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35-561: The Bondi Sewer Vent is a heritage-listed sewer vent shaft located at Military Road, North Bondi , Sydney , Australia. It was designed by the Metropolitan Board of Water Supply and Sewerage . It is also known as Sewer Vent (Ben Buckler) , Ben Buckler and Earlier brick vent . The property is owned by Sydney Water . Consistent with the Metropolitan Board of Water Supply and Sewerage (MBWS&S) aim to provide ventilation to

70-403: A 23 ft. Pedestal standing 20 ft. high. The thickness of the concrete where the shaft springs from the pedestal is 16 1/2 in., and at the top it is 7 in. thick. The reinforcement is of plain round steel vertical bars varying diameter from 3/4 in. diameter to 5/16, there being 46 bars in the circle and hooped with 5/16 in. round bars, spaced 6 in. and 9 in. apart. The shaft

105-428: A number of later appendages and missing its original capital. Internally the shaft has been relined and repaired more than once due to spalling of concrete and corrosion of reinforcement bars. It appears the capital has been rendered smooth. Immediate physical curtilage would be around the base in the area of the existing fence extending to include the concrete access hatches, vents and access bulk head, but acknowledging

140-535: A series of cracks and flaws. In response to the deterioration of the brick shaft, the Engineer-in-Chief, John Smail submitted to the Board a design for a new Ventilation Shaft and outlet. Tenders were called for the contract, with an estimated cost of A£ 2,000. As the lowest tender received was 17% above the budgeted estimate, the board accepted his recommendation for the shaft to be erected by selected day labour under

175-578: A serious threat to public health and the surrounding environment. The system of sewers is called sewerage or sewerage system in British English and sewage system or sewer system in American English. It was probably the need to get rid of foul smells rather than an understanding of the health hazards of human waste that led to the first proper sewage systems. Most settlements grew next to natural waterways into which waste from latrines

210-453: A sewage treatment plant. In some urban areas, sewage is carried separately in sanitary sewers and runoff from streets is carried in storm drains . Access to these systems, for maintenance purposes, is typically through a manhole . During high precipitation periods a sewer system may experience a combined sewer overflow event or a sanitary sewer overflow event, which forces untreated sewage to flow directly to receiving waters. This can pose

245-509: A significant volume of leakage with an overall risk for the environment and public health. For example, it is estimated that 500 million m of contaminated water per year can leak into soil and ground-water in Germany. The rehabilitation and replacement of damaged sewers is very costly. Annual rehabilitation costs for Los Angeles County are about €400 million, and in Germany, these costs are estimated to be €100 million. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S)

280-411: A sound, rough and clean substrate. Depending on the concrete condition and contamination, the cleaning can range from simple high pressure jet water cleaning (200 bar) up to real hydro-demolition (2000 bars). One method to ensure sound concrete is exposed is to verify that the surface pH is superior to 10. As for any concrete repair, the state-of-the-art rules must be followed. After this cleaning step,

315-636: Is a heritage list of places in the state of New South Wales , Australia , that are protected by New South Wales legislation, generally covered by the Heritage Act 1977 and its 2010 amendments. The register is administered by the Heritage Council of NSW via Heritage NSW, a division of the Government of New South Wales Department of Planning and Environment . The register was created in 1999 and includes items protected by heritage schedules that relate to

350-517: Is a prominent landmark feature of the coastline near Bondi. Its placement in an open setting is important to the maintenance of these landmark qualities. The architectural design reflects the quality and taste of the day with an understanding of classical proportions and principles. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The Vent Stack

385-476: Is also likely to have social significance in its landmark qualities to the local community, and for the function it serves. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The vent stack demonstrates the early advances in the use of reinforced concrete, particularly in regard to sewer and structural engineering. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of

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420-408: Is indirectly responsible for biogenic sulfide corrosion and consequently, sewers need rehabilitation work. Various repair options are available to owners over a large range of costs and potential durability. One option is the application of a cementitious material based on calcium aluminate cement , after a cleaning of the corroded structure to remove loose material and contaminants in order to expose

