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27-610: Bonnie Brae lemons were first grown by Hiram Murray Higgins on his 76-acre Bonnie Brae Ranch in Bonita. Higgins had been a successful music publisher in Chicago, and moved to San Diego County for his health, and to get into the burgeoning citrus business in California. He purchased his ranch in 1871 and began cultivating citrus orchards. The Bonnie Brae lemon has been described as having a thin rind, oblong in shape, and seedless. Some speculated that

54-622: A taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of taxa which meets these criteria: Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A paraphyletic grouping meets 1. but not 2., thus consisting of the descendants of a common ancestor, excepting one or more monophyletic subgroups. A polyphyletic grouping meets neither criterion, and instead serves to characterize convergent relationships of biological features rather than genetic relationships – for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, or aquatic insects. As such, these characteristic features of

81-457: A polyphyletic grouping are not inherited from a common ancestor, but evolved independently. Monophyletic groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics ( synapomorphies ), which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms. An equivalent term is holophyly . The word "mono-phyly" means "one-tribe" in Greek. These definitions have taken some time to be accepted. When

108-479: A rich source of vitamin C , are sour, and are often used to accent the flavours of foods and beverages. They are grown year-round. Plants with fruit called "limes" have diverse genetic origins; limes do not form a monophyletic group. The term lime originated in other languages (from French lime , from Arabic līma , from Persian līmū , ' lemon ' ). The difficulty in identifying exactly which species of fruit are called lime in different parts of

135-533: Is also called kabsa or kebsa ). Key lime gives the character flavoring to the American dessert known as Key lime pie . In Australia, desert lime is used for making marmalade . Lime is an ingredient in several highball cocktails , often based on gin , such as gin and tonic , the gimlet and the Rickey . Freshly squeezed lime juice is also considered a key ingredient in margaritas , although sometimes lemon juice

162-527: Is significant for nutrition, with other nutrients present in low DV amounts (table). Lime juice contains slightly less citric acid than lemon juice (about 47 g/L), nearly twice the citric acid of grapefruit juice, and about five times the amount of citric acid found in orange juice. Lime pulp and peel contain diverse phytochemicals , including polyphenols and terpenes . Contact with lime peel or lime juice followed by exposure to ultraviolet light may lead to phytophotodermatitis , which

189-550: Is sometimes called margarita photodermatitis or lime disease (not to be confused with Lyme disease ). Bartenders handling limes and other citrus fruits while preparing cocktails may develop phytophotodermatitis. A class of organic chemical compounds called furanocoumarins are reported to cause phytophotodermatitis in humans. Limes contain numerous furanocoumarin compounds, including limettin (also called citropten ), bergapten , isopimpinellin , xanthotoxin (also called methoxsalen ), and psoralen . Bergapten appears to be

216-458: Is substituted. It is also found in many rum cocktails such as the daiquiri , and other tropical drinks. Lime extracts and lime essential oils are frequently used in perfumes , cleaning products, and aromatherapy . Raw limes are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates and less than 1% each of fat and protein (table). Only vitamin C content at 35% of the Daily Value (DV) per 100 g serving

243-515: Is used to make limeade , and as an ingredient (typically as sour mix ) in many cocktails . Lime pickles are an integral part of Indian cuisine , especially in South India . In Kerala , the Onam Sadhya usually includes either lemon pickle or lime pickle. Other Indian preparations of limes include sweetened lime pickle, salted pickle, and lime chutney. In cooking , lime is valued both for

270-613: The citron ( Citrus medica ), the mandarin orange ( Citrus reticulata ), the pomelo ( Citrus maxima ) and in particular with many lime varieties, the micrantha ( Citrus hystrix var. micrantha). Note that the tree species known in Britain as lime trees ( Tilia sp.), called linden or basswood in other dialects of English, are broadleaf temperate plants unrelated to the citrus fruits. Most species and hybrids of citrus plants called "limes" have varying origins within tropical Southeast Asia and South Asia . They were spread throughout

297-404: The 19th century, British sailors were issued a daily allowance of citrus, such as lemon , and later switched to lime. The use of citrus was initially a closely guarded military secret , as scurvy was a common scourge of various national navies, and the ability to remain at sea for lengthy periods without contracting the disorder was a huge benefit for the military. British sailors thus acquired

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324-542: The Bonita Woods subdivision in 1961. Lime (fruit) A lime is a citrus fruit, which is typically round, green in color, 3–6 centimetres (1.2–2.4 in) in diameter , and contains acidic juice vesicles . There are several species of citrus trees whose fruits are called limes, including the Key lime ( Citrus aurantiifolia ), Persian lime , Makrut lime , finger limes , blood limes, and desert lime . Limes are

351-517: The English-speaking world (and the same problem applies to synonyms in other European languages) is increased by the botanical complexity of the Citrus genus itself, to which the majority of limes belong. Species of this genus hybridise readily; only recently have genetic studies started to shed light on the structure of the genus. The majority of cultivated species are in reality hybrids, produced from

378-626: The acidity of its juice and the floral aroma of its zest . It is a common ingredient in authentic Mexican , Vietnamese and Thai dishes. Lime soup is a traditional dish from the Mexican state of Yucatan . It is also used for its pickling properties in ceviche . Some guacamole recipes call for lime juice. The use of dried limes (called black lime or limoo ) as a flavouring is typical of Persian cuisine , Iraqi cuisine , as well as in Eastern Arabian cuisine baharat (a spice mixture that

