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36-474: Bosnian uses both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets , with Latin in everyday use. It is notable among the varieties of Serbo-Croatian for a number of Arabic , Persian and Ottoman Turkish loanwords, largely due to the language's interaction with those cultures through Islamic ties. Bosnian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian , more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian , which

72-439: A parallel system. Đuro Daničić suggested in his Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika ("Dictionary of Croatian or Serbian language") published in 1880 that Gaj's digraphs ⟨dž⟩ , ⟨dj⟩ , ⟨lj⟩ and ⟨nj⟩ should be replaced by single letters : ⟨ģ⟩ , ⟨đ⟩ , ⟨ļ⟩ and ⟨ń⟩ respectively. The original Gaj alphabet

108-472: A unified orthography for three Croat-populated kingdoms within the Austrian Empire at the time, namely Croatia , Dalmatia and Slavonia , and their three dialect groups, Kajkavian , Chakavian and Shtokavian , which historically utilized different spelling rules. A slightly modified version of it was later adopted as the formal Latin writing system for the unified Serbo-Croatian standard language per

144-576: Is also the basis of standard Croatian, Serbian and Montenegrin varieties. Therefore, the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins was issued in 2017 in Sarajevo. Although the common name for the common language remains 'Serbo-Croatian', newer alternatives such as 'Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian' and 'Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian' have been increasingly utilised since

180-832: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa, e.g. /ʃə/).: In the 1990s, there was a general confusion about the proper character encoding to use to write text in Latin Croatian on computers. The preferred character encoding for Croatian today is either the ISO 8859-2 , or the Unicode encoding UTF-8 (with two bytes or 16 bits necessary to use the letters with diacritics). However, as of 2010 , one can still find programs as well as databases that use CP1250 , CP852 or even CROSCII. Digraphs ⟨dž⟩ , ⟨lj⟩ and ⟨nj⟩ in their upper case, title case and lower case forms have dedicated Unicode code points as shown in

216-521: Is no Macedonian Latin keyboard supported on most systems. For example, š becomes sh or s , and dž becomes dzh or dz . The standard Gaj's Latin alphabet keyboard layout for personal computers is as follows: Ivo Pranjkovi%C4%87 Ivo Pranjković (born 17 August 1947) is a Croatian linguist . Pranjković is a Bosnian Croat , born in Kotor Varoš in Bosnia and Herzegovina . After

252-507: Is taught under the name Bosnisch , not Bosniakisch (e.g. Vienna, Graz, Trier) with very few exceptions. Some Croatian linguists ( Zvonko Kovač , Ivo Pranjković , Josip Silić ) support the name "Bosnian" language, whereas others ( Radoslav Katičić , Dalibor Brozović , Tomislav Ladan ) hold that the term Bosnian language is the only one appropriate and that accordingly the terms Bosnian language and Bosniak language refer to two different things. The Croatian state institutions, such as

288-512: Is the form of the Latin script used for writing Serbo-Croatian and all of its standard varieties : Bosnian , Croatian , Montenegrin , and Serbian . The alphabet was initially devised by Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in 1835 during the Illyrian movement in ethnically Croatian parts of the Austrian Empire . It was largely based on Jan Hus 's Czech alphabet and was meant to serve as

324-626: The Language spoken by Bosniaks , because the Serbs were required to recognise the language officially, but wished to avoid recognition of its name. Serbia includes the Bosnian language as an elective subject in primary schools. Montenegro officially recognizes the Bosnian language: its 2007 Constitution specifically states that although Montenegrin is the official language, Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian are also in official use. The differences between

360-520: The Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) recognize the Bosnian language. Furthermore, the status of the Bosnian language is also recognized by bodies such as the United Nations , UNESCO and translation and interpreting accreditation agencies, including internet translation services. Most English-speaking language encyclopedias ( Routledge , Glottolog , Ethnologue , etc.) register

396-845: The Slovene Lands since the 1830s: the traditional bohoričica , named after Adam Bohorič , who codified it; the dajnčica , named after Peter Dajnko ; and the metelčica , named after Franc Serafin Metelko . The Slovene version of Gaj's alphabet differs from the Serbo-Croatian one in several ways: As in Serbo-Croatian, Slovene orthography does not make use of diacritics to mark accent in words in regular writing, but headwords in dictionaries are given with them to account for homographs . For instance, letter ⟨e⟩ can be pronounced in four ways ( /eː/ , /ɛ/ , /ɛː/ and /ə/ ), and letter ⟨v⟩ in two ( [ʋ] and [w] , though

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432-733: The Vienna Literary Agreement . It served as one of the official scripts in the unified South Slavic state of Yugoslavia alongside Vuk's Cyrillic alphabet . A slightly reduced version is used as the alphabet for Slovene , and a slightly expanded version is used for modern standard Montenegrin. A modified version is used for the romanization of Macedonian . It further influenced alphabets of Romani languages that are spoken in Southeast Europe , namely Vlax and Balkan Romani . The alphabet consists of thirty upper and lower case letters: Gaj's original alphabet contained

