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107-690: The municipality lies in the Kusel Musikantenland ("Musicians’ Land") in the Western Palatinate . Bosenbach lies at an elevation of some 250 m above sea level in the valley of its namesake brook, the Bosenbach, which rises near Jettenbach and flows into Bosenbach from the southeast after being joined by the Klingelbach. The Bosenbach is further fed in the village core by the Walschbach from

214-416: A transit , a surveyor tried to achieve straightness by looking along the rods and commanding the gromatici to move them as required. Using the gromae they then laid out a grid on the plan of the road. If the surveyor could not see his desired endpoint, a signal fire would often be lit at the endpoint in order to guide the surveyor. The libratores then began their work using ploughs and, sometimes with

321-704: A Palatine fief by the Counts of Veldenz . About 1282, the Amt of Bosenbach (Bosenbach, Niederstaufenbach and Friedelhausen) was held in common ownership by the Counts of Veldenz and the Waldgraves . Later, in the 14th and 15th centuries, the common ownership had ended and it was owned by the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves (one group). In 1595, through territorial trade, the Amt found its way back into

428-859: A Roman official to be sent, on service either civil or military, where we do not find roads. They reach the Wall in Britain ; run along the Rhine , the Danube , and the Euphrates ; and cover, as with a network, the interior provinces of the Empire. A road map of the empire reveals that it was generally laced with a dense network of prepared viae . Beyond its borders there were no paved roads; however, it can be supposed that footpaths and dirt roads allowed some transport. There were, for instance, some pre-Roman ancient trackways in Britain, such as

535-482: A Uranus symbol surmounting a hammer and pick per saltire, the whole Or and in base a fess wavy of the second surmounted by a narrower one azure, and Or a churchtower argent with quoins, roof, Gothic tracery windowframes and Romanesque sound holes gules, the window glass of the first. The churchtower charge on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side is a depiction of the one at the well known Wolfskirche (“Wolf’s Church”) near Bosenbach. The Uranus symbol on

642-407: A directional straightness. Many long sections are ruler-straight, but it should not be thought that all of them were. Some links in the network were as long as 55 miles (89 km). Gradients of 10%–12% are known in ordinary terrain, 15%–20% in mountainous country. The Roman emphasis on constructing straight roads often resulted in steep slopes relatively impractical for most commercial traffic; over

749-546: A few landholds. To better describe where these landholds lay, both Reichenbach and Bosenbach were named. Either Franko or his heirs yielded these lands shortly after 945 to Saint Maximin's Abbey in Trier . Until about 1100, Bosenbach was listed time and again as being among the monastery's holdings. Territorially, Bosenbach belonged to the Imperial Domain ( Reichsland ) around Kaiserslautern and about 1130, it came to be held as

856-463: A few years later. The masonry in this east quire tower is reckoned to date from the transitional time between Romanesque and Gothic . The fresco-secco paintings, which were first painted over in the time of the Reformation , were laid bare in 1952. About 1970, a graveyard hall was built onto the tower. As early as 1442, there was a village church in Bosenbach, consecrated to Saint Anthony, as well as

963-584: A former railway line that shared a stretch of its tracks with the Landstuhl–Kusel railway, including the former railway junction at Altenglan). Musikantenland The Musikantenland ("Musician's Land") is an area of the northern West Palatinate in Germany , north of the Landstuhler Bruch in the area of the rivers Glan and Lauter . On the fringes of this region are the city of Kaiserslautern and

1070-463: A great public service like that of the roads. Gaius Gracchus , when Tribune of the People (123–122 BC), paved or gravelled many of the public roads and provided them with milestones and mounting-blocks for riders. Gaius Scribonius Curio , when Tribune (50 BC), sought popularity by introducing a Lex Viaria , under which he was to be chief inspector or commissioner for five years. Dio Cassius mentions that

1177-517: A layer of fine concrete, the nucleus, went onto the pavement or statumen . Into or onto the nucleus went a course of polygonal or square paving stones, called the summa crusta . The crusta was crowned for drainage. An example is found in an early basalt road by the Temple of Saturn on the Clivus Capitolinus . It had travertine paving, polygonal basalt blocks, concrete bedding (substituted for

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1284-401: A reference to a Roman castrum here, although this is rather doubtful. The municipal area measures 816 ha, of which 563 ha is given over to agricultural use and 132 ha is wooded. The rest is meadow and fields. Bosenbach borders in the north on the municipality of Elzweiler , in the northeast on the municipality of Eßweiler , in the east on the municipality of Jettenbach , in

1391-513: A regulation width (see Laws and traditions above), but actual widths have been measured at between 3.6 feet (1.1 metres) and more than 23 feet (7.0 metres). Today, the concrete has worn from the spaces around the stones, giving the impression of a very bumpy road, but the original practice was to produce a surface that was no doubt much closer to being flat. Many roads were built to resist rain, freezing and flooding. They were constructed to need as little repair as possible. Roman construction took

