present. The earliest findings in Zenica date from the period of 3000 to 2000 BC; they were found in the localities of Drivuša and Gradišće. Metal axes, arrows, ornamental fibulae, and ceramic remains were unearthed from
159-470: A farming settlement. Two tombs (one with human bones and ceramics), two tumuli , and a completely new prehistorical settlement, Ravna gradina , were also found. The Romans tried to conquer the region at the end of the 3rd century BC Bellum Batonianum and were present in the area from the 6th to the 9th centuries. They ruled continuously in many areas until close to the end of the 4th century (after Arduba's fall). Today's area of Zenica had its peak in
212-524: A hiking destination, whose altitude is 1,304 m (4,278 ft). The Zenica basin extends from the Lašva river canyon in the south to the Vranduk canyon and Vranduk gorge in the north—of an average length of 35 km (22 mi) and with an average altitude of 700 m (2,300 ft). Overview of the highest hills and mountains is given in the table below. The lowest topographical areas of Zenica are along
265-405: A large scale. In 2019, German company nextbike introduced their bike-sharing system to the city. Plans were made for a new municipal heating system in order to put an end to regular heat shutoffs during the coldest seasons. New Year's concerts began to be held on the main square. The Serbian pop band Miligram inaugurated the event in 2017/18. Various other events have been organized, including
318-415: A student of Juraj Dalmatinac . Bosnia experienced Turkish incursions starting in 1386. The first Ottoman entry into Zenica relates to their victory over Hungarian warriors near Doboj in 1415. Zenica has been mentioned under today's name since that event. The first official record of the city's name is in a document dated 16 March 1436, which relates to the invasion and robbery of Zachlumia by
371-494: A synagogue was built in 1903, not to mention hotels, schools, water-supply infrastructure, modern roads, etc. After World War I, the Kingdom of SHS was formed, which in 1929 became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and included Bosnia and Herzegovina. The political, economic, and social life of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1918 to 1941 stagnated, though this situation changed slightly before the beginning of World War II, with investments in
424-686: A time of stabilization began in Zenica. After the Berlin Congress , held in 1878, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was given the rights to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina; armed resistance to occupying troops soon arose. It is believed that Zenica, more precisely the Hadži Mazića house, was the place of negotiations between representatives of the Ottoman authorities in the Bosnian vilayet of Hafiz-pasha and
477-502: Is 10.4 °C (50.7 °F), average annual precipitation is 804 mm (31.7 in), with the lowest monthly precipitation occurring in March and the highest in November. The coldest month is January, with an average annual minimum of −1 °C (30 °F), while July is the hottest, with an average annual maximum of 20.2 °C (68.4 °F)]. The lowest mean monthly temperature in Zenica
530-689: Is 310–350 m (1,017–1,148 ft). The rivers Bosna, Lašva , Babina, and Kočeva flow through the settlement. A moderate continental climate prevails. The city has thirteen urban local settlements and it consists of a total of 81 rural settlements. Zenica has nine national monuments. The football club Čelik is a landmark of the city, and it also has one of the tallest buildings in Bosnia and Herzegovina— Lamela . Famous Zenicans include Semir Osmanagić , Anabela Basalo , Danis Tanović , Amar Jašarspahić Gile , Mladen Krstajić , Dejan Lovren , Mervana Jugić-Salkić , and Amel Tuka . There are several theories about
583-580: Is a city in Bosnia and Herzegovina and an administrative and economic center of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 's Zenica-Doboj Canton . It is located in the Bosna river valley, about 70 km (43 mi) north of Sarajevo . The city is known for its Ironworks Zenica factory but also as a significant university center. According to the 2013 census , the settlement of Zenica itself counts 70,553 citizens and
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#1733085349119636-501: Is located in the heart of Bosnia, in the central part of the river Bosna's flow, after which the country is named. Its average elevation is 310–350 m (1,017–1,148 ft) above sea level. The topography of the city is that of a valley–basin. It is made up of a series of alluvial planins, hills, and mountain passes. The average altitude of the city itself, which is surrounded by hills, is 310–350 m (1,017–1,148 ft). However, there are many higher positions, such as Tvrtkovac ,