468-465: The 1990s and 2000s. Lexically, Islamic-Oriental loanwords are more frequent; phonetically: the phoneme /x/ (letter h ) is reinstated in many words as a distinct feature of vernacular Bosniak speech and language tradition; also, there are some changes in grammar, morphology and orthography that reflect the Bosniak pre- World War I literary tradition, mainly that of the Bosniak renaissance at the beginning of

504-525: The 1990s, especially within diplomatic circles. Table of the modern Bosnian alphabet in both Latin and Cyrillic, as well as with the IPA value, sorted according to Cyrilic: Although Bosnians are, at the level of vernacular idiom , linguistically more homogeneous than either Serbians or Croatians, unlike those nations they failed to codify a standard language in the 19th century, with at least two factors being decisive: The modern Bosnian standard took shape in

540-423: The 20th century. The name "Bosnian language" is a controversial issue for some Croats and Serbs , who also refer to it as the "Bosniak" language ( Serbo-Croatian : bošnjački / бошњачки , [bǒʃɲaːtʃkiː] ). Bosniak linguists however insist that the only legitimate name is "Bosnian" language ( bosanski ) and that that is the name that both Croats and Serbs should use. The controversy arises because

576-849: The 22 letters that match the ISO basic Latin alphabet are concerned. The use of others is mostly limited to the context of linguistics, while in mathematics, ⟨j⟩ is commonly pronounced jot , as in the German of Germany . The missing four letters are pronounced as follows: ⟨q⟩ as ku , kju , or kve ; ⟨w⟩ as duplo v , duplo ve (standard in Serbia), or dvostruko ve (standard in Croatia) (rarely also dubl ve ); ⟨x⟩ as iks ; and ⟨y⟩ as ipsilon . Digraphs ⟨ dž ⟩ , ⟨ lj ⟩ and ⟨ nj ⟩ are considered to be single letters: The Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet

612-646: The Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian literary standards are minimal. Although Bosnian employs more Turkish, Persian, and Arabic loanwords —commonly called orientalisms—mainly in its spoken variety due to the fact that most Bosnian speakers are Muslims, it is still very similar to both Serbian and Croatian in its written and spoken form. "Lexical differences between the ethnic variants are extremely limited, even when compared with those between closely related Slavic languages (such as standard Czech and Slovak, Bulgarian and Macedonian), and grammatical differences are even less pronounced. More importantly, complete understanding between

648-549: The Central Bureau of Statistics, use both terms: "Bosniak" language was used in the 2001 census, while the census in 2011 used the term "Bosnian" language. The majority of Serbian linguists hold that the term Bosniak language is the only one appropriate, which was agreed as early as 1990. The original form of The Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina called the language "Bosniac language", until 2002 when it

684-659: The Croatian-Slavonic orthography"), which was the first common Croatian orthography book. It was not the first ever Croatian orthography work, as it was preceded by works of Rajmund Đamanjić (1639), Ignjat Đurđević and Pavao Ritter Vitezović . Croats had previously used the Latin script, but some of the specific sounds were not uniformly represented. Versions of the Hungarian alphabet were most commonly used, but others were too, in an often confused, inconsistent fashion. Gaj followed

720-421: The alphabet are used to represent the equivalent Cyrillic letters. Also, Macedonian uses the letter dz , which is not part of the Serbo-Croatian phonemic inventory. As per the orthography, both lj and ĺ are accepted as romanisations of љ and both nj and ń for њ. For informal purposes, like texting, most Macedonian speakers will omit the diacritics or use a digraph- and trigraph-based system for ease as there

756-868: The classical secondary school in Visoko , he received a BA degree in Croatian from the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Zagreb . In 1974 he became a member of the Department of Croatian at the same faculty. Today, he is a professor of standard Croatian. As a learned linguist and philologist with a wide spectrum of interests, Pranjković made important contributions to several linguistic areas. His syntactic studies Croatian Syntax , Second Croatian Syntax and Croatian grammar (published in co-authorship with Josip Silić) are generally considered important works for

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792-409: The difference is not phonemic ). Also, it does not reflect consonant voicing assimilation: compare e.g. Slovene ⟨odpad⟩ and Serbo-Croatian ⟨otpad⟩ ('junkyard', 'waste'). Romanization of Macedonian is done according to Gaj's Latin alphabet with slight modification. Gaj's ć and đ are not used at all, with ḱ and ǵ introduced instead. The rest of the letters of

828-548: The digraph ⟨dj⟩ , which Serbian linguist Đuro Daničić later replaced with the letter ⟨đ⟩ . The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/ ). When clarity is needed, they are pronounced similar to the German alphabet : a, be, ce, če, će, de, dže, đe, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, elj, em, en, enj, o, pe, er, es, eš, te, u, ve, ze, že . These rules for pronunciation of individual letters are common as far as