1498-426: A road, though privately constructed, became a public road when the memory of its private constructors had perished. Siculus Flaccus describes viae vicinales as roads " de publicis quae divertunt in agros et saepe ad alteras publicas perveniunt " (which turn off the public roads into fields, and often reach to other public roads). The repairing authorities, in this case, were the magistri pagorum or magistrates of

1605-456: A small mill. In the latter half of the 19th century, another mill was built and used as a coöperative. Chalk was already being mined in the 16th century. The mine's galleries, though, which still exist, may for safety reasons not be visited. In the 18th century, Bosenbach's craftsmen joined those in the Eßweiler Tal in three guilds . The village had a few craft businesses that were typical of

1712-486: A village. Quite early on, though, there were also workers who worked in the stone quarries, coalmines and chalk mines. Today, agriculture plays only a subordinate role. The village is today home to people of the most varied of occupations, who must commute to work. With respect to religion, the overwhelming majority belong to the Evangelical denomination of Christianity . Population figures rose steadily from about 500 in

1819-781: Is made up of 12 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. Bosenbach's mayor is Martin Volles. The German blazon reads: Von schwarz und gold gespalten, rechts über einem gesenkten goldbesäumten blauen Wellenbalken zwei gekreuzte goldene Hämmer, belegt mit dem Zeichen des Planeten Uranus in Gold, links ein rotgefasster und -gedeckter silberner Kirchturm mit gotischem Maßwerkfenster und romanischen Schallöffnungen in schwarz. The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per pale sable in chief

1926-733: The Counts Palatine of Palatinate-Veldenz . Only towards the end of the 16th century did the Duke of Palatinate-Zweibrücken alone exercise this function, using it to force the subjects to convert to the Reformed faith. In 1595, the Amt of Bosenbach also became territorially part of the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, Oberamt of Lichtenberg. During the Thirty Years' War , the Schultheißerei of Bosenbach

2033-478: The Etruscans . The Viae terrenae were plain roads of leveled earth. These were mere tracks worn down by the feet of humans and animals, and possibly by wheeled carriages. The Viae glareatae were earthen roads with a gravel surface or a gravel subsurface and paving on top. Livy speaks of the censors of his time as being the first to contract for paving the streets of Rome with flint stones, for laying gravel on

2140-518: The Second Triumvirate obliged the Senators to repair the public roads at their own expense. The second category included private or country roads, originally constructed by private individuals, in whom their soil was vested and who had the power to dedicate them to the public use. Such roads benefited from a right of way in favor either of the public or of the owner of a particular estate. Under

2247-518: The Straußrede (“bouquet speech”). Older villagers still remember the custom of the Brezeltanz (“pretzel dance”). In 1832 there was a Pressverein – Press Club – in Bosenbach. Bosenbach has limetrees both in the village and out at the graveyard. Towards the end of the 18th century, the predominant form of cropraising was the three-field system . Given the unfavourable location – the village lay in

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2354-666: The Via Labicana in 421 BC; and the Via Salaria in 361 BC. In the Itinerary of Antoninus , the description of the road system is as follows: With the exception of some outlying portions, such as Britain north of the Wall, Dacia , and certain provinces east of the Euphrates, the whole Empire was penetrated by these itinera (plural of iter ). There is hardly a district to which we might expect

2461-518: The Wolfskirche in the countryside. This church, which may have been only a prayer hall, was given up in the face of disrepair and thus, a new one was built in 1591. This church was open until 1802 to members of all three denominations ( Catholic , Lutheran and Calvinist ), but it was owned outright by the Reformed church (Calvinist). Then, that same year, the Calvinists built a new, bigger church in

2568-546: The Wolfskirche tower's stonework, building blocks from Roman times can still be found, some with inscriptions. a fragment of a Roman “god stone” is incorporated into the entrance portal to the graveyard. A sculpture from Roman times, a lion tearing at an animal that it has caught and a relief can be found in the church's sanctuary. Northeast of Bosenbach ran an old Roman road leading from Landstuhl to Trier . In 945, Bosenbach had its first documentary mention when Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor , granted his faithful follower Franko

2675-415: The cantons . They could require the neighboring landowners either to furnish laborers for the general repair of the viae vicinales , or to keep in repair, at their own expense, a certain length of road passing through their respective properties. With the conquest of Italy, prepared viae were extended from Rome and its vicinity to outlying municipalities, sometimes overlying earlier roads. Building viae

2782-424: The censor who had ordered their construction or reconstruction. The same person often served afterwards as consul, but the road name is dated to his term as censor. If the road was older than the office of censor or was of unknown origin, it was named for its destination or the region through which it mainly passed. A road was renamed if the censor ordered major work on it, such as paving, repaving, or rerouting. With

2889-459: The civil engineer looked over the site of the proposed road and determined roughly where it should go, the agrimensores went to work surveying the road bed. They used two main devices, the rod and a device called a groma , which helped them obtain right angles. The gromatici , the Roman equivalent of rod men, placed rods and put down a line called the rigor . As they did not possess anything like