455-443: Is located to the south east of the shaft, which has a flat concrete lid and would date from the mid to late 20th century. A chain wire mesh fence surrounds the base of the vent shaft which dates from the late 20th century. The inscription on the southern face of the pedestal reads "Metropolitan Board of Water Supply and Sewerage erected 1910". In terms of integrity the vent shaft and pedestal would be reasonably intact although it has

490-518: Is one of the few major visible parts of the 19th century engineering work, the BOOS, being the first major sewerage system in Sydney . It is the first Vent Stack constructed in reinforced concrete by the Metropolitan Board of Water Supply & Sewerage. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The Vent Stack

525-468: Is prominent as a vista along New South Head Road at the corner of Penkevil Street. It is the dominant element at the end of the Vista from Curlewis Street and Old South Head Road . The shaft comprises a classically designed pedestal , base, shaft and part capital of reinforced concrete. The pedestal is rusticated and splayed up to a base which is part fluted where it meets the shaft and smooth rendered up to

560-399: Is surmounted by a cast iron cap." The Ben Buckler Vent Stack has a long history of maintenance works due to the corrosion of the reinforced concrete from hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) gas and cracking and spalling concrete. This includes: The vent shaft is presently sited as a prominent element surrounded by open landscape adjacent the escarpment and as part of what is now Bondi Golf Course. It

595-550: The New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence , accessed on 2 June 2018. [REDACTED] Media related to Bondi Sewer Vent at Wikimedia Commons Sewerage In many cities, sewage (municipal wastewater or municipal sewage) is carried together with stormwater, in a combined sewer system, to

630-758: The Minister places and objects for listing on the State Heritage Register. The work of the Council and the State Heritage Register is generally covered by the Act, 1977 / {{{4}}} (NSW) and its 2010 amendments. Under section 170 of the Act, government agencies in New South Wales are required to compile a register of heritage assets and look after their assets on behalf of the community. The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 preserves Aboriginal heritage. Items nominated for listing on

665-697: The State, and to regional and to local environmental plans. As a result, the register contains over 20,000 statutory-listed items in either public or private ownership of historical, cultural, and architectural value. Of those items listed, approximately 1,785 items are listed as significant items for the whole of New South Wales; with the remaining items of local or regional heritage value. The items include buildings, objects, monuments, Aboriginal places, gardens, bridges, landscapes, archaeological sites, shipwrecks, relics, bridges, streets, industrial structures and conservation precincts. Typically, an item will first attract local listing, then regional or State listing. If

700-568: The Sydney Water system. It is an important landmark for a great distance and likely to be held in high regard by the community. It is likely to be unique in NSW for its use, design and construction. The Bondi Sewer Vent was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 15 November 2002 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. It

735-407: The cementitious material is applied to the saturated-surface-dry substrate using either: Sewer system infrastructure often reduces the water table in areas, especially in densely populated areas where rainwater (from house roofs) is directly piped into the system, as opposed to being allowed to be absorbed by the soil. In certain areas it has resulted in a significant lowering of the water table. In

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770-458: The community, the government, the conservation profession and representatives of organisations such as the National Trust of Australia , makes decisions about the care and protection of heritage places and items that have been identified as being significant to the people of NSW. The Council provides advice on heritage matters to the Minister for Environment and Heritage. The Council recommends to

805-464: The cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The shaft is unique in Sydney Water's system and likely NSW. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. The ventilation function is now common place and representative of sewage systems. [REDACTED] This Misplaced Pages article was originally based on Sewer Vent (Ben Buckler) , entry number 01637 in

840-404: The example of Belgium, a lowering of the water table by 100 meters has been the result. The freshwater that is accumulated by the system is then piped to the sea. In areas where this is a concern, vacuum sewers may be used instead, due to the shallow excavation that is possible for them. In many low-income countries , sewage may in some cases drain directly into receiving water bodies without

875-446: The existence of sewerage systems. This can cause water pollution . Pathogens can cause a variety of illnesses. Some chemicals pose risks even at very low concentrations and can remain a threat for long periods of time because of bioaccumulation in animal or human tissue. In many European countries, citizens are obliged to connect their home sanitation to the national sewerage where possible. This has resulted in large percentages of

