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52-684: Stürmer was born into a landowning family in Baykovo , Kesovogorsky District , Tver Governorate . His father Vladimir Vilgelmovich Stürmer was of German descent and a retired Captain of Cavalry in the Imperial Russian Army . His mother was Ermoniya Panina . A graduate of the Faculty of Law, Saint Petersburg State University in 1872, Stürmer entered the Ministry of Justice , the Governing Senate and

104-565: A leader of the Black Hundreds ) could declare at the session of the Duma on February 29, 1916: What a terrible thing it is for the country that, during the time of the greatest trials experienced by our fatherland, the country does not trust the government; no one trusts the government, even the right does not trust the government – in fact, the government does not trust itself and is not sure about tomorrow. A strongly prevailing opinion that Rasputin

156-652: A liberal republican party in the Summer of 1917. After the October Revolution or shortly after the seizure of power by Lenin , he left Petrograd and moved to Rostov-on-Don and Crimea . Rodzianko supported Anton Denikin and Pyotr Wrangel but when it became clear the White Army had lost, he emigrated to Serbia in 1920. There he wrote his memoirs The Reign of Rasputin: an Empire's Collapse. According to Bernard Pares he died in great poverty. His remains were moved to

208-689: A personal enemy. "Rodzianko told the Tsar in March 1913: 'A war will be joyfully welcomed and it will raise the government's prestige.'" In April 1915, Rodzyanko visited to the Russian troops occupying Austrian Galicia . On 11 August 1915, the day the Emperor announced he would take the Supreme Command from Grand Duke Nicholas , according to M. Nelipa, Rodzianko suffered a heart attack. Somehow Rodzianko participated in

260-468: Is an administrative and municipal district ( raion ), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast , Russia . It is located in the east of the oblast and borders with Sonkovsky District in the north, Myshkinsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast in the east, Uglichsky District , also of Yaroslavl Oblast, in the southeast, Kashinsky District in the south, and with Bezhetsky District in the west. The area of

312-577: Is infrequent passenger traffic. Kesova Gora is connected by paved roads with Bezhetsk and Kashin . There are also local roads. The district contains two cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally eighteen objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federal monuments are the Saint Nicholas Church (1770s) in Kesova Gora and the Church of

364-674: Is located on its banks. Finally, minor areas in the south of the district belong to the basin of the Medveditsa River . The Korozhechna, the Kashinka, and the Medveditsa are left tributaries of the Volga. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate ), but in 1727 it

416-578: The Emperor's own mother tried to influence the Emperor or his stubborn wife to remove Rasputin, but without success. Rodzianko told Nicholas the truth, after being urged by the Emperor's mother and sisters. To him, the Empress Alexandra clearly should not have been allowed to interfere in state affairs until the end of the war; she treated her husband as if he were a little boy, quite incapable of taking care of himself. On 7 January 1917, Rodzianko told

468-618: The drainage basin of the Volga . The areas in the north and the east of the district belong to the drainage basin of the Korozhechna River . The source of the Korozhechna lies in the northwestern part of the district. The rivers in the center and the west of the district drain into the Kashinka River . The Kashinka crosses the district from the west to the east, and, in particular, Kesova Gora

520-542: The Deposition of the Robe from the 18th century in the selo of Vasilkovo . There is a local museum in Kesova Gora. Mikhail Rodzianko Defunct Mikhail Vladimirovich Rodzianko ( Russian : Михаи́л Влади́мирович Родзя́нко ; Ukrainian : Михайло Володимирович Родзянко ; 21 February 1859 – 24 January 1924) was a Russian statesman of Ukrainian origin. Known for his colorful language and conservative politics, he

572-514: The Duma, the Prime Minister told Mikhail Rodzianko that "the government is ready to make a concession to the Progressive Bloc , provided that the unit itself is also ready to make compromises". It was a shift to the left; they expected he would launch a more liberal and conciliatory politics. The Duma gathered on 9 February 1916. The deputies were disappointed when Stürmer held his speech, as

