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43-514: The Bondi Ocean Outfall Sewer is a heritage-listed sewerage infrastructure at Blair Street, North Bondi , Sydney , Australia. The sewer line commences at the intersection of Oxford Street and College Street in Darlinghurst and then travels in a more-or-less easterly direction for 6.1 kilometres (3.8 mi) passing through a number of suburbs until it reaches Blair Street in North Bondi. It

86-426: A figure that resembles two semicircles joined by a rectangle, like a cricket infield , speed skating rink or an athletics track . However, this is most correctly called a stadium . The term "ellipse" is often used interchangeably with oval, but it has a more specific mathematical meaning. The term "oblong" is also used to mean oval, though in geometry an oblong refers to rectangle with unequal adjacent sides, not

129-472: A golf course. The spoil was dumped at the bottom of the cliff face. The remnants of the ladderway by which miners descended was removed c.  1990 . The Bondi Scheme discharges at Ben Buckler into the Tasman Sea in North Bondi. It was constructed as an intercepting sewer to reduce the amount of sewage discharging to Sydney Harbour via the earlier City Council sewers. The sewer rises from Ben Buckler to

172-411: A lack of reflection symmetry across the equatorial plane, it may also refer to true prolate ellipsoids. It can also be used to describe the 2-dimensional figure that, if revolved around its major axis , produces the 3-dimensional surface. In technical drawing , an oval is a figure that is constructed from two pairs of arcs, with two different radii (see image on the right). The arcs are joined at

215-503: A major advance in the protection of public health of Sydney by reducing the discharge of sewage from inner city areas into Port Jackson . The system includes the sewers, ventshafts, pumping stations and other associated structures. Many of these features are of aesthetic and cultural significance and have landmark values. Some of these items include nineteen of the first twenty pumping stations, large brick sewer vents at North Bondi , Glebe , Hyde Park and Bellevue Hill . It also includes

258-673: A particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The development of the main sewerage systems represented part of the advance in the protection of public health in Sydney by collectively reducing the discharge of sewage from Port Jackson via the city's early sewers and divert to the Tasman Sea. As such the system is of high significance to the general community. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of

301-399: A point in which lines tangential to both joining arcs lie on the same line, thus making the joint smooth. Any point of an oval belongs to an arc with a constant radius (shorter or longer), but in an ellipse , the radius is continuously changing. In common speech, "oval" means a shape rather like an egg or an ellipse, which may be two-dimensional or three-dimensional. It also often refers to

344-578: A serious threat to public health and the surrounding environment. The system of sewers is called sewerage or sewerage system in British English and sewage system or sewer system in American English. It was probably the need to get rid of foul smells rather than an understanding of the health hazards of human waste that led to the first proper sewage systems. Most settlements grew next to natural waterways into which waste from latrines

387-509: A significant volume of leakage with an overall risk for the environment and public health. For example, it is estimated that 500 million m of contaminated water per year can leak into soil and ground-water in Germany. The rehabilitation and replacement of damaged sewers is very costly. Annual rehabilitation costs for Los Angeles County are about €400 million, and in Germany, these costs are estimated to be €100 million. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S)

430-411: A sound, rough and clean substrate. Depending on the concrete condition and contamination, the cleaning can range from simple high pressure jet water cleaning (200 bar) up to real hydro-demolition (2000 bars). One method to ensure sound concrete is exposed is to verify that the surface pH is superior to 10. As for any concrete repair, the state-of-the-art rules must be followed. After this cleaning step,

473-418: Is a closed curve in a plane which resembles the outline of an egg . The term is not very specific, but in some areas ( projective geometry , technical drawing , etc.) it is given a more precise definition, which may include either one or two axes of symmetry of an ellipse . In common English, the term is used in a broader sense: any shape which reminds one of an egg. The three-dimensional version of an oval

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516-456: Is called an ovoid . The term oval when used to describe curves in geometry is not well-defined, except in the context of projective geometry . Many distinct curves are commonly called ovals or are said to have an "oval shape". Generally, to be called an oval, a plane curve should resemble the outline of an egg or an ellipse . In particular, these are common traits of ovals: Here are examples of ovals described elsewhere: An ovoid

559-399: Is carried separately in sanitary sewers and runoff from streets is carried in storm drains . Access to these systems, for maintenance purposes, is typically through a manhole . During high precipitation periods a sewer system may experience a combined sewer overflow event or a sanitary sewer overflow event, which forces untreated sewage to flow directly to receiving waters. This can pose

602-457: Is evidenced in the sewage pumping stations, vents, pipes, tunnels and other associated works which display in their character, a gradual change in architectural style spanning the Federation , Inter-war and post World War II periods. Many of these systems are still in use today with little change to their original fabric. In addition, the development of the major sewerage systems also represented

645-408: Is indirectly responsible for biogenic sulfide corrosion and consequently, sewers need rehabilitation work. Various repair options are available to owners over a large range of costs and potential durability. One option is the application of a cementitious material based on calcium aluminate cement , after a cleaning of the corroded structure to remove loose material and contaminants in order to expose