910-766: The item is of significance to the nation, the State will advocate for listing on the Australian National Heritage List or the Commonwealth Heritage List . Finally, if the item is of global significance, the Australian Government will advocate for the item to be listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List . The Heritage Council of New South Wales , a statutory body appointed by the NSW Government and comprising members of

945-776: The population being connected. For example, the Netherlands have 99% of the population connected to the system, and 1% has an individual sewage disposal system or treatment system, e.g.,  septic tank . Others have slightly lower (although still substantial) percentages; e.g., 96% for Germany . Current approaches to sewage management may include handling surface runoff separately from sewage, handling greywater separately from blackwater ( flush toilets ), and coping better with abnormal events (such as peaks stormwater volumes from extreme weather ). New South Wales State Heritage Register The New South Wales State Heritage Register , also known as NSW State Heritage Register ,

980-457: The register are assessed against the State Heritage Register criteria to determine the level of significance. To be assessed for listing on the State Heritage Register an item will, in the opinion of the Heritage Council of NSW, meet one or more of the following criteria: An item is not to be excluded from the Register on the ground that items with similar characteristics have already been listed on

1015-452: The remaining section of capital. Numerous repair works including substantial steel bands have been fitted to all parts of the shaft and in more recent times decorative lights, lightning conductors and numerous appendages have been fitted. Immediately to the south of the base is a series of concrete access lids to the chamber below with three steel vents and cowls probably dating from the mid to late 20th century. A painted brick access structure

1050-489: The sewers to prevent the air inside from becoming "dense", a brick ventilation shaft was constructed at Bondi ( Ben Buckler ) in 1888 over the outfall sewer. The dimensions of that vent shaft were 3.7 by 1.5 metres (12 by 5 ft) and 16.92 metres (55 ft 6 in) in height. Similar brick shafts were also built at Bellevue Hill (1889) 27 metres (90 ft) in height and York Street, Glebe (1895), 28 metres (92 ft) in height. The first brick vent shaft soon developed

1085-713: The sewers, or " sanitary sewers ") that convey the sewage from the point of production to the point of treatment or discharge. Types of sanitary sewer systems that all usually are gravity sewers include: Sanitary sewers not relying solely on gravity include: Where a sewerage system has not been installed, sewage may be collected from homes by pipes into septic tanks or cesspits , where it may be treated or collected in vehicles and taken for treatment or disposal (a process known as fecal sludge management ). Severe constraints are applied to sewerage, which may result in premature deterioration. These include root intrusion, joint displacement, cracks, and hole formations that lead to

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1120-427: The street side were connected directly to these street sewers and were flushed manually with clean water. Centuries later, major cities such as Rome and Constantinople built increasingly complex networked sewer systems, some of which are still in use. It was after the construction of the sewer systems that people realized the reduction of health hazards. The main part of such a system is made up of large pipes (i.e.

1155-411: The supervision of Board's staff. In 1910, the brick shaft was demolished and replaced with the reinforced concrete vent shaft that is still present today. This reinforced concrete shaft was described as being: "built of ferro concrete and the top is 100ft. above the ground. Its maximum internal diameter is 12 ft. and minimum internal diameter at the top, 7 ft. 2 in. The shaft extends on

1190-422: The vents and bulk head are not in themselves significant. The visual curtilage extends from the western topographical ridge top to the ocean on the north and south of the vent shaft. Reasonably intact. 1938, 1948, 1956, 1963, 1977, 2001. As at 4 February 2002, this classically designed vent shaft, albeit not the first on the site, is aesthetically the most significant reinforced concrete structure of its type in

1225-558: Was readily channeled, but the emergence of major cities exposed the inadequacy of this approach. Early civilizations like the Babylonians dug cesspits below floor level in their houses and created crude drainage systems for removing storm water. But it was not until 2000 BC in the Indus valley civilization that networks of precisely made brick -lined sewage drains were constructed along the streets to convey waste from homes. Toilets in homes on

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