2996-560: The 14th century. Until the late 19th century, it served the villages of Bosenbach, Friedelhausen and Niederstaufenbach together as a place to bury their dead. Today it is still used only by Bosenbach. The kermis (church consecration festival, locally known as the Kerwe ) is held each year on the last weekend in August. The old custom of the Kerwestrauß is still observed at this festival, complete with

3103-652: The County school of Music, founded in 1948, was renamed the Kusel Music School Musikantenland. Buildings such as the Musikantenland Hall, a multi-purpose hall in Jettenbach, also bear the name. Roman roads Roman roads ( Latin : viae Romanae [ˈwiae̯ roːˈmaːnae̯] ; singular: via Romana [ˈwia roːˈmaːna] ; meaning "Roman way") were physical infrastructure vital to

3210-464: The Duchy of Palatine Zweibrücken . From the years 1514, 1537 and 1578 come three Weistümer dealing with Bosenbach (a Weistum – cognate with English wisdom – was a legal pronouncement issued by men learned in law in the Middle Ages and early modern times; Weistümer is the plural). Ecclesiastical law at the time of the Reformation was made jointly by the Counts Palatine of Zweibrücken and

3317-565: The Ridgeway and the Icknield Way . The Laws of the Twelve Tables , dated to about 450 BC, required that any public road (Latin via ) be 8 Roman feet (perhaps about 2.37 m) wide where straight and twice that width where curved. These were probably the minimum widths for a via ; in the later republic, widths of around 12 Roman feet were common for public roads in rural regions, permitting

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3424-454: The causeway to more than 5 feet (1.5 metres) above the marsh. In the provinces, the Romans often did not bother with a stone causeway but used log roads ( pontes longi ). The public road system of the Romans was thoroughly military in its aims and spirit. It was designed to unite and consolidate the conquests of the Roman people, whether within or without the limits of Italy proper. A legion on

3531-432: The censorial responsibility passed to the commanders of the Roman armies and later to special commissioners, and in some cases perhaps to the local magistrates. In the provinces, the consul or praetor and his legates received authority to deal directly with the contractor. The care of the streets and roads within the Roman territory was committed in the earliest times to the censors. They eventually made contracts for paving

3638-501: The change in religion made by Duke Johannes I of Zweibrücken in 1588, in which he made Reformed teaching the duchy's religion. In 1566, the parish of Bosenbach was founded. The at first Lutheran parish comprised the villages of Bosenbach, Friedelhausen and Niederstaufenbach. At times, the villages of Neunkirchen am Potzberg , Oberstaufenbach and Föckelberg , which belonged to the ecclesiastical region of Neunkirchen, were also tended by Bosenbach. In 1601, Eßweiler , which had belonged to

3745-725: The charges for using the roads. Costs of services on the journey went up from there. Financing road building was a Roman government responsibility. Maintenance, however, was generally left to the province. The officials tasked with fund-raising were the curatores viarum . They had a number of methods available to them. Private citizens with an interest in the road could be asked to contribute to its repair. High officials might distribute largesse to be used for roads. Censors, who were in charge of public morals and public works, were expected to fund repairs suâ pecuniâ (with their own money). Beyond those means, taxes were required. A via connected two cities. Viae were generally centrally placed in

3852-570: The charges themselves stand for the local art, economy and landscape, the tinctures stand for the municipality's historical lords. The gules and Or (red and gold) on the sinister side were the tinctures borne by the Waldgraves , who held sway until 1595, and the sable and Or (black and gold) on the dexter side were the Palatine colours. The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate ’s Directory of Cultural Monuments: Among

3959-457: The church could be shared with members of other denominations. Even today, Reichenbach is the parish seat for the few Catholics in Bosenbach. The first Jew in Bosenbach was named as early as 1704. Towards the end of the 18th century there were at least three Jewish families living in the village. In the 19th century, there were five from time to time. By the beginning of the 20th century, though, no more Jews were living in Bosenbach. The council

4066-423: The city proper) who were both part of the collegia known as the vigintisexviri (literally meaning "Twenty-Six Men"). Augustus, finding the collegia ineffective, especially the boards dealing with road maintenance, reduced the number of magistrates from 26 to 20. Augustus abolished the duoviri and later granted the position as superintendent (according to Dio Cassius) of the road system connecting Rome to

4173-412: The city wall and the first milestone beyond. In case of an emergency in the condition of a particular road, men of influence and liberality were appointed, or voluntarily acted, as curatores or temporary commissioners to superintend the work of repair. The dignity attached to such a curatorship is attested by a passage of Cicero . Among those who performed this duty in connection with particular roads

4280-487: The condition of the public highways. Their names occur frequently in the inscriptions to restorers of roads and bridges. Thus, Vespasian , Titus , Domitian , Trajan , and Septimius Severus were commemorated in this capacity at Emérita. The Itinerary of Antoninus (which was probably a work of much earlier date and republished in an improved and enlarged form under one of the Antonine emperors ) remains as standing evidence of