405-404: The cladistics school of thought became mainstream in the 1960s, several alternative definitions were in use. Indeed, taxonomists sometimes used terms without defining them, leading to confusion in the early literature, a confusion which persists. The first diagram shows a phylogenetic tree with two monophyletic groups. The several groups and subgroups are particularly situated as branches of

432-589: The coarsest citron to the finest lemon, the Bonnie Brae. I took the Bonnie Brae up to San Francisco and submitted them to experts. They were astonished. They said it must be a cross with the lime, but it isn’t for there were no limes on the place.” In the same article, Higgins credited the San Diego climate and the soil on his ranch for the special lemon variety. Higgins budded the Bonnie Brae to lemon trees that had borne poor fruit, and also onto orange tree stock. He found

459-413: The fact that a monophyletic group includes organisms (e.g., genera, species) consisting of all the descendants of a unique common ancestor. Conversely, the term polyphyly , or polyphyletic , builds on the ancient Greek prefix πολύς ( polús ), meaning "many, a lot of", and refers to the fact that a polyphyletic group includes organisms arising from multiple ancestral sources. By comparison,

486-485: The fruit was a lemon- lime hybrid, but Higgins claimed it was not. In 1889, Higgins described how his special variety of lemon came to be. “I went to San Francisco and bought two barrels of the finest Messina lemons, raised in Sicily; brought them home and let them rot in the barrels. Sowed the seeds in beds, transplanted in the nursery, and in due time into the orchard. When the trees came into bearing, I had every variety from

513-481: The latter to be best. In 1885, citrus expert William Spalding wrote, “My attention was first called to the Bonnie Brae by a plate of the fruit on exhibition in the Los Angeles Citrus Fair of 1880. So different was this fruit from other varieties of lemons on display that people were at a loss whether to class it as a lemon at all.” Bonnie Brae won the top ribbon at the 1885 New Orleans World's Fair . After

540-412: The nickname " Limey " because of their use of limes. In 2022, world production of limes (combined with lemons for reporting) was 21.5 million tonnes , led by India, Mexico, and China as the major producers (table). Limes have higher contents of sugars and acids than lemons do. Lime juice may be squeezed from fresh limes, or purchased in bottles in both unsweetened and sweetened varieties. Lime juice

567-402: The primary furanocoumarin compound responsible for lime-induced phytophotodermatitis. Lime peel contains higher concentrations of furanocoumarins than lime pulp (by one or two orders of magnitude). Thus lime peels are considerably more phototoxic than lime pulp. Monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms , monophyly is the condition of

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594-671: The ranch of H.M. Higgins, on the Sweetwater Valley mesa. It consists of seedling lemons and the Bonnie Brae, a very thin skinned, juicy fruit of fine qualities, possessing many of the properties of the lime.” However, according to an 1889 interview with L.M. Holt, a citrus expert from San Bernardino, California, “It was thought that at one time [the Bonnie Brae] was going to revolutionize the lemon interests in Southern California. There were several parties who budded from that, and it

621-663: The success of his groves, Higgins began to sell cuttings of his Bonnie Brae lemon trees to other interested growers. One of these was Henry Ernest Cooper, who named his orchards Bonita Ranch after a local pond called Bonita Laguna. The lemon industry was in full swing by the time a group of financiers bought out Cooper's groves and created the Sweetwater Fruit Company. During the 11th State Fruit Growers Convention, held at National City, California , in April 1889, it’s stated that “The largest and finest exhibition of lemons comes from

648-493: The tree to indicate ordered lineal relationships between all the organisms shown. Further, any group may (or may not) be considered a taxon by modern systematics , depending upon the selection of its members in relation to their common ancestor(s); see second and third diagrams. The term monophyly , or monophyletic , derives from the two Ancient Greek words μόνος ( mónos ), meaning "alone, only, unique", and φῦλον ( phûlon ), meaning "genus, species", and refers to

675-558: The world via migration and trade. The makrut lime , in particular, was one of the earliest citrus fruits introduced to other parts of the world by humans. They were spread into Micronesia and Polynesia via the Austronesian expansion (c. 3000–1500 BCE). They were also later spread into Middle East, and the Mediterranean region via the spice trade and the incense trade routes from as early as ~1200 BCE. To prevent scurvy during

702-420: Was a water drought that began about 1912, a freeze in 1913, and a devastating flood in 1915. In a 1918 article, then Bonnie Brae Ranch manager C.J. Scott wrote, “But owing to this very thin rind and its habit for splitting, [the Bonnie Brae lemon] did not prove to be a good commercial variety. I have left but one [tree] of this variety standing as a memento to the famous lemon.” The Bonnie Brae Ranch made way for

729-477: Was finally dropped, and have not seen any of that fruit for four or five years. I do not know if it is in existence to-day or not; yet it was a very fine fruit of its kind. But the Bonnie Brae is not the shape of a lemon; it is the shape of a lime.” Higgins died in 1897, age 77, and the Bonnie Brae Ranch was sold. In the early 1900s, a series of calamities severely hurt the lemon industry in San Diego. There

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