688-403: Is now known that the large volume expansion chamber near the ocean was tunnelled from the ocean end so that the spoil did not need to be hauled to the surface nor trundled along the tunnel under Blair Street. This meant that the extended tunnel could not drain out seepage water. This was dealt with by digging a side drain from Bondi across to Rose Bay to help dry out the wetland/swamp which is now

731-426: Is the surface in 3-dimensional space generated by rotating an oval curve about one of its axes of symmetry. The adjectives ovoidal and ovate mean having the characteristic of being an ovoid, and are often used as synonyms for "egg-shaped". For finite planes (i.e. the set of points is finite) there is a more convenient characterization: An ovoid in a projective space is a set Ω of points such that: In

774-528: The New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence , accessed on 2 June 2018. Sewerage In many cities, sewage (municipal wastewater or municipal sewage) is carried together with stormwater, in a combined sewer system, to a sewage treatment plant. In some urban areas, sewage

817-432: The finite case only for dimension 3 there exist ovoids. A convenient characterization is: The shape of an egg is approximated by the "long" half of a prolate spheroid , joined to a "short" half of a roughly spherical ellipsoid , or even a slightly oblate spheroid . These are joined at the equator and share a principal axis of rotational symmetry , as illustrated above. Although the term egg-shaped usually implies

860-496: The Harbour and improved the health of the city's residents by moving polluted waters off shore. The construction of the BOOS saw other advances in technology related to the removal of sewerage from the sewers, houses and water courses within the city. These included the improving design and construction of pumping stations to move the sewerage from low-lying areas, construction and research into

903-515: The Harbour. By the 1870s, the Harbour had become grossly polluted and an alternative means of disposing of the city's sewage was investigated. This led to the construction of the Main Northern Ocean Outfall Sewer and a southern sewer draining to a sewage farm at Botany Bay. The historical significance of the sewerage system primarily relates to its role in the growth of Sydney and suburbs and the expansion of municipal services from

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946-546: The Main Northern Ocean Outfall, or Bondi Ocean Outfall Sewer (BOOS), was the first ocean outfall sewer of its type to be designed and built in the country. It is one of the most significant engineering structures in Australia. It was a marvel of surveying accuracy for its time. The surveying allowed for the lining of the sewer before the tunnelling was completed. The BOOS reduced the volume of polluted waters entering

989-407: The cementitious material is applied to the saturated-surface-dry substrate using either: Sewer system infrastructure often reduces the water table in areas, especially in densely populated areas where rainwater (from house roofs) is directly piped into the system, as opposed to being allowed to be absorbed by the soil. In certain areas it has resulted in a significant lowering of the water table. In

1032-499: The city's sewage was investigated. This led to the construction of the Main Northern Ocean Outfall Sewer and a southern sewer draining to a sewage farm at Botany Bay . The Main Northern Outfall Sewer (BOOS) was the first ocean outfall sewer to be designed and built in Sydney. At the time when Melbourne was getting its first reticulated sewer, Sydney was diverting its existing sewers from harbour outfalls to ocean outfall. It

1075-454: The construction of earlier sewers. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. Represents the first ocean outfall sewer to be built in Sydney. One of only a few oviform outfalls, but the only one discharging into the ocean. [REDACTED] This Misplaced Pages article was originally based on BOOS (Bondi Ocean Outfall Sewer) , entry number 01623 in

1118-461: The construction of the cavern which later housed the treatment plant which began partial operation in 1953. Bondi Ocean Outfall Sewer was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 15 November 2002 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. By 1859 Sydney's sewerage system consisted of five outfall sewers which drained to

1161-416: The cultural or natural history of New South Wales. Sewerage systems demonstrate a variety of construction styles ranging from sandstone blocks, solid rock and reinforced concrete. The construction of these systems contributed to our understanding of the development and use of these materials in Australia and reflects the technological change in construction to meet the increasing population of Sydney. Bondi

1204-497: The early 1900s to the present. The construction of these systems is evidenced by the sewage pumping stations, vents and other associated works which display in their character, a gradual change in architectural style spanning the Federation, InterWar and Post War periods. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The vast majority of

1247-404: The example of Belgium, a lowering of the water table by 100 meters has been the result. The freshwater that is accumulated by the system is then piped to the sea. In areas where this is a concern, vacuum sewers may be used instead, due to the shallow excavation that is possible for them. In many low-income countries , sewage may in some cases drain directly into receiving water bodies without

1290-446: The existence of sewerage systems. This can cause water pollution . Pathogens can cause a variety of illnesses. Some chemicals pose risks even at very low concentrations and can remain a threat for long periods of time because of bioaccumulation in animal or human tissue. In many European countries, citizens are obliged to connect their home sanitation to the national sewerage where possible. This has resulted in large percentages of

1333-556: The initial scheme was completed in 1889 a considerable portion of the sewage continued to flow into the harbour. Over time low level pumping stations were added to collect sewage from such areas and pump it to the Bondi Sewer. The Bondi Sewer is oviform in shape and was constructed from brick. The dimensions of the main outfall are 2.4 by 2.2 metres (7 ft 10 in by 7 ft 3 in) and this reduces by decrements to 2.1 by 1.8 metres (6 ft 11 in by 5 ft 11 in) at