4387-524: The construction of sewers and removed obstructions to traffic, as the aediles did in Rome. It was in the character of an imperial curator (though probably armed with extraordinary powers) that Corbulo denounced the magistratus and mancipes of the Italian roads to Tiberius . He pursued them and their families with fines and imprisonment and was later rewarded with a consulship by Caligula , who also shared

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4494-469: The countryside. The construction and care of the public roads, whether in Rome, in Italy, or in the provinces, was, at all periods of Roman history, considered to be a function of the greatest weight and importance. This is clearly shown by the fact that the censors, in some respects the most venerable of Roman magistrates, had the earliest paramount authority to construct and repair all roads and streets. Indeed all

4601-673: The county of Kusel has awarded the Lichtenburg Musikantenland Prize in recognition of special achievements for those cultivating and developing the West Palatinate musical tradition. Elmar Wolf, also a Lichtenburg Prize winner, founded the publishing house EDITION Musikantenland , after leaving the EWOTON-Musikverlag music publishing company, as a token of his affection for the Kusel Musikantenland. In 2003,

4708-639: The county of Kusel operates its tourist industry under the slogan "Palatine Uplands - Kusel Musikantenland ". Regional dishes are described with the prefix "Musikantenland", there is for example a Musikantenland Roast and Musikantenland Bratwurst . The Musikantenland Museum in Lichtenberg Castle near Kusel and the West Palatine Musikanten Museum in Mackenbach recall the history of West Palatinate's wandering musicians. Since 1984,

4815-457: The course of administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate . Also belonging to Bosenbach is the outlying homestead of Kelterhof, an Aussiedlerhof (farmstead established after the Second World War to enhance food production) built about 1970, but which is now no longer worked as a farm. Before the Thirty Years' War , Bosenbach actually had two centres. The smaller one in the west

4922-399: The dale and most fields were up on the hillsides – fields had to be worked under the burden of a great overhead . There was winegrowing at one time, but the Thirty Years' War put an end to this. The fields themselves took the form of small plots, criss-crossing short strips of cropland. In the municipal area's west, however, block-shaped fields were also seen. In the 18th century, there was

5029-454: The dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side recalls the limestone mining in the two centres of Bosenbach and Friedelhausen until 1971. This symbol is also to be seen at the old mine entrance. The wavy fess in dexter base is canting for the placename ending —bach , which in German means “brook”. It also stands for the brook running through the municipality, which has the same name. Just as

5136-446: The early 19th century to roughly 900 in the late 20th century, then growth stagnated and recently there has been a slight drop. The following table shows population development over the centuries for Bosenbach, with some figures broken down by religious denomination: The placename ending —bach (“brook”) is combined in the village's name with the element Baso , which goes back to an early Frankish personal name. The village has borne

5243-405: The east, outside the village on the road leading to Jettenbach. When the old Wolfskirche was torn down, it was suggested to the pastor that he turn all Roman artifacts, which were still being kept there, over to Speyer. In 1825, a hundred Roman copper coins were found near Bosenbach. These came from an urnfield. A grave hollow with five urns was hewn into a cliffside near the village. Today in

5350-627: The first paved road—the Appian Way . Unless these allusions are just simple anachronisms, the roads referred to were probably at the time little more than levelled earthen tracks. Thus, the Via Gabiana (during the time of Porsena ) is mentioned in about 500 BC; the Via Latina (during the time of Gaius Marcius Coriolanus ) in about 490 BC; the Via Nomentana (also known as "Via Ficulensis"), in 449 BC;

5457-417: The following names over the ages: Basinbahc (945) ; Basinbach (latter half of the 14th century); Basenbecher ampt (1393); Basenbach (1417); Boßenbach (1567); Bosenbach. In earliest times, Bosenbach belonged to the parish of Deinsberg ( Theißberg ). In 1323, a chaplaincy for the later ecclesiastical region of Bosenbach was built and given its own chaplain. The Feldkirche (“Field Church”) outside

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5564-467: The foothills of the Bornberg more than 500 m above sea level, and in the south more than 300 m above sea level (Hertle-Wald 338 m). Interesting rural cadastral toponyms in Bosenbach include “Selgut”, which could be interpreted as meaning “Soul Estate” – it might well once have been an endowment to the church in the hopes of securing Salvation – and “Kastellwiese” (“ Castrum Meadow”), supposedly

5671-463: The gravel), and a rain-water gutter. Romans preferred to engineer solutions to obstacles rather than circumvent them. Outcrops of stone, ravines, or hilly or mountainous terrain called for cuts and tunnels. An example of this is found on the Roman road from Căzănești near the Iron Gates . This road was half carved into the rock, about 5   ft to 5   ft 9   in (1.5 to 1.75   m);