689-453: Is the winner of the regional music competition Zvezde Granda , where he was outstandingly the best one in his concurrence. Since then he has had a successful career; he regularly fills arenas and clubs all throughout Europe, Australia and America. He went on several tours in the Balkans, Western Europe, Scandinavia, America, and Australia. He is an active philanthropist; he helps the children,
742-457: The Bosnian kings ; Janjići and 'hižas' [homes] of Bosnian Church members; stećci , stone tombstone monuments, etc.) During Ottoman rule (1463–1878), Zenica became a Muslim town; at the end of the 17th century, Zenica had 2,000 citizens, mostly Muslims; Orthodox and Catholic Christians are mentioned again from the end of the 18th century, and Jews in the 19th century. Modern Zenica was mostly built in
795-417: The 3rd century, as well as Slavs later) forced Christianity to retreat from these areas. During the invasions, at the beginning of the 7th century, Bistua Nuova was destroyed, along with its basilica . It is believed that the barbarian invasions destroyed a huge part of the ancient inheritance. Goths , Avars , and Slavs passed through this location. The Slavs came in the 6th and 7th centuries and inhabited
848-601: The Austro-Hungarian and Yugoslavian periods. The population rose rapidly during the 20th century, and from the Bosnian War until 2013, the city lost a quarter of its population. The municipality of Zenica became the City of Zenica in 2014. The city is geographically located in the heart of Bosnia. The settled area is 43.01 km (16.61 sq mi) and of the city proper covers 558.5 km (215.6 sq mi). Elevation
901-564: The Bosnian War in Zenica was a two-year-old Croat girl named Matea Jurić (29 July 1990 – 13 May 1992), who was killed by a gunshot during the blockade of the military barracks of the JNA in the urban settlement of Bilimišće. A memorial was erected in her honour. On 19 April 1993, during the Croat–Bosniak War , sixteen civilians were killed and fifty injured when a HVO howitzer-fired grenade hit
954-669: The Orahovički stream near Nemila, Gračanica, Ravna, and other places. The Illyrians came to this region during the transition from the Bronze and the Iron Age (from the 6th to the 5th centuries BC). Their defensive buildings, "gradinas", are the best known (the word is derived from the verb Serbo-Croatian : graditi – to build). The urban part of today's Zenica was already formed in the younger Stone Age—the Neolithic , and especially later, during
1007-466: The Ottoman Duke Barak, who retreated towards Zenica and there received Ragusan money in the name of redemption. From the time of that event until the complete establishment of Ottomans rule in Bosnia in 1463, there is no mention of Zenica in relevant documents. For that reason, this era of the city's history cannot be covered in detail. After administrative changes introduced in the first years of
1060-417: The Zenica summer fest, music festivals, arts and crafts fairs, bazaars, and the like, thus improving the city's economic outlook. Additionally, the issue of stray dogs in the urban core was handled, pollution was significantly reduced, public transport was improved, and the city is also planning to resolve the problem of unemployment and to modernize the education system, among other projects. Zenica
1113-513: The administrative area 110,663, making it the nation's fourth-largest city . The urban part of today's city was formed in several phases, including Neolithic, Illyrian, the Roman Municipium of Bistua Nuova (2nd–4th century; old name of the city), with an early Christian dual basilica . Traces of an ancient settlement have been found here as well; villa rustica , thermae, a temple, and other buildings were also present. Earliest findings in
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#17330853491191166-465: The center of Zenica field, the city is indeed analogous to the eye's pupil. The name of the city can also be derived from the word zenit , meaning zenith , because it is in the center of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The urban part of today's Zenica formed through several phases, which chronologically include a Neolithic community, the Illyrian 'gradina', the Roman Municipium of Bistua Nuova , and