864-758: The ethnic variants of the standard language makes translation and second language teaching impossible." The Bosnian language, as a new normative register of the Shtokavian dialect, was officially introduced in 1996 with the publication of Pravopis bosanskog jezika in Sarajevo. According to that work, Bosnian differed from Serbian and Croatian on some main linguistic characteristics, such as: sound formats in some words, especially "h" ( kahva versus Serbian kafa ); substantial and deliberate usage of Oriental ("Turkish") words; spelling of future tense ( kupit ću ) as in Croatian but not Serbian ( kupiću ) (both forms have

900-554: The example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the Czech orthography , making one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. Following Vuk Karadžić 's reform of Cyrillic in the early nineteenth century, in the 1830s Ljudevit Gaj did the same for latinica , using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies, resulting in

936-528: The language solely as "Bosnian" language. The Library of Congress registered the language as "Bosnian" and gave it an ISO-number. The Slavic language institutes in English-speaking countries offer courses in "Bosnian" or "Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian" language, not in "Bosniak" language (e.g. Columbia, Cornell, Chicago, Washington, Kansas). The same is the case in German-speaking countries, where the language

972-477: The modern Croatian syntax. Other areas of his work are general linguistics , history of Croatian philology in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and the linguistic heritage of Bosnian Franciscans . This last topic was the subject of several studies of Pranjković, as well as the book Hrvatski jezik i franjevci Bosne Srebrene (Croatian and the Bosnian Franciscans), where he described the linguistic area which

1008-442: The name "Bosnian" may seem to imply that it is the language of all Bosnians, while Bosnian Croats and Serbs reject that designation for their idioms. The language is called Bosnian language in the 1995 Dayton Accords and is concluded by observers to have received legitimacy and international recognition at the time. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) and

1044-1036: The same pronunciation). 2018, in the new issue of Pravopis bosanskog jezika , words without "h" are accepted due to their prevalence in language practice. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bosnian, written in the Cyrillic script : Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bosnian, written in the Latin alphabet : Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Gaj%27s Latin alphabet Gaj's Latin alphabet ( Serbo-Croatian : Gajeva latinica / Гајева латиница , pronounced [ɡâːjěva latǐnitsa] ), also known as abeceda ( Serbian Cyrillic : абецеда , pronounced [abetsěːda] ) or gajica ( Serbian Cyrillic : гајица , pronounced [ɡǎjitsa] ),

1080-424: The table below, However, these are included chiefly for backwards compatibility with legacy encodings which kept a one-to-one correspondence with Cyrillic; modern texts use a sequence of characters. Since the early 1840s, Gaj's alphabet was increasingly used for Slovene . In the beginning, it was most commonly used by Slovene authors who treated Slovene as a variant of Serbo-Croatian (such as Stanko Vraz ), but it

1116-410: The territory controlled by the Serbs from 1992, but immediately after the war they demanded the restoration of their civil rights in those territories. The Bosnian Serbs refused to make reference to the Bosnian language in their constitution and as a result had constitutional amendments imposed by High Representative Wolfgang Petritsch . However, the constitution of Republika Srpska refers to it as

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1152-799: Was changed in Amendment XXIX of the Constitution of the Federation by Wolfgang Petritsch . The original text of the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was agreed in Vienna and was signed by Krešimir Zubak and Haris Silajdžić on March 18, 1994. The constitution of Republika Srpska , the Serb-dominated entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina, did not recognize any language or ethnic group other than Serbian. Bosniaks were mostly expelled from

1188-722: Was crucial for the development and standardization of Croatian, but which was greatly neglected until his work. Aside from linguistic theory and history, Pranjković engaged in many disputes and comments in the press, especially with his great rival, Stjepan Babić . His articles have been collected in several books. Pranjković has polemicized with virtually every Croatian linguist of the older generation. He has criticized their prescriptive approaches to language. However, French linguist Paul-Louis Thomas and Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić have described and criticized puristic and prescriptive tendencies even in Pranjković’s publications. As

1224-671: Was eventually revised, but only the digraph ⟨dj⟩ has been replaced with Daničić's ⟨đ⟩ , while ⟨dž⟩ , ⟨lj⟩ and ⟨nj⟩ have been kept. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of Gaj's Latin alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

1260-576: Was later accepted by a large spectrum of Slovene-writing authors. The breakthrough came in 1845, when the Slovene conservative leader Janez Bleiweis started using Gaj's script in his journal Kmetijske in rokodelske novice ("Agricultural and Artisan News"), which was read by a wide public in the countryside. By 1850, Gaj's alphabet (known as gajica in Slovene) became the only official Slovene alphabet , replacing three other writing systems that had circulated in

1296-454: Was mostly designed by Ljudevit Gaj , who modelled it after Czech (č, ž, š) and Polish (ć), and invented ⟨lj⟩ , ⟨nj⟩ and ⟨dž⟩ , according to similar solutions in Hungarian (ly, ny and dzs, although dž combinations exist also in Czech and Polish). In 1830 in Buda , he published the book Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskog pravopisanja ("Brief basics of

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