5778-416: The habit of condemning well-born citizens to work on the roads. Under the rule of Claudius, Corbulo was brought to justice and forced to repay the money which had been extorted from his victims. Special curatores for a term seem to have been appointed on occasion, even after the institution of the permanent magistrates bearing that title. The emperors who succeeded Augustus exercised a vigilant control over

5885-538: The heading of viae privatae were also included roads leading from the public or high roads to particular estates or settlements; Ulpian considers these to be public roads. Features off the via were connected to the via by viae rusticae , or secondary roads. Both main or secondary roads might either be paved or left unpaved with a gravel surface, as they were in North Africa. These prepared but unpaved roads were viae glareae or sternendae ("to be strewn"). Beyond

5992-450: The help of legionaries , with spades excavated the road bed down to bedrock or at least to the firmest ground they could find. The excavation was called the fossa , the Latin word for ditch. The depth varied according to terrain. The method varied according to geographic locality, materials available, and terrain, but the plan or ideal at which the engineer aimed was always the same. The road

6099-950: The maintenance and development of the Roman state, built from about 300 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire . They provided efficient means for the overland movement of armies , officials, civilians, inland carriage of official communications, and trade goods . Roman roads were of several kinds, ranging from small local roads to broad, long-distance highways built to connect cities, major towns and military bases. These major roads were often stone-paved and metaled, cambered for drainage, and were flanked by footpaths, bridleways and drainage ditches. They were laid along accurately surveyed courses, and some were cut through hills or conducted over rivers and ravines on bridgework. Sections could be supported over marshy ground on rafted or piled foundations. At

6206-528: The merger of Lutheranism and Calvinism . In the summer of 1893, a few families in Bosenbach approached the Inner Mission . This tendency, however, had already run its course within a year. Only a deep religiosity remained in a few families in the village. In the 18th century, Bosenbach's Catholics belonged to the Catholic parish of Kusel, passing about 1800 to the Catholic parish of Reichenbach. In Bosenbach

6313-529: The middle of the village. This Late Baroque church with its belltower, with the style of spire known as a welsche Haube , presents itself in a good state of repair in Bosenbach's village core. Found here, too, are the parish's two old bells. The older of the two comes from 1474 and hung together with two others until 1591 in the tower at the Wolfskirche . Its Latin inscription reads: o rex glorie criste veni cvm pace m cccc lxxiiii ave maria (“O King of glory Christ, come with peace 1474 hail Mary”). The other bell

6420-532: The minute care which was bestowed on the service of the public roads. Ancient Rome boasted impressive technological feats, using many advances that were lost during the Middle Ages . Some of these accomplishments would not be rivaled in Europe until the Modern Age . Many practical Roman innovations were adopted from earlier designs. Some of the common, earlier designs incorporated arches . Roman road builders aimed at

6527-501: The nave was torn down. The last relic of this church left standing was the churchtower with its fresco-secco paintings. These wall paintings are from the 14th century, and such artworks are otherwise only known from examples found in Italy . During thorough renovations in 1985, a dendrochronological investigation of the roof frame yielded the knowledge that the wood had come from trees felled in 1310. The roof frame itself would have been built

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6634-421: The odd exception, everybody works outside the village. Already by the late 16th century, the pastor was holding school in Bosenbach. Since there was no pastor posted to the village after the Thirty Years' War , the villagers temporarily hired a schoolmaster (as early as 1651). Once the parish had been reëstablished in 1671, the job of schooling once more fell to the pastor. Only beginning in the early 18th century

6741-491: The office of curator of each of the great public roads a perpetual magistracy rather than a temporary commission. The persons appointed under the new system were of senatorial or equestrian rank, depending on the relative importance of the roads assigned to them. It was the duty of each curator to issue contracts for the maintenance of his road and to see that the contractor who undertook said work performed it faithfully, as to both quantity and quality. Augustus also authorized

6848-475: The oldest churches in the region is the former countryside church near Bosenbach, the Wolfskirche (“Wolf’s Church”), which is among the Palatinate's most important cultural monuments. This church, which stands outside the village in the ancient graveyard, comes from the Middle Ages . Since there was a separate church in the village, the countryside church fell ever further into disrepair, until eventually, in 1834,

6955-417: The parish of Hirsau, was merged into the parish of Bosenbach. The Reformed parish of Bosenbach remained in existence on into the Thirty Years' War , and the pastor also had to tend the villages in the Eßweiler Tal (dale). In 1637 (during the war), the parochial seat was shifted from Bosenbach to Hinzweiler . Owing to the great loss of population, the pastor's post was not filled again until 1671 (23 years after

7062-590: The parish of Rothselberg. In 1709, ecclesiastical regions were established for the Lutherans in the Oberamt of Lichtenberg, with one with Bosenbach as its hub to which the Reformed followers made their church available. The Lutherans did not get their own minister, though. It was 1744 before the two ecclesiastical regions of Bosenbach/Ulmet and Eßweiler Tal were transferred to a pastor. In 1818, these parishes were dissolved with