1219-440: The central bazaar of Zenica. The grenade was shot from the village of Putićevo [15 km (9.3 mi)]. During this period, Zenica was isolated from the rest of the world for a year and a half. The city suffered significant losses from sniper fire, arson, hunger, and a lack of electricity. Zenica's populace changed much during the war, with the arrival of Muslims (today's Bosniaks) from other parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and
1272-530: The church's hierarchy. In the Middle Ages, specifically in 1370, the settlement of Klopče was mentioned, as well as a family of that name. On 8 January 1404, the Bosnian bishop from Janjići sent dispatches to the Ragusan prince Vlaho Sorkočević . In the Zenica settlement of Varošište , a medieval church has been unearthed, as well as a Franciscan monastery to St. Mary , which was built by sculptor Ivan Hrelić ,
1325-468: The city's environment. After the Bosnian War, its main polluter, the ironworks, was incapacitated. However, several years later , the old steelworks partially resumed operations, and a non-partisan citizen organisation called Eko pokret Zenica began to protest it, together with the local branch of the Greens of Bosnia and Herzegovina political party. The Babina river basin was declared a nature park after
1378-507: The city's ironworks. After Zenica's liberation by partisans on 12 April 1945, today celebrated as Zenica Liberation Day, the city began to develop as an industrial center. It expanded and included the former villages of Bilino Polje, Klopče, and Radakovo. New apartment blocks were built to cater to the increasing number of coal miners and steelworkers. The town's population in 1948 was only about 15,000 and by 1961, it had grown to over 30,000. In 1981, that number stood at over 63,000 and after
1431-406: The commander of the Austro-Hungarian occupying forces, General Filipović, on the conditions of a cessation of the conflict. During this time, Zenica witnessed the construction of various types of economically significant infrastructure, including a railway from Bosanski Brod in 1879, a coal mine in 1880, a paper factory (1885), ironworks (1892), and a penitentiary (1886). In 1908, a power station
1484-547: The departure of Serbs to areas under Serb control. Zenica recovered from the war and has continued to make slow progress. The city was governed for twenty years by the majority-Bosniak and Muslim Party of Democratic Action (SDA), which was mired in corruption and inefficiency, causing parts of the city to lack public lighting, water supply, a functioning sewer system, and paved roads. A drastic population decrease of approximately 26% can be seen between 1991 and 2013, with Zenica losing one quarter of its citizens, partly due to
1537-472: The documents that have so far been studied, the city's current name was first mentioned on 16 March 1436 (or 20 March 1436, annually celebrated as "Zenica Day") and later—Zenica is mentioned in a series of documents related to the Republic of Ragusa (Republic of Dubrovačka). Among other Bosnian parishes , Bored parish, which includes "Bilina poila", is mentioned in the charter. The place refers to one part of
1590-469: The first cinema opened in Zenica. By the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, urbanization was underway and the number of citizens increased severalfold. According to the 1910 census, the town had a population of 7,215. This rapid growth was reflected by a construction boom: The Orthodox Church of the Nativity of Our Lady was erected in 1885, two Catholic churches went up in 1910, and
1643-767: The first six centuries of the Common Era, when it included one the most important municipiums and centers of Christian dioceses in Bosnia: Bistua Nuova—seat of the Bistuenska diocese and the seat of Roman Christianity in the Bosnian area prior to the Slavs' arrival. Data suggesting that Bistua Nuova's bishop Andrew (Andreas, Andrija) took part in and was a signer of Solin sinodas in 530 and 533 underlines its importance. Ancient tombstone monuments date from ancient Bistua Nuova, as well as remains of old Christian basilicas. In
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1696-434: The following settlements: Zenica's population increased from 7,215 in 1910 to 15,550 in 1948 and 63,869 in 1981. According to the 1991 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina , Zenica proper had 96,027 citizens, with the population of the greater municipality being 145,517, living in 81 settlements. According to the 2013 census , Zenica had 70,553 residents (not including Upper Zenica and surrounding villages), while