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624-519: The Emperor. Rodzianko, who asked Rasputin to leave the capital, and Theofan of Poltava held Rasputin to be a Khlyst . "The emperor took no account of the report which nevertheless proved undoubtedly that Rasputin was not the holy man he claimed to be." On 21 February 1913, Rodzianko dismissed Rasputin from the Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan in Saint Petersburg shortly before the celebration of

676-839: The Empire on the same principles as before, i.e., in the closest co-operation with the Allied Governments. His activities in this department resulted in the premature declaration of war by Romania , so disastrous for that country and for Russia." In July Aleksandr Khvostov , not in good health, was appointed as Minister of Interior (after the Brusilov Offensive Romania joined the Allies in August and attacked Transylvania ). In September Alexander Protopopov , had been appointed as his successor. Protopopov, an industrialist, and landowner, raised

728-812: The French ambassador, Stürmer was a broken man. Following his resignation, Stürmer ran for a seat in the Fourth Duma . He was arrested by the Russian Provisional Government after the February Revolution in 1917 and died of uremia in September at the hospital of the Peter and Paul Fortress (or the Kresty Prison ). Kesovogorsky District Kesovogorsky District ( Russian : Кесового́рский райо́н )

780-764: The Guards. On 28 February he presided over the Provisional Committee of the State Duma and advised the local governments to stay calm. On 1 March the power came entirely in the hands of the Petrograd Soviet . On that day Rodzianko assured general Mikhail Alekseyev that the Duma leaders, rather than the Soviet ones, would form the new government in Petrograd. Rodzianko discussed the situation with General Nikolai Ruzsky , who had

832-572: The Imperial train stopped in Pskov . Nicholas II had no other choice than to follow Rodzianko's advice. On 2 March 1917 a Russian Provisional Government was formed, which included members of the Social Revolutionary Party . Rodzianko appointed General Lavr Kornilov as head over the troops in Petrograd. In the evening Rodzianko led abdication talks with the Tsar, to satisfy the crowds. Early in

884-682: The Interior Ministry. He was appointed in 1879 as Master of the Bedchamber at the Russian Imperial Court. In 1891 he became chairman of the district council in Tver . An appointment as Governor of Novgorod in 1894 and Yaroslavl in 1896 followed. Stürmer avoided any clash with the zemstvo , remaining patient. In a very delicate situation he declared himself a "conservative not out of fear but out of conscience". In 1902 Vyacheslav von Plehve ,

936-600: The Interior and had expressed admiration for the ruling family, the Duma attacked him fiercely and called at once for his dismissal. Rodzianko demanded that the Empress be internally exiled to the Crimea until the end of the war. The Empress demanded in response that Rodzianko's court rank be taken from him; she referred to him in her letters as a scoundrel. Zinaida Yusupova , Alexandra's sister Elisabeth , Grand Duchess Victoria , and

988-632: The Minister of Interior appointed him as Director of the Department of General Affairs at the Ministry of Interior. After Plehve was killed, Stürmer was willing to succeed him. The tsar even signed a ukase to that effect, yet the post eventually went to Prince Svyatopolk-Mirsky . Stürmer was then admitted into the State Council of Imperial Russia in 1904. This appointment was an "absolutely exceptional example in

1040-470: The Tsar in regard of his government, "All the best men have been removed or have retired. There remain [only] those of ill repute." Mikhail Rodzianko was one of the key politicians during the Russian February Revolution . On 26 February Rodzianko urged the Tsar to promulgate reforms in a telegram. "Serious situation in the capital, where anarchy reigns. General discontent was increasing. In

1092-484: The abortive Khrushchyov administrative reform, Kesovogorsky District was merged into Kashinsky District, but on November  3, 1965 it was re-established. In 1975, Kesova Gora was granted urban-type settlement status. In 1990, Kalinin Oblast was renamed Tver Oblast. The industry in the district is based on timber production. Agriculture is the basis of the economy of the district. The main agricultural specializations in