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1376-545: The junction chamber at the corner of junction of Oxford Street and College Street in Darlinghurst . It is from this point that the main branches extended in northerly, westerly and south-westerly directions. Two sections of the system have pitched roofs at the junction of Oxford and College Streets and also at Taylor Square . A number of engineers who worked on the system later worked on other notable landmarks such as T. Keele, L. A. B. Wade (father of dams) and W. C. Bennett (Chief Engineer), who were also both board members. It

1419-549: The major Oxford and Liverpool street junction. Other components of the sewer system include a number of large brick sewer ventshafts and Bondi Sewerage Treatment Plant. The sewer is substantially intact. The system was extended to Balmain and Newtown during the late 1890s. Other components of the system developed over time include the Bondi Sewer Vent , Bellevue Hill Sewer Ventshaft, The Obelisk, Glebe Sewer Ventshaft, and Bondi Sewerage Treatment Plant. As at 5 November 2001,

1462-524: The major junction chamber at the corner of Oxford , Liverpool and College streets, from which the main branch sewers extend to the city, Darlington , Newtown , Annandale , Leichhardt , Glebe and Balmain . Large sewers junctioning with the outfall sewer were constructed to provide reticulation for East Sydney , Paddington , Woollahra and Waverley. The Bondi sewer is a gravitational system and gradually rises as it extends inland. Consequently, it can only serve land directly above itself. Therefore, after

1505-701: The population being connected. For example, the Netherlands have 99% of the population connected to the system, and 1% has an individual sewage disposal system or treatment system, e.g.,  septic tank . Others have slightly lower (although still substantial) percentages; e.g., 96% for Germany . Current approaches to sewage management may include handling surface runoff separately from sewage, handling greywater separately from blackwater ( flush toilets ), and coping better with abnormal events (such as peaks stormwater volumes from extreme weather ). Oviform An oval (from Latin ovum  'egg')

1548-409: The safe removal of noxious gases from the sewers, better ways of treating raw effluent, advances in engineering methods and construction for tunnelling across waterways and many more. The significance of the Sydney's sewerage systems primarily relates to its role in the growth of Sydney and the expansion of municipal services from the turn of the century to the present. The construction in these systems

1591-487: The sewer is located underground. A section can be observed at the entrance to Bondi STP and at Lough Reserve in Double Bay . It displays a high level of workmanship which is evident in the brickwork. Other features of the system include several large ornate brick sewer ventshafts at Glebe, Bellevue Hill and Bathurst Street in the city. These have substantial landmark values. The place has a strong or special association with

1634-713: The sewers, or " sanitary sewers ") that convey the sewage from the point of production to the point of treatment or discharge. Types of sanitary sewer systems that all usually are gravity sewers include: Sanitary sewers not relying solely on gravity include: Where a sewerage system has not been installed, sewage may be collected from homes by pipes into septic tanks or cesspits , where it may be treated or collected in vehicles and taken for treatment or disposal (a process known as fecal sludge management ). Severe constraints are applied to sewerage, which may result in premature deterioration. These include root intrusion, joint displacement, cracks, and hole formations that lead to

1677-427: The street side were connected directly to these street sewers and were flushed manually with clean water. Centuries later, major cities such as Rome and Constantinople built increasingly complex networked sewer systems, some of which are still in use. It was after the construction of the sewer systems that people realized the reduction of health hazards. The main part of such a system is made up of large pipes (i.e.

1720-492: Was a marvel of surveying accuracy for its time which allowed bricking to commence before breakthrough of the tunnel. This system reduced the flow into the harbour sewers, until the introduction of the electric pumping stations. This system was instrumental in reducing the pollution entering the harbour. The sewer was lined with brick. It is 2.4 by 2.2 metres (7 ft 10 in by 7 ft 3 in) diminishing to 2.1 by 1.8 metres (6 ft 11 in by 5 ft 11 in) at

1763-501: Was a masterpiece of surveying accuracy which meant that brick lining was commenced even before tunnel "breakthrough". The Nepean Water Tunnel had been similarly completed by T. W. Keele, but being a water tunnel did not require internal brick lining. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The sewer is unique as the first such system in Australia. Technically significant as it contains important information relating to

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1806-553: Was designed and built by the Public Works Department between 1880 and 1889. It is also known as BOOS (Bondi Ocean Outfall Sewer) and Main Northern Ocean Outfall Sewer . The property is owned by Sydney Water . By 1859 Sydney 's sewerage system consisted of five outfall sewers which drained to Sydney Harbour . By the 1870s, the harbour had become grossly polluted and an alternative means of disposing of

1849-558: Was readily channeled, but the emergence of major cities exposed the inadequacy of this approach. Early civilizations like the Babylonians dug cesspits below floor level in their houses and created crude drainage systems for removing storm water. But it was not until 2000 BC in the Indus valley civilization that networks of precisely made brick -lined sewage drains were constructed along the streets to convey waste from homes. Toilets in homes on

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