7169-436: The passing of two carts of standard (4 foot) width without interference to pedestrian traffic. Actual practices varied from this standard. The Tables command Romans to build public roads and give wayfarers the right to pass over private land where the road is in disrepair. Building roads that would not need frequent repair therefore became an ideological objective, as well as building them as straight as practicable to construct

7276-413: The paving of the streets of Rome or at least shared that responsibility with the quattuorviri viarum . It has been suggested that the quaestors were obliged to buy their right to an official career by personal outlay on the streets. There was certainly no lack of precedents for this enforced liberality, and the change made by Claudius may have been a mere change in the nature of the expenditure imposed on

7383-567: The peak of Rome's development, no fewer than 29 great military highways radiated from the capital, and the empire's 113 provinces were interconnected by 372 great roads. The whole comprised more than 400,000 kilometres (250,000 miles ) of roads, of which over 80,500 kilometres (50,000 mi) were stone-paved. In Gaul alone, no less than 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi) of roadways are said to have been improved, and in Britain at least 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi). The courses (and sometimes

7490-618: The quaestors. The official bodies which first succeeded the censors in the care of the streets and roads were: Both these bodies were probably of ancient origin. The first mention of either body occurs in the Lex Julia Municipalis in 45 BC. The quattuorviri were afterwards called quattuorviri viarum curandarum . The extent of jurisdiction of the duoviri is derived from their full title as duoviri viis extra propiusve urbem Romam passus mille purgandis . Their authority extended over all roads between their respective gates of issue in

7597-691: The region's Wandermusikanten . For more information about this once thriving endeavour, see the Musikanten and Otto Schwarz sections of the Hinzweiler article as well as the article on the West Palatine travelling music tradition . In the 20th century, there were many quarrymen who worked at the Schneeweiderhof stone quarry in Eßweiler . Today, though, Bosenbach is a typical commuter community. With only

7704-408: The rest of Italy and provinces beyond. In this capacity he had effectively given himself and any following emperors a paramount authority which had originally belonged to the city censors. The quattuorviri board was kept as it was until at least the reign of Hadrian (117 to 138 AD). Furthermore, he appointed praetorians to the offices of "road-maker" and assigning each one with two lictors , making

7811-616: The rest of the road, above the Danube , was made from wooden structure, projecting out of the cliff. The road functioned as a towpath, making the Danube navigable. Tabula Traiana memorial plaque in Serbia is all that remains of the now-submerged road. Roman bridges were some of the first large and lasting bridges created. River crossings were achieved by bridges, or pontes . Single slabs went over rills. A bridge could be of wood, stone, or both. Wooden bridges were constructed on pilings sunk into

7918-407: The river, or on stone piers. Stone arch bridges were used on larger or more permanent crossings. Most bridges also used concrete, which the Romans were the first to use for bridges. Roman bridges were so well constructed that many remain in use today. Causeways were built over marshy ground. The road was first marked out with pilings. Between them were sunk large quantities of stone so as to raise

8025-457: The roads outside the city, and for forming raised footpaths at the sides. In these roads, the surface was hardened with gravel, and although pavements were introduced shortly afterwards, the blocks were laid on a bed of small stones. Examples include the Via Praenestina and Via Latina . The best sources of information as regards the construction of a regulation via munita are: After

8132-462: The secondary roads were the viae terrenae , "dirt roads". The third category comprised roads at or in villages, districts , or crossroads , leading through or towards a vicus or village. Such roads ran either into a high road or into other viae vicinales , without any direct communication with a high road. They were considered public or private, according to the fact of their original construction out of public or private funds or materials. Such

8239-445: The shortest possible roads, and thus save on material. Roman law defined the right to use a road as a servitus , or liability. The ius eundi ("right of going") established a claim to use an iter , or footpath, across private land; the ius agendi ("right of driving"), an actus , or carriage track. A via combined both types of servitutes , provided it was of the proper width, which was determined by an arbiter . The default width

8346-464: The side dales. The way in which the built-up area has developed still clearly shows its original character as a farming village. Also living in Bosenbach then, however, were craftsmen, stonemasons and musicians. In the 18th century, the Lanzenbach drove a small mill, which owing to longstanding disputes with the miller was bought out by the villagers. About 1850, some farmers built a coöperative mill, which

8453-576: The south and the Lanzenbach from the north, and then flows farther westwards, being further strengthened by the Schambach coming from the north before emptying into the Reichenbach, itself a tributary to the river Glan . The elevations up the sides of the dales in the north reach heights of more than 400 m above sea level on the slopes of the Herrmannsberg (Schmutzerhübel 416 m), in the northeast in

8560-436: The southeast on the municipality of Reichenbach-Steegen , in the south on the municipality of Niederstaufenbach , in the southwest on the municipality of Föckelberg and in the west on the municipality of Altenglan . Bosenbach also meets the municipality of Welchweiler at a single point in the north. Bosenbach has an outlying Ortsteil called Friedelhausen, which was amalgamated with the municipality on 1 January 1971 in