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1144-494: The administrative center in the selo of Kesova Gora, was established within Bezhetsk Okrug of Moscow Oblast . Shortly afterwards, the district was renamed Kesovogorsky. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On January 29, 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Kesovogorsky District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. On February 13, 1963, during

1196-519: The beginning of the Great War, was now declining at a very rapid rate. Stürmer was inclined to peace negotiations but his appointment was received with consternation, as an open affront to the whole nation. In June the tsar had to decide on the question of Polish autonomy, already academic given that Poland had been occupied by the Germans the previous year. Stürmer and most of his colleagues were more hostile to

1248-424: The contemptible Grishka Rasputin!". Stürmer, followed by all his ministers, walked out. Grand Duke Alexander and his brother Grand Duke George requested the tsar to fire Stürmer. Even the Tsar had to concede that Stürmer was as much of a red rag to the Duma as to everyone else. On 10 November he was sacked, the foreign ministry was temporarily led by his deputy Anatoly Neratov . It appeared to Maurice Paléologue ,

1300-546: The court as a "Young Turk." He then continued as the Chairman of the Fourth Duma from 15 November 1912 until its dissolution on 6 October 1917 (before the October Revolution ). Rodzianko thought the meeting between Grigory Rasputin and Emperor Nicholas II "marked the beginning of the decay of the Russian society and the loss of prestige of the throne and of the tsar himself." He gathered information on Rasputin and handed it to

1352-511: The creation of the Progressive Bloc . For Rodzianko, Alexei Khvostov had broken his neck in combating the Rasputin clique and Prime Minister Boris Stürmer would become a dictator with full powers early in 1916. In the Summer of 1916, there was another crisis in the government: Rodzianko proposed Alexander Protopopov to the Emperor and Protopopov hinted at Rodzianko as Premier and Foreign Minister. But after Protopopov had become Minister of

1404-509: The crown after a long talk with Rodzianko. Rodzianko remained prime minister just for a few days. He succeeded in publishing an order for the immediate return of the soldiers to their barracks and to subordinate to their officers. To them Rodzianko was unacceptable as prime minister and Prince Georgi Lvov , a member of the Constitutional Democratic Party , became his successor. Together with Aleksandr Guchkov he founded

1456-412: The district are cattle breeding with meat and milk production, as well as crops and vegetables growing. The agriculture is in deep crisis, and the farms get reorganized. As of 2011, there were seventeen large- and mid-scale farms in the district. A railway connecting Moscow with Mga via Sonkovo crosses the district from south to north. Kesova Gora is the main railway station within the district. There

1508-401: The district is 962 square kilometers (371 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement ) of Kesova Gora . Population: 8,199 ( 2010 Census ); 9,289 ( 2002 Census ) ; 10,235 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . The population of Kesova Gora accounts for 47.3% of the district's total population. The whole area of the district belongs to

1560-589: The field of devices peasants". Stürmer, being a dualist , opposed, on one hand, the Black Hundreds , speaking for unlimited autocracy, and the other – the Octobrists and the Kadets , to practice the idea of parliamentarism . Stürmer believed that the division of bureaucrats on the right and liberals required a very cautious attitude. In the 1913 countrywide celebrations of the Romanov Tercentenary , he accompanied

1612-463: The history of the Russian bureaucracy". He did not have the formal service qualification necessary for such a high appointment to hold the post of minister or the rank of senator. After Bloody Sunday (1905) again Stürmer was mentioned to become Minister of Interior. Stürmer became close friends with Alexei Bobrinsky . He dreamed of "autocracy, located in combination with the constitutional regime". Stürmer

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1664-407: The idea than ever. The Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Sazonov , who had pleaded for an independent and autonomous Congress Poland , was replaced on 23 July ("Sturmer is secretly carrying on a very active campaign against him"). They disagreed on too many questions. "After Sazonov's dismissal Stürmer took the portfolio of Foreign Affairs; the emperor had ordered him to conduct the foreign policy of