1749-493: The greater Zenica municipality had 110,663 inhabitants. In Zenica-Doboj Canton, as of February 2020, the most common surnames are as follows: Amar Ja%C5%A1arspahi%C4%87 Amar Jašarspahić (born 30 December 1990), better known as Amar Gile or simply Gile , is a Bosnian singer from Kakanj , winner of the seventh season of music competition Zvezde Granda . Gile has been interested in music since his early childhood; his singing talent he inherited from his mother. He
1802-434: The group's intercession. The city has also entertained initiatives to create a dam on the Vranduk. The Greens of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Eko pokret have opposed this as well, declaring the Vranduk a national park . Mošćanica, the regional waste landfill, is located between the villages of Mošćanica, Mutnica, Palinovići, Briznik, Arnauti, Ponihovo, and Plavčići, southeast of Zenica. The urban part of Zenica consists of
1855-552: The last Yugoslavian census , the town had over 96,000 citizens, a sixfold increase in population since the formation of Yugoslavia. One year before the outbreak of the Bosnian War , in 1991, Zenica became the seat of one of the first private and independent radio stations in Eastern Europe—Radio CD-CEMP. In the spring of 1993, the station's owner, a journalist, won a Belgian accolade for independent journalism, "The Pen of Peace". The first official civilian victim of
1908-487: The middle part of the Bosna river stream—where Zenica Field is located. They formed tribal communities and were organized into a tribal ruling unit called a "župa" (parish). After their invasions, almost one century was needed for the first Slavic countries to form. The history of medieval Zenica is not well recorded. There is but a single item of evidence from 1244 about Croatian-Hungarian king Béla IV 's charter. According to
1961-564: The name Arduba. Recent (August 2019 ) international archaeological research, conducted by the Vienna ( Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology [ de ] ), Zenica (Zenica museum), and students and scientists from Sarajevo, using modern technology, shows that settlements with people and animals existed near Zenica over 3,100 years ago. Skeletons of pigs, cattle, and goats were found in Kopilo, an elevated place (600 m a.s.l.), indicating
2014-446: The origins of name Zenica. According to orally transmitted tradition, the city was named after the pupil of the eye (Ekavian Serbo-Croatian : zenica – pupil). There is also a legend that Zenica's name is derived from when Queen Katarina Kosača Kotromanić , who was leaving Bobovac during the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia in 1463, said "My pupil is left behind!" ( Serbo-Croatian : Osta moja z[j]enica! ). Because of its location in
2067-469: The place date from the period 3000–2000 BC; they were found in the localities of Drivuša and Gradišće . Zenica's current name was first mentioned in 1415. A medieval church has been unearthed in Zenica, as well as the Franciscan Monastery of St. Mary. The independence of Medieval Bosnia is directly connected to Zenica (Gradješa's plate and abjuration act ; Kulin ban 's time; Vranduk , a castle of
2120-445: The river Bosna. In both eastern and western directions, the altitudes increase and thus, the northwestern and northeastern areas of the city are the highest. Zenica is characterized by many small rivers and streams; all of them flow into the Bosna river basin. The Bosna is the most important body of flowing water in the Zenica area. It springs from Ilidža , near Sarajevo, and flows into the river Sava , near Bosanski Šamac . Thus,
2173-460: The river has a natural south–north flow. Out of a total length of 274 km (170 mi), 47.95 km (29.79 mi) of the river is in the city, and most residences are built alongside it, as are roads and railways. Apart from the Bosna, the rivers Lašva , Babina , and Kočeva also flow through Zenica. Within the municipality, a moderate continental climate prevails. Summers are hot and winters moderately cold. The mean annual temperature
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2226-473: The rule, Zenica became part of Brod kadiluk in the newly formed Sanjak of Bosnia . Nahya of Zenica was first mentioned in 1485. It bore that name until the end of the 18th century and later became Zenica srez . During Ottoman rule (1463–1878), the change of direction in the main trade route in turn changed the city and, except for a short period when it was a seat of the Brod judge Qadii (until 1557), Zenica
2279-570: The time of the Illyrians . Toponyms of their "gradinas" demonstrate this: Gradišće , Gračanica, Gradac. A specific locality, Gradina, in Kopilo village, indicates that Zenica and its surrounding areas hosted organized human life around 2000 BC. There is a weak question of the presence of the Illyrian Old-Balkan tribe of Daesitiates in the Zenica region. The Daesitiates are a result of ethno-social development of early human life in prehistory;
