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16-683: The Borchaly uezd was a county ( uezd ) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire , and later of the independent and Soviet republics of Georgia . Its administrative center was the town of Shulavery (present-day Shaumiani ). The area of the county roughly corresponded to the contemporary Lori Province of Armenia and the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia . The Debed river , formerly known as

32-530: Is povit ( Ukrainian : повіт , plural повіти , povity ). Volost Volost ( Belarusian : во́ласць , romanized :  volasts ; Russian : во́лость [ˈvoɫəsʲtʲ] ; Ukrainian : во́лость ) was a traditional administrative subdivision in Kievan Rus' , the Grand Duchy of Moscow , and the Russian Empire . The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (1890–1907) states that

48-556: The 27th Division , until their mid-1919 withdrawal. Armenian and Georgian troops replaced the British forces in the neutral zone following the latter's withdrawal. The Armenians later complaining that the Georgian force was unsuccessfully trying to convince Tatar and Russian villages in the neutral zone to agree to join Georgia. In late 1920, the neutral zone of Lori and the southernmost section of

64-692: The Borchala ( Russian : Борчала ), gave the name of the uezd , however, the region was also known as Borchalo (ბორჩალო) in Georgian, Borchalu (Բորչալու) in Armenian, and Borchali ( Azerbaijani : Borçalı ) in Azerbaijani. The Turkic locals were resettled to the Debed river valley through the policy of Shah Abbas I ( c. 1571-1629) after his successful campaigns against the Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti that led to

80-695: The Russian Revolution and the short-lived independence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia , the Borchaly uezd became the site of a 2-week-war between the two countries in December 1918, until its British-brokered ceasefire starting 1 January 1919. Most of northern Lori centered around Alaverdi was transformed into a neutral zone and patrolled by British troops of

96-615: The USSR administrative reform of 1923–1929, most of the uezds were transformed into raions (districts). In UkSSR , uezds were reformed into forty okruhas which were the primary-level of administrative division from 1925 to 1930. In the Baltic governorates the type of division was known as Kreis. The uezds of Bessarabia Governorate were called Ținut or Județ in Romanian , which would translate as "county". The Ukrainian word for uezd

112-518: The Velikiy Knyaz ( Grand Prince ). Starting from the end of the 14th century, volost was a unit of administrative division in Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Poland , Muscovy , lands of modern Latvia and Ukraine. Since about the 16th century it was a part of provincial districts that were called " uezd " in Muscovy and the later Russian Empire . Each uezd had several volosts that were subordinated to

128-475: The 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar , the Borchaly uezd had a population of 169,351 on 14 January [ O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 89,040 men and 80,311 women, 160,447 of whom were the permanent population, and 8,904 were temporary residents: 41°20′38″N 44°45′30″E  /  41.34389°N 44.75833°E  / 41.34389; 44.75833 Uezd Originally describing groups of several volosts , they formed around

144-471: The Borchaly uezd in 1913 were as follows: According to the Russian Empire Census , the Borchaly uezd had a population of 128,587 on 28 January [ O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 70,501 men and 58,086 women. The plurality of the population indicated Armenian to be their mother tongue, with significant Tatar, Greek , Russian , and Georgian speaking minorities. According to

160-524: The Lori Uchastok which had been annexed to Armenia was with their permission reincorporated into Georgia for the safety of its inhabitants as a result of the Turkish-Armenian War . Georgia continued to administer the reunited Borchaly uezd until its Sovietization and the district's partition between the newly-formed Armenian and Georgian Soviet republics . The subcounties ( uchastoks ) of

176-496: The authority of the police commissaries ( stanovoi ) and by the power of general oversight given to the nominated "district committees for the affairs of the peasants". Volosts were abolished by the Soviet administrative reform of 1923–1929. Raions may be roughly called a modern equivalent of both volosts and uezds. Volosts were governed by volost administration ( волостное правление , volostnoye pravleniye ), which consisted of

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192-514: The electable chief of volost ( volostnoy starshina ), chiefs of villages (village starostas ) and other officials electable by the Volost Assembly (волостной сход, volostnoy skhod ). Volost Court was the court electable by the Volost Assembly, which could handle smaller civil and criminal cases. It could sentence people to corporal punishment , fine or short-term incarceration . In modern Russia, Veps National Volost existed in

208-567: The formation of several Qizilbash khanates . The region was later reincorporated into the Kingdom of Kartli in the 18th century, subsequently being incorporated into the Kartli-Kakheti monarchy in 1762. In 1801, through Russia's annexation of eastern Georgia , Borchaly became part of Russia's Georgia Governorate , which was eventually transformed to become the Tiflis Governorate. Following

224-449: The most important cities. Uezds were ruled by the appointees ( namestniki ) of a knyaz and, starting from the 17th century, by voyevodas . In 1708, an administrative reform was carried out by Peter the Great , dividing Russia into governorates . The subdivision into uyezds was abolished at that time but was reinstated in 1727, as a result of Catherine I 's administrative reform . By

240-399: The origins of the concept is unclear: whether it originally referred to an administrative subdivision or to a peasant obshchina , the term referring to a territory under a single rule. In earlier East Slavic history, in the lands of Ruthenia , volost was a name for the territory ruled by the knyaz , a principality; either as an absolute ruler or with varying degree of autonomy from

256-399: The uezd city. After the abolition of Russian serfdom in 1861, volost became a unit of peasant 's local self-rule . A number of mirs are united into a volost, which has an assembly consisting of elected delegates from the mirs. These elect an elder ( starshina ) and, hitherto, a court of justice ( volostnoy sud ). The self-government of the mirs and volosts was, however, tempered by

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