1716-482: The morning of 2 March ( Old Style ) or 15 March ( New Style ) the Tsar stepped down in favor of his son Alexei. As the tsesarevich suffered from an incurable disease, hemophilia B , his life expectations were short. Then Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia came into the picture as the new heir to the throne, but was regarded as unacceptable. With Prince Lvov, Alexander Kerensky and Pavel Miliukov , Rodzianko visited Grand Duke Michael. The Grand Duke declined

1768-493: The politicians tried to bring the government under the control of the Duma. For the first time in his life, the tsar had made a visit to the Tauride Palace , which made it practically impossible to hiss at the new prime minister. "As Director of his Secretariat Sturmer selected Manasyevich-Manuilov  [ ru ] . This choice, which is regarded as scandalous, is significant." "The extreme right-wing deputy (A.I. Savenko,

1820-584: The public want Goremykin back. According to Maurice Paléologue he had a taste for history, particularly the anecdotal and picturesque side of history. Again according to Paléologue Stürmer consulted Anna Vyrubova about everything. The French ambassador was aghast, depicting Stürmer as "worse than a mediocrity – a third rate intellect, mean spirit, low character, doubtful honesty, no experience, and no idea of state business". From then everything went down, according to Alexei Khvostov. For War Minister Alexei Polivanov – who both had to leave politics in March 1916 – it

1872-451: The question of transferring the food supply from the Ministry of Agriculture to the Ministry of the Interior. A majority of the zemstvo leaders announced that they would not work with his ministry. His food plan was universally condemned. In October Vladimir Sukhomlinov was released from prison on the instigation of Alexandra, Rasputin, and Protopopov (on 24 October (O.S) the Kingdom of Poland

1924-510: The streets, uninterrupted firing, and one part of the troops is firing on the other. It is necessary to nominate without delay a person possessing the confidence of the people and who would form a new Government. To wait is impossible." Nicholas refused to reply, instead he ordered the dissolution of the Duma and a military crackdown and in a conversation with Count Vladimir Freedericksz referred to Rodzianko, not very respectfully, as "fat-bellied Rodzianko". On 27 February he retired as Captain of

1976-447: The tercentenary of Romanov rule over Russia. He had established himself in front of the seats which Rodzianko, after considerable difficulty, had secured for the Duma. According to Orlando Figes , "the members were to be seated at the back, far behind the places reserved for the state councilors and senators. This, he complained to the master of ceremonies, was 'not following the dignity' of the parliament." Rasputin considered Rodzianko

2028-501: The tsar and his family on a journey to Tver . In autumn of the same year, he was appointed as mayor of Moscow as the candidate from the left was unacceptable to the tsar. He became a member of the Domestic Patriotic Union (OPS) – a moderately right-monarchist organization, founded in 1915. In November 1915 it was proposed the old prime minister Ivan Goremykin should be replaced by Alexei Khvostov . Though on 18 January 1916

2080-561: The tsar invited Stürmer to discuss the possibility of a new job. Stürmer petitioned Nicholas II to sanction the change of his German-surname to Panin. Since the Panins were a distinguished family of Russian nobility, the monarch could not agree to Stürmer's request until he had consulted all members of the Panin family. The tsarina and Grigori Rasputin had the opinion it was not necessary for Stürmer to change his name. Pending these proceedings, Stürmer

2132-457: Was abolished and split between Bezhetsky and Kimrsky Uyezds ; the area of the district which previously belonged to Kashinsky Uyezd, was transferred to Bezhetsky Uyezd. The eastern part of the current area of the district was in 1777 transferred to newly established Yaroslavl Viceroyalty , since 1796 Yaroslavl Governorate . It belonged to Myshkinsky Uyezd . On July 12, 1929 the governorates and uyezds were abolished. Kesovsky District, with

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2184-503: Was appointed prime minister on 20 January 1916, following the 76-year-old Ivan Goremykin , who was opposed to the convening of the Duma . Nicholas ordered the new prime minister to "take all measures" to ensure that "the government avoided any conflicts with the State Duma", and gave "specific instructions" to "improve relations between the government and the Romanovs". On the eve of the opening of