2332-518: The town of Zenica, today known as Bilino polje. The same place is mentioned in another document, dated 8 April 1203; it records a group of Bogomil chiefs who renounced paternalism before Innocent III 's court chaplain John of Casamaris. Bogomilism's presence in the Zenica area and its status as a seat of the Bogomil Church is supported not only by written documents but also by headstones that illuminate
2385-504: The transition period from the Bronze to the Iron Age resulted with Daesitiates emerging at the Lašva – Drina river belt. The Daesitiates confronted the Romans in 34 BC; the Romans did not make a long-lasting triumph, and the Illyrians were defeated in the city of Arduba , which was burnt down in 6–9 A.C. This is how the royal city of Vranduk probably existed in the time of the Illyrians, under
2438-409: The urban settlement of Odmut and the rural settlements of Putovići and Tišina, archaeologists have found epigraphs that have led them to conclude that Bistua Nuova was in the Zenica area. An important road towards Salona (Solin), Argentarium ( Srebrenica ), and Sirmium ( Srijemska Mitrovica ) also passed through Bistua Nuova. Barbarian invasions from the north (mainly Germans at the end of
2491-467: The war as well as unfavourable economic circumstances, prompting young and middle-aged residents to emigrate to other parts of Europe and the United States. In 2014, Zenica—as well as other cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina—witnessed violent citizen protests . Various buildings were attacked and demolished, tens of people were taken to the hospital, and several officials resigned. The same year, Zenica
2544-490: The youth and the elderly who are in tough health and material situations. He is a UNICEF ambassador and uses the title to fight for the rights of children in the Balkan region. He finished his first album Čovjek tvoga sna in 2013. In 2015 he published two songs: Trnje oko srca and Prekasno . In the following year, he made singles Pijano and Imam samo jednu želju , both with music videos (second of which features
2597-441: Was a kasbah that included mosques, a madrasa , several maktabs , shadirvans , caravanserais , and other types of Islamic architecture. In one description from 1697, Zenica had 2,000 citizens, the majority of them Muslim. At the end of the 18th century, Orthodox and Catholic Christians are mentioned again, as are Jews in the 19th century. After the ruin and exodus following the intrusion of Eugene of Savoy in 1697,
2650-504: Was built, which enabled the introduction of electric public lighting. State schools were also opened, the first in 1885 and the second in 1910. Confessional schools also opened, both for Catholic and Orthodox churches, and lectures at these schools and at madrasas began to be conducted in the local language. Cultural societies were organized, such as the Croatian Singing Society, as well as hunting and mountaineering clubs. In 1910,
2703-403: Was one of the more significant events in the history of the theater. The development of the theater was strongly advanced by moving to the new building which offered great technical possibilities. Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina Zenica ( / ˈ z ɛ n ɪ t s ə / ZEN -it-sə ; Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic : Зеница ; Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [zěnitsa] )
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#17330853491192756-415: Was recategorized from a municipality to a city. In the 2016 Bosnian municipal elections , independent politician Fuad Kasumović became mayor of the city. During his three years in office, he accelerated development, focusing on areas that had been neglected up to that point: city lighting was introduced, water-supply and sewer systems were upgraded, roads were paved, and bicycle lanes were introduced on
2809-647: Was −6.4 °C (20.5 °F), in January 1964; the minimal, −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F), was in January 1963. The highest mean monthly temperature, 23.8 °C (74.8 °F), was registered in August 2003; the highest daily, 42.6 °C (108.7 °F), was in August 2024. Relative air humidity is 70% and cloudiness 6.1 tenths. Air pressure is 976.3 millibars. Zenica has one meteorological station, founded in 1925 and located at an elevation of 344 m (1,129 ft) above sea level. Zenica's industry has polluted and damaged
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