8667-575: The southwest runs the Autobahn A ;62 ( Kaiserslautern – Trier ) with the Kusel interchange 8 km away. Kaiserslautern is 35 km away by road. Serving nearby Altenglan is Altenglan station on the Landstuhl–Kusel railway . There are hourly trains at this station throughout the day, namely Regionalbahn service RB 67 between Kaiserslautern and Kusel , named Glantalbahn after

8774-430: The street inside Rome, including the Clivus Capitolinus , with lava, and for laying down the roads outside the city with gravel. Sidewalks were also provided. The aediles , probably by virtue of their responsibility for the freedom of traffic and policing the streets, co-operated with the censors and the bodies that succeeded them. It would seem that in the reign of Claudius the quaestors had become responsible for

8881-477: The surfaces) of many Roman roads survived for millennia; some are overlaid by modern roads. "The extraordinary greatness of the Roman Empire manifests itself above all in three things: the aqueducts, the paved roads, and the construction of the drains." Dionysius of Halicarnassus , Ant. Rom. 3.67.5 Livy mentions some of the most familiar roads near Rome, and the milestones on them, at times long before

8988-598: The term viae regales compare the roads of the Persian kings (who probably organized the first system of public roads) and the King's Highway . With the term viae militariae compare the Icknield Way ( Icen-hilde-weg , or "War-way of the Iceni"). There were many other people, besides special officials, who from time to time and for a variety of reasons sought to connect their names with

9095-528: The terms via munita and vía publica became identical. Viae were distinguished according to their public or private character, as well as according to the materials employed and the methods followed in their construction. Ulpian divided them up in the following fashion: According to Isidore of Sevilla , the Romans borrowed the knowledge of construction of viae munitae from the Carthaginians , though certainly inheriting some construction techniques from

9202-607: The towns of Kusel , Rockenhausen and Meisenheim (only Kusel being counted as part of the Musikantenland). The region is located in the counties of Kusel and Kaiserslautern . This region is named after the Westphalian Wandering Musicians , who originated from here, especially from 1850 until the First World War . Today, the term "Musikantenland" is often used in this area for tourism purposes. For example

9309-413: The urban administration, both abolished and created new offices in connection with the maintenance of public works, streets, and aqueducts in and around Rome. The task of maintaining the roads had previously been administered by two groups of minor magistrates, the quattuorviri (a board of four magistrates to oversee the roads inside the city) and the duoviri (a board of two to oversee the roads outside

9416-474: The various functionaries, including emperors, who succeeded the censors in this portion of their duties, may be said to have exercised a devolved censorial jurisdiction. The devolution to the censorial jurisdictions became a practical necessity, resulting from the growth of the Roman dominions and the diverse labors which detained the censors in the capital city. Certain ad hoc official bodies successively acted as constructing and repairing authorities. In Italy,

9523-517: The village, which had already been standing before the turn of the second millennium, was granted burying rights by 1323. Buried here were the dead from the villages of Bosenbach, Friedelhausen and Niederstaufenbach. The Bosenbach chaplaincy also remained in existence in the time of the Reformation . During the Reformation, the Lutheran faith was introduced into the parish of Bosenbach. This changed with

9630-457: The village, which were needed to supply the local people. There were also the Wandermusikanten , travelling musicians who plied their trade all over Europe and even overseas as well. As early as 1840, the local clergymen were bemoaning this growing Musikantentum , but later they praised it. Right up until the years just before the Second World War , Bosenbach had a considerable share of

9737-461: The war's end). Once it was, the pastor also had to tend the villages in the parish of Altenglan. Only in 1746 did that parish once again become fully autonomous, and Bosenbach acquired Eßweiler once again as a parochial branch. The parish now comprised the three villages of Bosenbach, Eßweiler and Niederstaufenbach. This arrangement remained in place until the beginning of 1971 when the parish was dissolved. Today, Bosenbach and Niederstaufenbach belong to

9844-609: The water would flow out from between the stones and fragments of rubble instead of becoming mud in clay soils. According to Ulpian , there were three types of roads: The first type of road included public high or main roads, constructed and maintained at the public expense, and with their soil vested in the state. Such roads led either to the sea, to a town, to a public river (one with a constant flow), or to another public road. Siculus Flaccus , who lived under Trajan (98–117), calls them viae publicae regalesque , and describes their characteristics as follows: Roman roads were named after

9951-403: The years the Romans realized this and built longer but more manageable alternatives to existing roads. Roman roads generally went straight up and down hills, rather than in a serpentine pattern of switchbacks. As to the standard Imperial terminology that was used, the words were localized for different elements used in construction and varied from region to region. Also, in the course of time,