2236-495: Was constantly in a state of nervous excitement. Khvostov had to resign within a week and Boris Stürmer was appointed in his place. In the same month Minister of War Alexei Polivanov , who in his few months of office had brought about a recovery of the efficiency of the Russian army, was removed and replaced by Dmitry Shuvayev . Because of the stresses of war on an inefficient government and at random politics, bureaucracy , zemstvos , in two months of office Stürmer succeeded in making

2288-559: Was editor of a newspaper, called "Herald Katerynoslav zemstvos." In 1906 he was elected for the Zemstvo as Provincial Zemstvo Executive . In 1905 Rodzianko had been one of the founders and leaders of the Octobrist party . He became a deputy in the Third Duma (1907), vice-president in 1909 and was elected Chairman on 22 March 1911 after the resignation of Aleksandr Guchkov , who was hated by

2340-836: Was educated at the Corps des Pages . From 1877 until 1882 he served in Her Majesty's Regiment of the Cavalry of the Guard . In 1884 Rodzianko married Anna Nikolaevna Galitzine (1859-1929); the couple had three children. In 1885 he retired and lived on his estate in the Novgorod Oblast . He was appointed as Marshall of the Gentry . Rodzianko served as Kammerherr in 1899. In 1900 he was elected in Yekaterinoslav Governorate . From 1903 until 1905 he

2392-474: Was established by its occupiers). This time the public was outraged and the opposition parties decided to attack Stürmer, his government, and the "Dark forces". For them Stürmer simply let matters drift. The opposition parties decided to attack Stürmer, his government and the "Dark forces". Since Stürmer has been in power Rasputin's authority has greatly increased. For the liberals in the parliament, Grigori Rasputin, who believed in autocracy and absolute monarchy ,

2444-523: Was one of the main obstacles. On 1 November, Pavel Milyukov , concluding that Stürmer's policies placed in jeopardy the Triple Entente , delivered his famous "stupidity or treason" speech at the Imperial Duma , which had not been gathering since February. He highlighted numerous governmental failures. Alexander Kerensky called the ministers "hired assassins" and "cowards" and said they were "guided by

2496-408: Was one of those representatives of the bureaucratic elite, who preferred to distance themselves from the extreme right. Few members of the Council of State could boast of such a relationship with the monarch. In the State Council, he supported Pyotr Stolypin and his closest collaborators on agrarian reform , land management and agriculture Chief Governor Alexander Krivoshein "in their endeavors in

2548-500: Was the State Councillor and chamberlain of the Imperial family, Chairman of the State Duma and one of the leaders of the February Revolution of 1917, during which he headed the Provisional Committee of the State Duma . He was a key figure in the events that led to the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia on 15 March 1917. Rodzianko was born in the village of Popasnoye, Yekaterinoslav Govnernorate  [ uk ] . He came from an old and rich noble family of Ukrainian origin and

2600-414: Was the actual ruler of the country was of great psychological importance. Alexei Khvostov and Iliodor concocted a plan to kill Rasputin. Khvostov created the rumour suggesting that Alexandra and Rasputin were German agents or spies. Evidence that Rasputin actually worked for the Germans is flimsy at best. Rather paranoid , Rasputin went to Alexander Spiridovich , head of the palace police, on 1 March. He

2652-412: Was the beginning of the end. Stürmer took over the Ministry of Interior. After he was simultaneously acting as Minister of the Interior and Minister of Foreign Affairs, he was regarded by Rodzianko as a "dictator with full powers". Under his administration, the country suffered drastic inflation and a transportation breakdown, which led to severe food shortages. Russia's economy, which had been growing until

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2704-417: Was transferred to Moscow Governorate . In 1775, Tver Viceroyalty was formed from the lands which previously belonged to Moscow and Novgorod Governorates . The western part of the current area of the district, including Kesova Gora, was split between Bezhetsky and Kashinsky Uyezds of Tver Viceroyalty. In 1796, Tver Viceroyalty was transformed into Tver Governorate . On October 3, 1927 Kashinsky Uyezd

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