10058-480: Was Julius Caesar , who became curator (67 BC) of the Via Appia and spent his own money liberally upon it. Certain persons appear also to have acted alone and taken responsibility for certain roads. In the country districts, the magistri pagorum had authority to maintain the viae vicinales . In Rome each householder was legally responsible for the repairs to that portion of the street which passed his own house; it

10165-467: Was a military responsibility and thus came under the jurisdiction of a consul. The process had a military name, viam munire , as though the via were a fortification. Municipalities, however, were responsible for their own roads, which the Romans called viae vicinales . Roads were not free to use; tolls abounded, especially at bridges. Often they were collected at the city gate. Freight costs were made heavier still by import and export taxes. These were only

10272-461: Was abolished and combined with the court region of Eßweiler Tal. In Bosenbach itself, after the war, lived only one fifth as many people as before the war. Only about 1700 did the Schultheißerei once again become separate. After the new order introduced during French Revolutionary and Napoleonic times, Bosenbach became the seat of a mairie (“mayoralty”). In Bavarian times, too, the village

10379-430: Was central to the municipalities involved. Bosenbach was also the location of the forester's office for the forest region of Bosenbach. In the 1933 Reichstag elections , the people of Bosenbach voted 86.3% for Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party (NSDAP). On 1 January 1971, Friedelhausen was amalgamated with Bosenbach. Bosenbach was inhabited not only by farmers, but also by the craftsmen who would normally be found in such

10486-448: Was constructed by filling the fossa . This was done by layering rock over other stones. Into the fossa was placed large amounts of rubble , gravel and stone, whatever fill was available. Sometimes a layer of sand was put down, if it was locally avbailable. When the layers came to within 1 yd (1 m) or so of the surface, the subsurface was covered with gravel and tamped down, a process called pavire , or pavimentare . The flat surface

10593-407: Was hooked up to the electrical grid only after the First World War . On the other hand, the village had already installed a network of watermains by 1895. Coming from Friedelhausen, Landesstraße 370 runs through the village and links Bosenbach with the neighbouring village of Jettenbach . In the middle of the village, a Kreisstraße (District Road) branches off towards Niederstaufenbach . To

10700-527: Was known as Oberbosenbach or das Oberdorf (“the upper village”). Both centres had grown together by the late 19th century since the building of the road now known as Landesstraße 370 about 1844. As early as the 15th century, a small church stood in the middle of the village, as opposed to the Feldkirche (“Field Church”) outside the village. This village church was built in its current form in 1802. The originally loosely built clump village has since spread into

10807-473: Was poured in 1746 in Bosenbach and bears the German inscription Jauchzet dem Herrn alle Welt, singet, rühmt und lobet ihn (Cheer the Lord, all the world, sing, praise and laud Him”). Until the church renovations in 1990 and 1991, there was a sundial at the village church, originally from 1851, although that one was replaced with a new one in 1963. The village's graveyard out by the Wolfskirche already existed in

10914-409: Was run until the early 20th century. This stood at about at the same elevation as the old mill, but on the other side of the brook. The graveyard lies to the east, far outside the village on the road going towards Friedelhausen and Altenglan . Well known is the tower of the former Wolfskirche (“Wolf’s Church”) on the graveyard lands with its paintings from the Middle Ages . The sporting ground lies in

11021-504: Was the latitudo legitima of 8 feet. Roman law and tradition forbade the use of vehicles in urban areas, except in certain cases. Married women and government officials on business could ride. The Lex Julia Municipalis restricted commercial carts to night-time access in the city within the walls and within a mile outside the walls. Roman roads varied from simple corduroy roads to paved roads using deep roadbeds of tamped rubble as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as

11128-422: Was the duty of the aediles to enforce this responsibility. The portion of any street which passed a temple or public building was repaired by the aediles at the public expense. When a street passed between a public building or temple and a private house, the public treasury and the private owner shared the expense equally. The governing structure was changed by Augustus , who in the course of his reconstitution of

11235-442: Was the mayoral seat for several villages. At the same time, a taxation authority was located in Bosenbach. Both offices would exercise their functions until administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate and the formation of Verbandsgemeinden in 1972. As early as 1816, several Bürgermeistereien (“mayoralties”) acquired a communal hand-pumped fire engine, which until 1870 was kept at a fire station in Bosenbach, whose location

11342-400: Was then the pavimentum . It could be used as the road, or additional layers could be constructed. A statumen or "foundation" of flat stones set in cement might support the additional layers. The final steps utilized lime-based mortar , which the Romans had discovered. They seem to have mixed the mortar and the stones in the ditch. First a small layer of coarse concrete , the rudus , then

11449-542: Was there a separate school in Bosenbach. Late in 1784, a new, Reformed schoolhouse was opened. This school had an upper floor added in 1837. Bosenbach then had a two-stream school until sometime after 1960. Today, primary school pupils and Hauptschule students attend their respective schools in Altenglan . Higher schools are available in Kusel . Located in Bosenbach are a kindergarten and an outdoor swimming pool . Bosenbach

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